Porous framework materials for energy&environment relevant applications:A systematic review

Carbon peaking and carbon neutralization trigger a technical revolution in energy&environment related fields.Development of new technologies for green energy production and storage,industrial energy saving and efficiency reinforcement,carbon capture,and pollutant gas treatment is in highly imperious demand.The emerging porous framework materials such as metal–organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent organic frameworks(COFs)and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),owing to the permanent porosity,tremendous specific surface area,designable structure and customizable functionality,have shown great potential in major energy-consuming industrial processes,including sustainable energy gas catalytic conversion,energy-efficient industrial gas separation and storage.Herein,this manuscript presents a systematic review of porous framework materials for global and comprehensive energy&environment related applications,from a macroscopic and application perspective.

Status and Opportunities of Zinc Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Focus on Carbon Materials, Current Collectors, and Separators

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs), which integrate the features of the high power of supercapacitors and the high energy of zinc ion batteries, are promising competitors in future electrochemical energy storage applications. Carbon-based materials are deemed the competitive candidates for cathodes of ZIHC due to their cost-effectiveness, high electronic conductivity, chemical inertness, controllable surface states, and tunable pore architectures. In recent years, great research efforts have been devoted to further improving the energy density and cycling stability of ZIHCs. Reasonable modification and optimization of carbon-based materials offer a remedy for these challenges. In this review, the structural design, and electrochemical properties of carbon-based cathode materials with different dimensions, as well as the selection of compatible, robust current collectors and separators for ZIHCs are discussed. The challenges and prospects of ZIHCs are showcased to guide the innovative development of carbon-based cathode materials and the development of novel ZIHCs.

Two-dimensional material separation membranes for renewable energy purification, storage, and conversion

The current energy crisis has prompted the development of new energy sources and energy storage/conversion devices. Membranes, as the key component, not only provide enormous separation potential for energy purification but also guarantee stable and high-efficiency operation for rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. Remarkably, two-dimensional(2D) material separation membranes have attracted intense attention on their excellent performance in energy field applications, owing to high mechanical/chemical stability, low mass transport resistance, strict sizeexclusion, and abundant modifiable functional groups. In this review, we concentrate on the recent progress of 2D membrane and introduce 2D membranes based on graphene oxide(GO), MXenes, 2D MOFs, 2D COFs, and 2D zeolite nanosheets, which are applied in membrane separation(H2 collection and biofuel purification) and battery separators(vanadium flow battery, Li–S battery, and fuel cell). The mass transport mechanism, selectivity mechanism, and modification methods of these 2D membranes are stated in brief, mainly focusing on interlayer dominant membranes(GO and MXenes) and pore dominant membranes(MOFs, COFs, and zeolite nanosheets). In conclusion, we highlight the challenges and outlooks of applying 2D membranes in energy fields.

Membrane materials in the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures—A review

The separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures is a significant process in chemical industry, but challenged in some cases. Compared with conventional separation technologies, pervaporation is quite promising in terms of its economical, energy-saving, and eco-friendly advantages. However, this technique has not been used in industry for separating aromatic/aliphatic mixtures yet. One of the main reasons is that the separation performance of existed pervaporation membranes is unsatisfactory. Membrane material is an important factor that affects the separation performance. This review provides an overview on the advances in studying membrane materials for the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures over the past decade. Explored pristine polymers and their hybrid materials(as hybrid membranes) are summarized to highlight their nature and separation performance. We anticipate that this review could provide some guidance in the development of new materials for the aromatic/aliphatic pervaporation separation.

Aptamer-Based DNA Materials for the Separation and Analysis of Biological Particles

DNA is a biological macromolecule that carries genetic information in organisms.It provides a series of predominant bio-logical advantages,such as sequence programmability,high biocompatibility,and low biotoxicity.As such,it is a unique polymer material that shows great potential for application in biological and medical fields.DNA aptamers are short DNA sequences with a specific ability of molecular recognition.With its discovery,the application prospect of DNA materials has broadened,especially for the separation and analysis of biological particles.In this review,the functions and characteristics of DNA aptamers are introduced,and the applications of DNA materials in cell/exosome separation and cancer detection are summarized.The application prospect and possible challenges of DNA materials are predicted.

Efficient separation of C_(4) olefins using tantalum pentafluor oxide anion-pillared hybrid microporous material

With the increasing demand for synthetic rubber,the purification of 1,3-butadiene(C_(4)H_(6))is of great industrial significance.Herein,the successful removal of n-butene(n-C_(4)H_(8))and iso-butene(iso-C_(4)H_(8))from 1,3-butadiene(C_(4)H_(6))was realized by synthesizing a novel TaOF_(5)^(2-) anion-pillared ultramicroporous material TaOFFIVE-3-Ni(also referred to as ZU-96,TaOFFIVE=TaOF_(5)^(2-),3=pyrazine).Single-component adsorption isotherms show that TaOFFIVE-3-Ni can achieve the exclusion of n-C_(4)H_(8) and iso-C_(4)H_(8) in the low pressure region(0–30 kPa),and uptake C_(4)H_(6) with a high capacity of 92.78 cm^(3)·cm^(-3)(298 K and 100 kPa).The uptake ratio of C_(4)H_(6)/iso-C_(4)H_(8) on TaOFFIVE-3-Ni was 20.83(298 K and 100 kPa),which was the highest among the state-of-the-art adsorbents reported so far.With the rotation of anion and pyrazine ring,the pore size changes continuously,which makes smaller-size C_(4)H_(6) enter the channel while larger-size n-C_(4)H_(8) and iso-C_(4)H_(8) are completely blocked.The excellent breakthrough performance of TaOFFIVE-3-Ni shows great potential in industrial separation of C4 olefins.The specific adsorption binding sites within ZU-96 was further revealed through the modeling calculation.

Separator Material Chosen for MH/Ni Battery

The properties of MH/Ni batteries using different separator were studied.And then an idea for choosing separator for high-power MH/Ni battery was provided.Using the separator with grafting treatment, the storage characteristic, charge retention characteristic and anti-soft-short characteristic of high-power MH/Ni battery are improved.Wetlaid and spunfibre material meet different properties requirement of battery.

Materials Studio在金属有机框架材料中气体吸附的应用

综述了全尺度材料模拟软件(materials studio,MS)在MOFs中气体吸附方面的研究进展,重点介绍了MOFs中气体吸附模拟计算时MS软件各个模块的应用。对采用MS软件模拟计算MOFs中气体吸附性能提出了一些建议。

Recent progress and future prospects of oil-absorbing materials

Oil and organic solvent contamination, derived from oil spills and organic solvent leakage, has been recognized as one of the major environmental issues imposing a serious threat to both human and ecosystem health. Among the various presented technologies applied for oil/water separation, oil absorption process has been explored widely and offers satisfactory results especially with surface modified oil-absorbing material and/or hybrid absorbents. In this review, we summarize the recent research activities involved in the designing strategies of oil-absorbing absorbents and their application in oil absorption. Then, an extensive list of various oil-absorbing materials from literature, including polymer materials, porous inorganic materials and biomass materials, has been compiled and the oil adsorption capacities toward various types of oils and organic solvents as available in the literature are presented along with highlighting and discussing the various factors involved in the designing of oil-absorbing absorbents tested so far for oil/water separation. Finally, some future trends and perspectives in oil-absorbing material are outlined.

Recent advances on mixed matrix membranes for CO_2 separation

Recent advances on mixed matrix membrane for CO_2 separation are reviewed in this paper. To improve CO_2 separation performance of polymer membranes, mixed matrix membranes(MMMs) are developed. The concept of MMM is illustrated distinctly. Suitable polymer and inorganic or organic fillers for MMMs are summarized.Possible interface morphologies between polymer and filler, and the effect of interface morphologies on gas transport properties of MMMs are summarized. The methods to improve compatibility between polymer and filler are introduced. There are eight methods including silane coupling, Grignard treatment, incorporation of additive, grafting, in situ polymerization, polydopamine coating, particle fusion approach and polymer functionalization. To achieve higher productivity for industrial application, mixed matrix composite membranes are developed. The recent development on hollow fiber and flat mixed matrix composite membrane is reviewed in detail. Last, the future trend of MMM is forecasted.

Beyond graphene oxides: Emerging 2D molecular sieve membranes for efficient separation☆

Recent decades witnessed the significant progress made in the research field of 2D molecular sieve membranes.In comparison with their 3D counterparts, 2D molecular sieve membranes possessed several unique advantages like significantly reduced membrane thickness(one atom thick in theory) and diversified molecular sieving mechanisms(in-plane pores within nanosheets & interlayer galleries between nanosheets). M. Tsapatsis first carried out pioneering work on fabrication of lamellar ZSM-5 membrane. Since then, diverse 2D materials typically including graphene oxides(GOs) have been fabricated into membranes showing promising prospects in energy-efficient gas separation, pervaporation, desalination and nanofiltration. In addition to GOs, other emerging 2D materials, including 2D zeolites, 2D metal–organic frameworks(MOFs), 2 D covalent-organic frameworks(COFs), layered double hydroxides(LDHs), transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs), MXenes(typically Ti3C2TX), graphitic carbon nitrides(typically g-C3N4), hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) and montmorillonites(MT) are showing intriguing performance in membrane-based separation process. This article summarized the most recent developments in the field of 2D molecular sieve membranes aside from GOs with particular emphasis on their structure–performance relationship and application prospects in industrial separation.

Studies on Oxygen Characteristics of YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-x) and Its Applications to Air Separation and Gas Purification

Oxygen diffusion and oxygen selective adsorption properties of rare earths material YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-x) (YBCO) were investigated by thermogravimetric, oxygen static adsorption and selectivity adsorption experiments. The results show that YBCO is a very good deoxidizing material. The oxygen desorption of YBCO begins remarkably at about 400 ℃, mass loss can arrive at 1.2% of its original quantity at 800 ℃. Oxygen can be completely absorbed back into the sample again when temperature descends to 400 ℃. The oxygen adsorption selectivity, reproducibility and oxygen adsorption under very low oxygen partial pressure make the material desirable for air separation and gas purification. High purity nitrogen gas was produced with the YBCO molecular sieves in the air separation and gas purification experiments. 0.017 m^3 of high purity nitrogen (>99.9999%) can be obtained with 1 kg YBCO molecular sieve in one cycle. As a deoxidant, an obvious advantage of YBCO is that no hydrogen is needed in its applications.

Magnetically responsive porous materials for efficient adsorption and desorption processes

Magnetically responsive porous materials possess unique properties in adsorption processes such as magneticinduced separation and heat generation in alternating magnetic fields, which greatly facilitates recycling procedures, favors long-term operation, and improves desorption rate, making conventional adsorption processes highly efficient. With increasing interest in magnetic adsorbents, great progress has been made in designing and understanding of magnetically responsive porous materials varying from monoliths to nanoscale particles used for adsorption including oil uptake, removal of hazardous substances from water, deep desulfurization of fuels, and CO2 capture in the past few years. Therefore, a review summarizing the advanced strategies of synthesizing these magnetically responsive adsorbents and the utilization of their magnetism in practical applications is highly desired. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of this emerging field, highlighting the strategies of exquisitely incorporating magnetism to porous materials and subtly exploiting their magnetic responsiveness. Further innovations for fabricating or utilizing magnetic adsorbents are expected to be fueled. The potential opportunities and challenges are also discussed.

Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase for facilitated CO2 capture and separation

Carbonic anhydrase(CA)as a typical metalloenzyme in biological system can accelerate the hydration/dehydration of carbon dioxide(CO2,the major components of greenhouse gases),which performer with high selectivity,environmental friendliness and superior efficiency.However,the free form of CA is quite expensive(~RMB 3000/100 mg),unstable,and non-reusable as the free form of CA is not easy for recovery from the reaction environment,which severely limits its large-scale industrial applications.The immobilization may solve these problems at the same time.In this context,many efforts have been devoted to improving the chemical and thermal stabilities of CA through immobilization strategy.Very recently,a wide range of available inorganic,organic and hybrid compounds have been explored as carrier materials for CA immobilization,which could not only improve the tolerance of CA in hazardous environments,but also improve the efficiency and recovery to reduce the cost of large-scale application of CA.Several excellent reviews about immobilization methods and application potential of CA have been published.By contrast,in our review,we stressed on the way to better retain the biocatalytic activity of immobilized CA system based on different carrier materials and to solve the problems facing in practical operations well.The concluding remarks are presented with a perspective on constructing efficient CO2 conversion systems through rational combining CA and advanced carrier materials.

Synthesis gas production using oxygen storage materials as oxygen carrier over circulating fluidized bed

A novel process for synthesis gas production over Circulating Fluidized Bed （CFB） using oxygen storage materials as oxygen carder was reported. First, oxygen in the air was chemically fixed and converted to lattice oxygen of oxygen storage materials over regenerator, and then methane was selectively oxidized to synthesis gas with lattice oxygen of oxygen storage materials over riser reactor. The results from simulation reaction of CFB by sequential redox reaction on a fixed bed reactor using lanthanum-based perovskite LaFeO3 and La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9CO0.1O3 oxides prepared by sol-gel, suggested that the depleted oxygen species could be regenerated, and methane could be oxidized to synthesis gas by lattice oxygen with high selectivity. The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over CFB using lattice oxygen of the oxygen storage materials instead of gaseous oxygen should be possibly applicable.

Computational screening and design of nanoporous membranes for efficient carbon isotope separation

Stable isotopes have been routinely used in chemical sciences,medical treatment and agricultural research.Conventional technologies to produce high-purity isotopes entail lengthy separation processes that often suffer from low selectivity and poor energy efficiency.Recent advances in nanoporous materials open up new opportunities for more efficient isotope enrichment and separation as the pore size and local chemical environment of such materials can be engineered with atomic precision.In this work,we demonstrate the unique capability of nanoporous membranes for the separation of stable carbon isotopes by computational screening a materials database consisting of 12,478 computation-ready,experimental metal-organic frameworks(MOFs).Nanoporous materials with the highest selectivity and membrane performance scores have been identified for separation of^(12)CH_4/^(13)CH_4 at the ambient condition(300 K).Analyzing the structural features and metal sites of the promising MOF candidates offers useful insights into membrane design to further improve the performance.An upper limit of the efficiency has been identified for the separation of^(12)CH_4/^(13)CH_4 with the existing MOFs and those variations by replacement of the metal sites.

Global-Local Finite Element Analysis for Predicting Separation in Cord-Rubber Composites of Radial Truck Tires

A global-local finite element modeling technique is employed in this paper to predict the separation in steel cord-rubber composite materials of radial truck tires. The local model uses a finite element analysis in conjunction with a glob-al-local technique in ABAQUS. A 3-dimensional finite element local model calculates the maximum cyclic shear strain of an interface between steel cord and rubber materials at the carcass ply shoulder region. It is found that the maximum cyclic shear strain is reliable as a result of the analysis of carcass ply separation in radial truck tires. Using the analysis of the local model, a study of the cyclic shear strain is performed in the shoulder region and used to deter-mine the carcass ply separation. The effect of the change of carcass ply design on the separation in steel cord-rubber composite materials of radial truck tires is discussed.

Thermochemical Treatment——Technologies for Recovery and Utilisation of Materials

The arc furnace technology is an ideally suited process for the treatment of hazardous and problematic waste. The operation conditions of the furnace can be adapted for optimal transformation of the waste material input into raw materials and usable products. The process can significantly reduce the impact of contaminated wastes and industrial residues, and enable material conversion and separation. Thus, the products of the process have various applications. The capability of the process is illustrated with three examples, the treatment of bottom ash and filter ash from waste incineration plants, of stainless steel slags and of chromium-containing residues from the refractory industry.