Simplified quantitative analysis method and its application in the insitu synthesized copper-based azide chips

Copper-based azide(Cu(N_(3))2 or CuN_(3),CA)chips synthesized by in-situ azide reaction and utilized in miniaturized explosive systems has become a hot research topic in recent years.However,the advantages of in-situ synthesis method,including small size and low dosage,bring about difficulties in quantitative analysis and differences in ignition capabilities of CA chips.The aim of present work is to develop a simplified quantitative analysis method for accurate and safe analysis of components in CA chips to evaluate and investigate the corresponding ignition ability.In this work,Cu(N_(3))2 and CuN_(3)components in CA chips were separated through dissolution and distillation by utilizing the difference in solubility and corresponding content was obtained by measuring N_(3)-concentration through spectrophotometry.The spectrophotometry method was optimized by studying influencing factors and the recovery rate of different separation methods was studied,ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of test results.The optimized method is linear in range from 1.0-25.0 mg/L,with a correlation coefficient R^(2)=0.9998,which meets the requirements of CA chips with a milligram-level content test.Compared with the existing ICP method,component analysis results of CA chips obtained by spectrophotometry are closer to real component content in samples and have satisfactory accuracy.Moreover,as its application in miniaturized explosive systems,the ignition ability of CA chips with different component contents for direct ink writing CL-20 and the corresponding mechanism was studied.This study provided a basis and idea for the design and performance evaluation of CA chips in miniaturized explosive systems.

On the feasibility of variable separation method based on Hamiltonian system for plane magnetoelectroelastic solids

The eigenvalue problem of an infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian operator appearing in the isotropic plane magnetoelectroelastic solids is studied. First, all the eigenvalues and their eigenfunctions in a rectangular domain are solved directly. Then the completeness of the eigenfunction system is proved, which offers a theoretic guarantee of the feasibility of variable separation method based on a Hamiltonian system for isotropic plane magnetoelectroelastic solids. Finally, the general solution for the equation in the rectangular domain is obtained by using the symplectic Fourier expansion method.

Improved delayed detached-eddy simulation of massive separation around triple cylinders

The massively separated flow past triple cylin- ders （TriC） in tandem arrangement is simulated using the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation （IDDES） method based on the shear stress transport （SST） model, coupled with the high order adaptive dissipation scheme. The spacing between adjacent cylinders is sub-critical （1.435D）. IDDES prediction of two cylinders （TC） with the same spacing is compared to experimental data for validation, and the numerical results agree well with the available measurements, except for the asymmetry in the gap region. The flow past TriC is investigated using the same method. Generally, the mean flow quantities past TriC, such as the velocity, pressure, and vorticity, are similar to the corresponding components of TC. However, the pressure fluctuations on the TriC surface are uniformly larger than those on TC. Meanwhile, the instantaneous flows past TriC are much more complex. The periodical blockage in the first gap region is found in the TriC case and leads to the up-and-down movement of shear layer in the second gap region.

A SPECIAL METHOD OF FOURIER SERIES WHICH IS EQUAL TO THE METHOD OF SEPARATION OF VARIABLES ON BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

By the separation of singularity, a special Fourier series solution of the boundary value problem for plane is obtained, which can satisfy all boundary conditions and converges rapidly. II is proved that the solution is equal to the result of separation of variables. As a result, the non-linear characteristic equations resulting from the method of separation of variables are transformed into polynomial equations that can provide a foundation for approximate computation and asymptotic analysis.

A Novel Method for Separation of Tungsten and Molybdenum

Research on the separation of tungstenand molybdenum is of importance as it is a ba-sic problem in the metallurgy and industry oftungsten.Traditional methods for the separa-tion include precipitation with sulfides andsolvent extraction.There are,however,certaindisadvantages for these methods.A novelmethod was developed based on another

Periodical characteristics of baseflow in the source region of the Yangtze River

Baseflow, which represents the drainage of groundwater aquifers, is an essential component of runoff in hydrological basins. In the source region of the Yangtze River, the change of baseflow typically reflects the in- teractions between groundwater system and climatic factors in cold and arid areas. With modified Kalinen separa- tion method, annual baseflow between 1957 and 2009 in this region was estimated and calculated. In comparison with the inner-annual variations of total streamflow, baseflow showed a weaker fluctuation. Before the 1980s, it was in a steady state; and after then, it demonstrated dramatic variations and large amplitudes. Based on the calculation results of baseflow, the real Morlet wavelet method was applied to reveal the periodical characteristics of baseflow as well as the precipitation and air temperature in the study area. It was found that annual baseflow has a 43-year trend as well as a 21-year period and a 7-year period. The 21-year period is most significant, with its wavelet coef- ficient having the largest fluctuation and amplitude. Summation of wavelet coefficients on these periods exhibits a similar change pattern with respect to that of annual baseflow. The summation curve takes a ＂W＂ shape, which means that the baseflow follows a four-stage sequence of descending-ascending-descending-ascending. As analyzed, the relationship among baseflow, precipitation and temperature is implied in the correlation between their normalized wavelet coefficients at different temporal scales. By the significant positive linear correlations both be- tween precipitation and baseflow （correlation coefficient is 0.98） and between temperature and baseflow （correla- tion coefficient is 0.90） for the 43-year wavelet coefficients, it is suggested that the long-term increasing trends of precipitation and air temperature will lead to an increasing trend of baseflow. For wavelet coefficients of 21-year and 7-year periods, the positive linear correlation between precipitation and baseflow is significant. However, the cor- relation between air temperature and baseflow is not so evident, especially for the 21-year period. As a conclusion, correlation analysis with normalized wavelet coefficients showed that the change of annual baseflow was contrib- uted mostly by the change of precipitation and secondly by the change of temperature.

Wave Radiation and Diffraction by A Two-Dimensional Floating Body with An Opening Near A Side Wall

The radiation and diffraction problem of a two-dimensional rectangular body with an opening floating on a semi- infinite fluid domain of finite water depth is analysed based on the linearized velocity potential theory through an analytical solution procedure. The expressions for potentials are obtained by the method of variation separation, in which the unknown coefficients are determined by the boundary condition and matching requirement on the interface. The effects of the position of the hole and the gap between the body and side wall on hydrodynamic characteristics are investigated. Some resonance is observed like piston motion in a moon pool and sloshing in a closed tank because of the existence of restricted fluid domains.

Solving mKdV-sinh-Gordon equation by a modified variable separated ordinary differential equation method

By introducing a more general auxiliary ordinary differential equation （ODE）, a modified variable separated ODE method is developed for solving the mKdV-sinh-Gordon equation. As a result, many explicit and exact solutions including some new formal solutions are successfully picked up for the mKdV-sinh-Gordon equation by this approach.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR-CALIBER COMPOSITE PIPES ON CORROSIVE WEAR-RESISTANT

The ceramic lined pipes had been produced by gravitational separation SHS method and influential factors on combustion synthesis was investigated.The experimental results showed that the ceramic lined pipes had been produced easily under condition that selecting pipes well distributed on the wall thickness ,proper preheating temperature and appropriate additive.

Solutions of novel soliton molecules and their interactions of(2+1)-dimensional potential Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation

The method of variable separation has always been regarded as a crucial method for solving nonlinear evolution equations.In this paper,we use a new form of variable separation to study novel soliton molecules and their interactions in(2+1)-dimensional potential Boiti–Leon-Manna–Pempinelli equation.Dromion molecules,ring molecules,lump molecules,multi-instantaneous molecules,and their interactions are obtained.Then we draw corresponding images with maple software to study their dynamic behavior.

Solving (2+1)-dimensional sine-Poisson equation by a modified variable separated ordinary differential equation method

By introducing a more general auxiliary ordinary differential equation （ODE）, a modified variable separated ordinary differential equation method is presented for solving the （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional sine-Poisson equation. As a result, many explicit and exact solutions of the （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional sine-Poisson equation are derived in a simple manner by this technique.

Research on Design Method of the Full Form Ship with Minimum Thrust Deduction Factor

In the preliminary design stage of the full form ships, in order to obtain a hull form with low resistance and maximum propulsion efficiency, an optimization design program for a full form ship with the minimum thrust deduction factor has been developed, which combined the potential flow theory and boundary layer theory with the optimization technique. In the optimization process, the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique（SUMT） interior point method of Nonlinear Programming（NLP） was proposed with the minimum thrust deduction factor as the objective function. An appropriate displacement is a basic constraint condition, and the boundary layer separation is an additional one. The parameters of the hull form modification function are used as design variables. At last, the numerical optimization example for lines of after-body of 50000 DWT product oil tanker was provided, which indicated that the propulsion efficiency was improved distinctly by this optimal design method.

CALCULATION OF MILL RIGIDITY BY THREE DIMENSION CONTACT BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

Vertical rigidity of the space self adaptive 530 high rigidity mill is calculated by applying the boundary element method (BEM) of three dimension elastic contact problem,which can update the existed deforming separation calculating theory and corresponding methods of material mechanics,elastic mechanics and finite element method.The method has less hypotheses and stronger synthesis in contact type calculating model.The advantages of the method are high calculating rate,high calculating accuracy,etc..

Experiment on Vaporization of Jet into Cross-Flow

The injection characteristics of the main fuel nozzle,which is widely applied in advanced lean-premixed-prevaporized(LPP)low-emission combustors,can be simplified as the atomization and vaporization processes of a jet into cross-flow.In this study,a nozzle with a diameter of 0.4 mm is designed and processed through the heating of the inlet air,and the vaporization characteristics are investigated.The optical measurement and cyclone separation methods are separately used to investigate the evaporation rate of a jet into cross-flow.Experimental results show that the fuel evaporation rate in cross-flow is mainly affected by the Weber number(We),equivalent ratio(φ),momentum rate of fuel to air(q),and air temperature.In addition,the inlet temperature is a crucial factor for the evaporation ratio of a jet into cross-flow.The evaporation results measured by two different methods in the same cross-flow are very close to each other with a deviation within 10%.

Effect of High-Frequency Electric Field on Propagation of Electrostatic Wave in a Non-Uniform Relativistic Plasma Waveguide

The effect of a high frequency （HF） electric field on the propagation of electrostatic wave in a 2D non-uniform relativistic plasma waveguide is investigated. A variable separation method is applied to the two-fluid plasma model. An analytical study of the reflection of electrostatic wave propagation along a magnetized non-uniform relativistic plasma slab subjected to an intense HF electric field is presented and compared with the case of a non relativistic plasma. It is found that, when the frequency of the incident wave is close to the relativistic electron plasma frequency, the plasma is less reflective due to the presence of both an HF field and the effect of relativistic electrons. On the other hand, for a low-frequency incident wave the reflection coefficient is directly proportional to the amplitude of the HF field. Also, it is shown that the relativistic electron plasma leads to a decrease in the value of reflection coefficient in comparison with the case of the non relativistic plasma.

Analyses on normal background characteristics about deformation observation data on the basis of wavelet transform method

Wavelet transform method is applied to measure time-frequency distribution characteristics of digital deformation data and noise. Based on the characteristics of primary modulus and stochastic white noise discrimination factor of wavelet decomposition, we analyze the variation rule of normal background and noise data from Shandong digital deformation observation data. The research results indicate that: a) 1/4 daily wave, semi-diurnal tide wave, daily wave and half lunar wave and so on quasi-periodic signal exist in the detail decomposing signal of wavelet when scale are equal to 2, 3 and 4; b) The amplitude of detail decomposing signal is the biggest when scale is equal to 3; c) The detail decomposing signal contains mainly noise corresponding to scale 1 and 5, respectively; d) We may trace the abnormal precursory which is related to earthquake by analyzing non-earthquake wavelet decomposing signal whose scale is specified from digital deformation observation data.

Some discussions about method for solving the variable separating nonlinear models

Through analysing the exact solution of some nonlinear models, the role of the variable separating method in solving nonlinear equations is discussed. We find that rich solution structures of some special fields of these equations come from the nonzero seed solution. However, these nonzero seed solutions is likely to result in the divergent phenomena for the other field component of the same equation. The convergence and the signification of all field components should be discussed when someone solves the nonlinear equation using the variable separating method.

Video Recognition for Analyzing the Characteristics of Vehicle–Bicycle Conflict

Vehicle–bicycle conflict incurs a higher risk of traffic accidents,particularly as it frequently takes place at intersections.Mastering the traffic characteristics of vehicle–bicycle conflict and optimizing the design of intersections can effectively reduce such conflict.In this paper,the conflict between right-turning motor vehicles and straight-riding bicycles was taken as the research object,and T-Analyst video recognition technology was used to obtain data on riding(driving)behavior and vehicle–bicycle conflict at seven intersections in Changsha,China.Herein,eight typical traffic characteristics of vehicle–bicycle conflict are summarized,the causes of vehicle–bicycle conflict are analyzed using 18 factors in three dimensions,the internal relationship between intersection design factors and traffic conflicts is explored,and the guiding of design optimization based on the width of bicycle lanes and the soft separation between vehicles and bicycles is discussed.The results showed that colored paved bicycle lanes were better,performing better at a width of 2.5 m compared to 1.5 m.However,the colored pavement was not suitable for the entire road and had to be set at the position,at which the trajectories of a bicycle and motor vehicle overlapped.Thus,a 2.5-m-wide bicycle lane provides good safety.However,there are still defects in the existing safety indicators,so it is necessary to develop new indicators to reflect real vehicle–bicycle conflict situations more comprehensively.

Three dimensional velocity structure beneath the Kunming Telemetered Seismic Network

Based on the P wave first arrival time data of 275 local earthquakes recorded by Kunming Telemetered Seismic Network from 1982 to 1989, a 3-D velocity structure beneath the network was obtained by the separationmethod of focal parameter and medium structure parameter and 3-D approximate ray tracing. In view of 'thesituation that the intervals between stations in the network is relatively long, and the local first arrival phasemay be Pn instead of P, so we simulated Pn as the diving wave from the layer beneath Moho and using approximate ray tracing method on the grid model. The final 3-D velocity structure is basically consistent withthe result from the deep seismic sounding and the anomaly inversion of Bouguer gravity. The Dianzhong area(in the vicinity of Dukou and Chuxiong) shows an obvious high velocity zone at depth of 45 km, which canbe interpreted as the uplift of Moho discontinuity. The upper crust in this area displays lower velocity zone,so the uplift of Moho discontinuity is considered as the result of isostatic compensation. The configuration ofvelocity contours indicates that the upper crust and lower crust are complicated, while the middle crust is relatively simple. This feature reveals that Yunnan area belongs to modern tectonically active region. As themain boundary of the major tectonic units in the study area, although there is no obvious evidence about lowvelocity anomaly zone along the Red River Fault, the fault shows up th feature of sturctural divide on themid-lower crustal velocity contours, and it is inferred that the fault passes through the Moho-discontinuity atleast.

Explicit Analytical Solutions of Radial Permeable Power Rate Flow

The research of different kinds of permeable non-Newtonian fluid flow is increasing day by day owing to the development of science,technology and production modes.It is most common to use power rate equation to describe such flows.However,this equation is nonlinear and very difficult to derive explicit exact analytical solutions.Generally,people can only derive approximate solutions with numerical methods.Recently,an advanced separating variables method which can derive exact analytical solutions easier is developed by Academician CAI Ruixian（the method of separating variables with addition）.It is assumed that the unknown variable may be indicated as the sum of one-dimensional functions rather than the product in the common method of separating variables.Such method is used to solve the radial permeable power rate flow unsteady nonlinear equations on account of making the process simple.Four concise（no special functions and infinite series） exact analytical solutions is derived with the new method about this flow to develop the theory of non-Newtonian permeable fluid,which are exponential solution,two-dimensional function with time and radius,logarithmic solution,and double logarithmic solution,respectively.In addition,the method of separating variables with addition is developed and applied instead of the conventional multiplication one.It is proven to be promising and encouraging by the deducing.The solutions yielded will be valuable to the theory of the permeable power rate flow and can be used as standard solutions to check numerical methods and their differencing schemes,grid generation ways,etc.They also can be used to verify the accuracy,convergency and stability of the numerical solutions and to develop the numerical computational approaches.