Assessing the inter-annual variability of separation distances around odour sources to protect the residents from odour annoyance

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about potential impacts on public health and wellbeing due to exposure to environmental odour. Separation distances between odour-emitting sources and residential areas can be calculated using dispersion models, as a means of protecting the neighbourhood from odour annoyance. This study investigates the suitability of using one single year of meteorological input data to calculate reliable direction-dependent separation distances. Accordingly, we assessed and quantified the inter-annual variability of separation distances at two sites with different meteorological conditions, one in Brazil and the other in Austria. A 5-year dataset of hourly meteorological observations was used for each site. Two odour impact criteria set in current regulations were selected to explore their effect on the separation distances. The coefficient of variation was used as a statistical measure to characterise the amount of annual variation. Overall,for all scenarios, the separation distances had a low degree of inter-annual variability(mean coefficient of variation values from 8% to 21%). Reasonable agreements from year to year were therefore observed at the two sites under investigation, showing that one year of meteorological data is a good compromise to achieve reliable accuracy. This finding can provide a more cost-effective solution to calculate separation distances in the vicinity of odour sources.

Note on maximal distance separable codes

In this paper, the maximal length of maximal distance separable (MDS) codes is studied, and a new upper bound formula of the maximal length of MDS codes is obtained. Especially, the exact values of the maximal length of MDS codes in some parameters are given.

Selection of optimal U-turn locations for indirect driveway left-turn treatments on urban streets

The location of U-turn bays is an important consideration in indirect driveway left-turn treatments.In order to improve the performance of right-turns followed by U-turns（RTUTs）,this study evaluates the impacts of the separation distances between driveway exits and downstream U-turn locations on the safety and operational performance of vehicles making RTUTs.Crash data are investigated at 179 selected roadway segments,and travel time data are measured using video cameras at 29 locations in the state of Florida,USA.Crash rate models and travel time models are developed based on data collected in the field.It is found that the separation distance between driveway exits and downstream U-turn locations significantly impacts the safety and operational performance of vehicles making right turns followed by U-turns.Based on the research results,the minimum and optimal separation distances between driveways and U-turn locations under different roadway conditions are determined to facilitate driver use of RTUTs.The results of this study can be used for future intersection improvement projects in China.

Simulations of explosion-induced damage to underground rock chambers

A numerical approach is presented to study the explosion-induced pressure load on an underground rock chamber wall and its resultant damage to the rock chamber.Numerical simulations are carried out by using a modified version of the commercial software AUTODYN.Three different criteria,i.e.a peak particle velocity (PPV) criterion,an effective strain (ES) criterion,and a damage criterion,are employed to examine the explosion-induced damaged zones of the underground rock chamber.The results show that the charge chamber geometry,coupling condition and charge configuration affect significantly the dynamic pressure exerted on the rock chamber wall.Thus the chamber is damaged.An inaccurate approximation of pressure boundary ignoring the influences of these factors would result in an erroneous prediction of damaged area and damage intensity of the charge chamber.The PPV criterion yields the largest damaged zone while the ES criterion gives the smallest one.The presented numerical simulation method is superior in consideration of the chamber geometry,loading density,coupling condition and rock quality.The predicted damage intensity of rock mass can be categorized quantitatively by an isotropic damage scalar.Safe separation distance of adjacent chambers for a specific charge weight is also estimated.

基于危险值分布流模型的飞机时间间隔计算方法

前后两架飞机的间隔是影响进近航路容量的关键因素,为了在飞机进近阶段前后两架飞机之间既能保持安全,又能最大程度地缩小两机之间的尾流间隔,提升进近阶段的到达容量,使用一种改进的Lighthill-Whitham-Richards(LWR)的交通流量模型,改进后的LWR模型将进场着陆的飞机发生碰撞冲突的概率视为与飞机数量相关的连续分布,称为危险值分布,通过危险值分布预测发生冲突的概率,使用速度平差法计算不同机型组合的安全间隔。基于危险值分布流模型对进近阶段上不满足间隔的飞机提出速度调整方法,使飞机之间保持所需的最小间隔时间,以便能够最佳利用进场着陆空域的容量。

Structure and Combustion Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Flame under the Action of Wall

In order to obtain the combustion characteristics of the CH4/Air premixed flame under the action of the wall interaction,a study on the impact of the jet flame on the wall at different separation distances was carried out.The separation distance from the burner outlet to the lower surface of the wall is changed and the flame structure is obtained through experiments.The temperature,velocity and reaction rate are obtained through numerical simulation,and the law of flame characteristics change is obtained through analysis.The results show that as the separation distance increases,the premixing cone inside the flame gradually changes from a horn shape to a complete cone shape and the length of the premixing cone profile increases.Also,the peak temperature and velocity of the mixture in the axial direction gradually increase,and the temperature and velocity in the radial direction first increase and then decrease.The temperature gradient and velocity reach the maximum when the separation distance is 11 mm.The peaks of reactants(CH_(4))net reaction rate intermediate products(CO)and products(CO_(2),H_(2)O)on the axis and the axial distance corresponding to the peaks increase accordingly.The chemical reaction rate near the wall also gradually decreases with the increase of the separation distance.

Overview of development and regulatory aspects of high altitude platform system

High Altitude Platform(HAP)systems comprise airborne base stations deployed above 20 km and below 50 km to provide wireless access to devices in large areas.In this paper,two types of applications using HAP systems:one with HAP Station(HAPS)and the other with HAPS as International Mobile Telecommunication(IMT)Base Station(HIBS)are introduced.The HAP system with HAPS has already received wide recognition from the academia and the industry and is considered as an effective solution to provide internet access between fixed points in suburban and rural areas as well as emergencies.HAP systems with HIBS to serve IMT user terminal have just started to draw attention from researchers.The HIBS application is expected to be an anticipate mobile service application complementing the IMT requirement for cell phone or other mobile user terminals in which the service field of HAPS application cannot reach.After describing and characterizing the two types of systems,coexistence studies and simulation results using both the Power Fluxed Density(PFD)mask and separation distance based methods are presented in this paper.This paper also predicts future trends of the evolution paths for the HAP systems along with challenges and possible solutions from the standpoint of system architectures and spectrum regulation.

Allocation of Network Error Correction Flow on Disjoint Paths

The diversity provided by disjoint paths can increase the survivability of communication networks. This paper considers the allocation of network error correction flow on a network that consists of disjoint paths from the source node to the destination node. Specifically, we propose an algorithm of allocating the path-flows to support the given rate with minimum cost. Our analysis shows that the asymptotic time complexity of this algorithm is linearithmic, and this algorithm is optimal in general

RDDP:An Efficient MDS Array Code on Toleration Triple Node Failures in Storage System

It is well known that erasure coding can be used in storage systems to efficiently store data while protecting against failures. Conventionally, the design of erasure codes has focused on the tradeoff between redundancy and reliability. Under this criterion, an maximum distance separable（MDS） code has optimal redundancy. In this paper, we address a new class of MDS array codes for tolerating triple node failures by extending the row di- agonal parity（RDP） code, named the RDDP（row double diagonal parity） code. The RDDP code takes advantages of good perform- ances of the RDP code with balanced I/0. A specific triple-erasure decoding algorithm to reduce decoding complexity is depicted by geometric graph, and it is easily implemented by software and hardware. The theoretical analysis shows that the comprehensive properties of the RDDP code are optimal, such as encoding and decoding efficiency, update efficiency and I/0 balance performance.

Non-Linear and Non-Iterative Based Transceiver Design for SU-MIMO Systems

This paper considers the design of a low-complexity and high-performance precoder for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)systems.The precoder is designed by combining both nonlinear and non-iterative processing strategies.The proposed nonlin-ear precoding techniques employ a nonlinear constellation precoding technique based on maximum distance sepa-rable codes at the transmitter.We propose to reduce the computational complexity in iterative-based precoding algorithms by using less complex non-iterative singular value decomposition-based joint precoder and decoder pair design.The maximum likelihood detection for the lin-ear MIMO channel is considered.The simulation results showed that the proposed nonlinear and non-iterative precoding schemes outperform the conventional linear MIMO precoder design,even when a reduced-complexity suboptimal strategy is adopted,considering the bit error rate performance.