Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions,as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions.In this study,the normalized sap flow(SFn),leaf water potential,stomatal conductance(gs),and photosynthetic rate(Pr)were monitored for two dominant species,i.e.,Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides,in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau.A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds(RL)for P.tabuliformis and H.rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm,respectively,and the time lags(τ)after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species,respectively.The results indicated that P.tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H.rhamnoides.In addition,strong stomatal control allowed P.tabuliformis to experience low gsand Prin response to drought,while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential(Ψm).However,H.rhamnoides maintained high gsand Prat a lowΨmexpense.Therefore,P.tabuliformis and H.rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species,respectively.In mixed plantation,the values of RLfor P.tabuliformis and H.rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm,respectively;and the values ofτwere 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species,respectively,which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species,especially for P.tabuliformis.In addition,mixed afforestation significantly reduced SFn,gs,and Prfor P.tabuliformis(P<0.05),while maintaining a high leaf water potential status.However,no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H.rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought.Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species,the altered water consumption characteristics,especially for P.tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.

Experimental Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of an Adjustable Critical-Flow Venturi Nozzle

The response of an adjustable critical-flow Venturi nozzle is investigated through a set indoor experiments aimed to determine the related critical flow rate,critical pressure ratio,and discharge coefficient.The effect of a variation in the cone displacement and liquid content on the critical flow characteristics is examined in detail and it is shown that the former can be used to effectively adjust the critical flow rate.The critical pressure ratio of the considered nozzle is above 0.85,and the critical flow control deviation of the gas flow is within±3%.Liquid flow can reduce the gas critical mass flow rate accordingly,especially for the cases with larger liquid volume and lower inlet pressure.The set of results and conclusions provided are intended to support the optimization of steam injection techniques in the context of heavy oil recovery processes.

Numerical Simulation of Axial Inflow Characteristics and Aerodynamic Noise in a Large-Scale Adjustable-Blade Fan

Numerical simulation are conducted to explore the characteristics of the axial inflow and related aerodynamic noise for a large-scale adjustable fan with the installation angle changing from−12°to 12°.In such a range the maximum static(gauge)pressure at the inlet changes from−2280 Pa to 382 Pa,and the minimum static pressure decreases from−3389 Pa to−8000 Pa.As for the axial intermediate flow surface,one low pressure zone is located at the junction of the suction surface and the hub,another is located at the suction surface close to the casing position.At the outlet boundary,the low pressure is negative and decreases from−1716 Pa to−4589 Pa.The sound pressure level of the inlet and outlet noise tends to increase monotonously by 11.6 dB and 7.3 dB,respectively.The acoustic energy of discrete noise is always higher than that of broadband noise regardless of whether the inlet or outlet flow surfaces are considered.The acoustic energy ratio of discrete noise at the inlet tends to increase from 0.78 to 0.93,while at the outlet it first decreases from 0.79 to 0.73 and then increases to 0.84.

Selective Area Growth and Characterization of GaN Nanorods Fabricated by Adjusting the Hydrogen Flow Rate and Growth Temperature with Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

CaN nanorods are successfully fabricated by adjusting the flow rate ratio of hydrogen （H2）/nitrogen （N2） and growth temperature of the selective area growth （SAG） method with metal organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The SAG template is obtained by nanospherical-lens photolithography. It is found that increasing the flow rate of 1-12 will change the CaN crystal shape from pyramid to vertical rod, while increasing the growth temperature will reduce the diameters of GaN rods to nanometer scale. Finally the CaN nanorods with smooth lateral surface and relatively good quality are obtained under the condition that the H2：N2 ratio is 1：1 and the growth temperature is 1030℃. The good crystal quality and orientation of GaN nanorods are confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cathodoluminescence spectrum suggests that the crystal and optical quality is also improved with increasing the temperature.

Experimental analysis on adjusting performance of vapor-liquid two-phase flow controller

The vapor-liquid self-adjusting controller is an innovative automatic regulating valve.In order to ensure adjusted objects run safely and economically,the controller automatically adjusts the liquid flux to keep liquid level at a required level according to physical properties of vapor-liquid two-phase fluid.The adjusting mechanics,the controller’s performance and influencing factors of its stability have been analyzed in this paper.The theoretical analysis and successful applications have demonstrated this controller can keep the liquid level steady with good performance.The actual application in industry has shown that the controller can satisfactorily meet the requirement of industrial production and has wide application areas.

Research on Ant Colony Algorithm in Vehicle Operation Adjustment Based on IOT

Automatic solution of vehicle operation adjustment is the important content in realizing vehicle traffic command automation on Internet of Things platform. Based on both the organization realization of Internet of Things platform and the merging vehicle operation adjustment into the Flow-Shop scheduling problem in manufacturing systems,this paper has constructed the optimization model with a two-lane vehicle operation adjustment. With respect to the large model solution space and complex constraints,a better solution algorithm is proposed based on ant colony algorithm for optimal quick solution. The simulation results show that the algorithm is feasible and the approximate optimal solution can be quickly obtained.

经济增长目标调整促进了资本流动吗——基于企业跨地区投资的视角

地方政府“为增长而竞争”的发展模式是造成市场分割的重要因素,那么经济增长目标下调能否缓解这一局面、促进要素资源自由流通?为了回答这一问题,本文以上市公司在异地设立子公司的行为衡量资本要素的流动性,系统考察经济增长目标下调对企业跨地区投资的影响。研究发现,经济增长目标下调能够促进资本流动,表现为经济增长目标下调显著提升了辖区内上市公司设立异地子公司的比例;影响机制分析表明,经济增长目标下调提高了政府放权意愿,降低了市场分割程度,进而促进了企业跨地区投资;进一步的异质性分析揭示,在地区行政壁垒较低、行业竞争程度较高及民营企业样本中,经济增长目标下调对企业跨地区投资的促进作用更加明显。本文丰富了制度性政府行为影响资源配置的相关研究,为当前推进全国统一大市场建设提供了直接的政策思路。

改进迭代贪婪算法求解可重入流水车间调度问题

可重入混合流水车间是在混合流水车间的基础上增加了可重入特性,具有更高的调度复杂性。为了求解可重入混合流水车间调度问题,首先建立了调度优化模型,优化目标为最小化最大完工时间,然后提出一种带精英调整的学习型迭代贪婪算法(LIG-EA)。LIG-EA算法采用基于工件的编码方式,对重组后的染色体进行解码。种群分为精英个体和普通个体两部分,对精英个体进行精英破坏重建和基于关键工件的染色体调整,对普通个体进行学习机制的构建和普通个体的破坏重建。为提高初始种群质量,采用NEH启发式算法进行种群初始化,并针对可重入混合流水车间的重入特性,在重建操作中增加了插入有效性判断,提高了算法的运行速度。通过大量实验表明LIG-EA算法能够有效求解可重入混合流水车间调度问题。

基于B^(*)-树的连续微流控生物芯片流层物理设计方法

作为连续微流控生物芯片设计中的关键步骤,流层物理设计是一个复杂的多目标优化问题,传统方法通常将其分为布局和布线2个阶段。为弥补这2个阶段之间的交互不足,提出了一种基于B^(*)-树的流层物理设计方法,以提高解的质量和求解效率。在布局阶段,采用Memetic算法更高效地搜索解空间。在布线阶段,使用考虑通道顺序的基于协商的算法,同时将布线信息反馈给布局阶段,以调整布局并减少拥挤区域和通道交叉。实验结果表明,与现有算法相比,所提算法在芯片面积、通道总长度以及通道交叉数量等方面取得了更优的效果。

基于热负荷均匀分配原则的直接空冷系统轴流风机转速灵活调节策略

在直接空冷电站中,轴流风机功耗占厂用电比例较高。为获得更为高效的风机运行调整策略,以某典型2´600 MW直接空冷机组为例,基于热负荷均匀分配原则,采用数值模拟方法,研究轴流风机转速灵活调节策略。获得不同环境温度和风速条件下,各轴流风机转速分布规律以及通过空冷凝汽器单元的冷却空气质量流量分布规律。最终,计算得到不同环境气象条件下不同轴流风机转速调节策略风机总功耗变化规律。结果表明,基于热负荷均匀分配原则的轴流风机转速灵活调整策略明显优于轴流风机转速整体调节策略,结果可为直接空冷机组优化运行和深层次节能提供参考。

基于可调叶高扩压器的离心压气机构型流动机理研究

离心叶轮/扩压器匹配关系恶化直接限制了离心压气机的稳定工作范围.以Radiver离心压气机为研究对象,借助经过校核的数值模拟方法开展了基于可调叶高扩压器的离心压气机叶轮/扩压器匹配关系及流动机理研究.结果表明:通过建立能够指导扩压器叶高调节方向和量值的“压气机工作流量-扩压器最佳叶高”正相关对应关系,即可在压气机近失稳点等小流量点主动降低扩压器叶高以改善压气机稳定工作裕度.在设计转速下,引入可调叶高扩压器能够使离心压气机的稳定裕度提升18.8%、流量范围拓宽385%且峰值效率提高0.45%;随着压气机工作点向小流量工况偏移,降低扩压器叶高可以抑制扩压器来流正攻角,优化重构其通道内部涡系结构,减小扩压器吸力面和压力面/轮毂角区的低速区,进而改善叶轮/扩压器匹配关系,抑制扩压器内部流动失稳发生,提升离心压气机稳定裕度和效率指标.

矿井传感器风量最小平衡修正量研究

在智能化开采时代,高性能的实时通风网络解算对于矿山通风系统的安全管理至关重要,而初始迭代风量对解算性能具有显著影响。由于传感器难以避免地存在测量误差且布置稀疏,利用传感器监测数据难以分配全风网初始风量。首先,将矿井通风网络视为网络流模型,并对传统的有上下界网络流模型进行改进,以使之能够基于存在测量误差的传感器风量进行全风网风量分配。其次,用风量平差模型对传感器误差导致的节点风量不平衡进行最小平衡量修正。试验模拟和现场试验均表明了研究方法的可行性和有效性。在现场试验中,传感器分支的风量平均修正率为0.66%,平均风量修正值为0.09 m^(3)/s。该方法能够对任意位置布置且存在测量误差的传感器的风量进行全风网的风量初始化分配。

适应客流波动的高铁运力动态调整策略与实践

高速铁路网的拓展和动车组运载工具数量的增加,使我国高铁客流呈现愈加复杂的变化规律。为了灵活、快速、精准地响应不同时期动态变化的客流需求,基于现阶段运力配置模式,首先揭示平峰时期以及包含季节性假期和国家法定节假日的高峰时期客流波动规律;其次剖析客运生产环节中涉及运力调整的原则、流程、资源和措施;最后根据不同时期、不同场景的客流波动规律,针对性地提出可适应平峰时期客流需求的“三批次”运力动态调整策略与高峰时期的“梯次投放”运力动态调整策略。该高铁运力动态调整策略,可满足市场化背景下客流需求的波动性与复杂性,为进一步完善复合场景下铁路运力精准配置策略提供参考。

超大扬程变幅大型导叶式混流泵选型研究

浙江省杭州市九溪排涝泵站,装设有6台大型导叶式混流泵,单机流量50 m^(3)/s,单台电动机功率10000 kW,为国内目前在建单机流量最大的导叶式混流泵。水泵受上游来水和下游钱塘江潮位的影响,扬程变化幅度很大,最低扬程1.71 m,设计扬程14.0 m,最高扬程15.4 m。为保证泵组在超大扬程变化范围内保持安全稳定运行,结合九溪泵站建筑物布置和运行情况,充分利用下游挡潮闸提高最低扬程,详细分析比较全调节和变频调节对优化低扬程运行工况的作用,并采取综合措施提高泵组结构设计刚强度,从多角度对泵组运行工况和选型方案进行优化分析,并提出泵组变频调节和运行优化建议,为类似泵站提供参考。

客运需求局部缩减条件下列车开行方案调整研究

因疫情或其他特定事件导致局部客运需求缩减时,铁路各OD之间客流规模均发生相应变化。如何保证铁路运输生产连续性来调整列车开行方案是铁路运营企业面临的难题。归纳了应对不同客运需求缩减场景的列车开行方案调整策略,包括列车停运、列车编组调整、列车运行区段调整、列车停站办理客运作业调整及关联售票调整。以此为基础,构建列车开行方案调整模型,对列车停运、列车停站不办理客运作业和列车编组调整综合决策,其中列车停运考虑整交路以实现决策在实际中的适用性。通过算例证明了模型的有效性,在实际线路案例中的结果显示,通过优化列车开行方案运力配置,调整后结果在供需匹配的基础上可以控制运营成本,减少需求缩减带来的损失。

大型水库运用对河口尾闾河道出汊的影响研究

为定量研究大型水库运用对河口尾闾河道出汊的影响,以黄河口尾闾段为研究对象提出了一种基于改进熵权法的河道出汊阈值确定方法,根据实测水沙资料确定了尾闾河道出汊指标计算公式及相应的河道出汊阈值,在还原无小浪底工程时尾闾段水沙及河槽形态调整过程的基础上,结合出汊阈值对比分析了有、无小浪底工程时尾闾段发生河道出汊概率的差异。结果表明:河段河相系数和汛期平均水流冲刷强度分别为边界和水沙条件中对河道出汊贡献最大的两个指标;黄河口尾闾段河道出汊阈值为38.16,当出汊指标大于38.16时尾闾段发生河道出汊;小浪底工程运用约束了进入尾闾段的沙量,河道出汊概率明显减小。

计及化工生产过程的综合能源系统优化运行研究

综合能源系统在提高可再生能源利用率和为系统提供灵活性方面具有一定优势,如何厘清其物料流与能量流复杂耦合关系,建立优化运行策略是亟待解决的问题。以甲醇化工园区为例,构建甲醇化工园区综合能源系统(Methanol Chemical Park Integrated Energy System, MCPIES),运用序贯模块法对甲醇生产过程进行模块化处理,通过依次求解生产过程中关键的物料流,确定甲醇生产过程的物料流平衡关系,在此基础上建立量化甲醇生产单元物料流与能量流耦合关系的数学模型,从而实现其优化运行调度;同时考虑MCPIES的生产柔性可调节特性,设置多个算例对比验证其柔性可调节特性对其日常生产运行经济性的影响。仿真计算结果显示,该策略可有效地降低园区的用能成本。

海上平台贫乙二醇注入泵流量调节方法研究

某海上平台海底管道随着水下生产平稳运行,注入至井口的贫乙二醇需求量逐渐减少,对此要根据实际情况对贫乙二醇注入泵流量进行调节。文章从旁路调节、改变泵的转速、改变柱塞的行程与直径、顶开吸入阀调节等四个方面开展研究,并从改造的可行性和经济性方面进行充分的分析。经过比较分析,对贫乙二醇泵流量调节方式改造,选择改小柱塞直径是最为经济可靠的方式。

加强川北分界口运输组织畅通的思考

近年来,全路待发入川渝车流持续处于高位,加强川北分界口运输组织,提高分界口利用率,对实现西南地区铁路货运增量具有十分重要的意义。在阐述川北分界口基本情况及运输组织现状的基础上,针对分界口运输组织过程中存在的技术站能力紧张、通道能力制约、车流不均衡、编组计划有待进一步优化、车流容易产生积压、局间行车设备及机车运用等方面问题分析原因,提出提高技术站作业能力、优化列车编组计划、组织均衡运输、避免车流积压、统一局间行车设备及优化机车运用等建议,以期畅通川北分界口运输组织,为成渝地区双城经济圈建设提供好运力支持。

不同结构气化炉激冷室气液两相流的数值模拟

针对目前工业用激冷室存在的粗合成气洗涤效果不佳、破泡器堵渣等问题,提出了改变液池直径与下降管直径之比、在床层内减少破泡条、调整单层破泡条节距等调整方案,基于双流体模型和群平衡模型对含破泡条的激冷室进行了三维CFD模拟,比较了70%、100%、110%负荷下的液相含率、速度分布、湍动能分布、涡分布、气泡直径分布等,结果表明:调整后激冷室中的气泡直径更小,洗涤效果更好,气液两相传质传热更加充分,且能适应不同负荷工况。