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From Control Theory to Gravitational Waves
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作者 Jean-Francois Pommaret 《Advances in Pure Mathematics》 2024年第2期49-100,共52页
When D:ξ→η is a linear ordinary differential (OD) or partial differential (PD) operator, a “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1:</su... When D:ξ→η is a linear ordinary differential (OD) or partial differential (PD) operator, a “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1:</sub>η→ξ such that Dξ = η implies D<sub>1</sub>η = 0. When D is involutive, the procedure provides successive first-order involutive operators D<sub>1</sub>,...,D<sub>n </sub>when the ground manifold has dimension n. Conversely, when D<sub>1</sub> is given, a much more difficult “inverse problem” is to look for an operator D:ξ→η having the generating CC D<sub>1</sub>η = 0. If this is possible, that is when the differential module defined by D<sub>1</sub> is “torsion-free”, that is when there does not exist any observable quantity which is a sum of derivatives of η that could be a solution of an autonomous OD or PD equation for itself, one shall say that the operator D<sub>1</sub> is parametrized by D. The parametrization is said to be “minimum” if the differential module defined by D does not contain a free differential submodule. The systematic use of the adjoint of a differential operator provides a constructive test with five steps using double differential duality. We prove and illustrate through many explicit examples the fact that a control system is controllable if and only if it can be parametrized. Accordingly, the controllability of any OD or PD control system is a “built in” property not depending on the choice of the input and output variables among the system variables. In the OD case and when D<sub>1</sub> is formally surjective, controllability just amounts to the formal injectivity of ad(D<sub>1</sub>), even in the variable coefficients case, a result still not acknowledged by the control community. Among other applications, the parametrization of the Cauchy stress operator in arbitrary dimension n has attracted many famous scientists (G. B. Airy in 1863 for n = 2, J. C. Maxwell in 1870, E. Beltrami in 1892 for n = 3, and A. Einstein in 1915 for n = 4). We prove that all these works are already explicitly using the self-adjoint Einstein operator, which cannot be parametrized and the comparison needs no comment. As a byproduct, they are all based on a confusion between the so-called div operator D<sub>2</sub> induced from the Bianchi operator and the Cauchy operator, adjoint of the Killing operator D which is parametrizing the Riemann operator D<sub>1</sub> for an arbitrary n. This purely mathematical result deeply questions the origin and existence of gravitational waves, both with the mathematical foundations of general relativity. As a matter of fact, this new framework provides a totally open domain of applications for computer algebra as the quoted test can be studied by means of Pommaret bases and related recent packages. 展开更多
关键词 Differential Operator Differential sequence Killing Operator Riemann Operator Bianchi Operator Cauchy Operator Control Theory Controllability Elasticity General Relativity
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Discussion on the Homology Theory of Lie Algebras
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作者 Lilong Kang Yu Wang Caiyu Du 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2024年第7期2367-2376,共10页
Because homology on compact homogeneous nilpotent manifolds is closely related to homology on Lie algebras, studying homology on Lie algebras is helpful for further studying homology on compact homogeneous nilpotent m... Because homology on compact homogeneous nilpotent manifolds is closely related to homology on Lie algebras, studying homology on Lie algebras is helpful for further studying homology on compact homogeneous nilpotent manifolds. So we start with the differential sequence of Lie algebras. The Lie algebra g has the differential sequence E0,E1,⋯,Es⋯, which leads to the chain complex Es0→Δs0Ess→Δs1⋯→ΔsiEs(i+1)s→Δsi+1⋯of Esby discussing the chain complex E10→Δ10E11→Δ11⋯→Δ1r−1E1r→Δ1r⋯of E1and proves that Es+1i≅Hi(Es)=KerΔsi+1/ImΔsiand therefore Es+1≅H(Es)by the chain complex of Es(see Theorem 2). 展开更多
关键词 Lie Algebra Differential sequence Differential Fractional Algebra COHOMOLOGY
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Killing Operator for the Kerr Metric
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作者 J.-F. Pommaret 《Journal of Modern Physics》 CAS 2023年第1期31-59,共29页
When D: E &rarr;F is a linear differential operator of order q between the sections of vector bundles over a manifold X of dimension n, it is defined by a bundle map &Phi;: J<sub>q</sub>(E) &ra... When D: E &rarr;F is a linear differential operator of order q between the sections of vector bundles over a manifold X of dimension n, it is defined by a bundle map &Phi;: J<sub>q</sub>(E) &rarr;F=F<sub>0</sub> that may depend, explicitly or implicitly, on constant parameters a, b, c, ... . A “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1</sub>: F<sub>0</sub> &rarr;F<sub>1</sub>. When D is involutive, that is when the corresponding system R<sub>q</sub> = ker (&Phi;) is involutive, this procedure provides successive first order involutive operators D<sub>1</sub>, ..., D<sub>n</sub>. Though D<sub>1</sub> &omicron;D = 0 implies ad (D) &omicron;ad(D<sub>1</sub>) = 0 by taking the respective adjoint operators, then ad (D) may not generate the CC of ad (D<sub>1</sub>) and measuring such “gaps” led to introduce extension modules in differential homological algebra. They may also depend on the parameters and such a situation is well known in ordinary or partial control theory. When R<sub>q</sub> is not involutive, a standard prolongation/projection (PP) procedure allows in general to find integers r, s such that the image of the projection at order q+r of the prolongation is involutive but it may highly depend on the parameters. However, sometimes the resulting system no longer depends on the parameters and the extension modules do not depend on the parameters because it is known that they do not depend on the differential sequence used for their definition. The purpose of this paper is to study the above problems for the Kerr (m, a), Schwarzschild (m, 0) and Minkowski (0, 0) parameters while computing the dimensions of the inclusions for the respective Killing operators. Other striking motivating examples are also presented. 展开更多
关键词 Differential Operator Adjoint Operator Differential sequence Einstein Equations Kerr Metric Differential Module Extension Module Contact Structure
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Nonlinear Conformal Gravitation
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作者 J.-F. Pommaret 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2023年第11期1464-1496,共33页
In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group theoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to measure the EL constants. In a modern framework, they used the nonli... In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group theoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to measure the EL constants. In a modern framework, they used the nonlinear Spencer sequence instead of the nonlinear Janet sequence for the Lie groupoid defining the group of rigid motions of space. Following H. Weyl, our purpose is to compute for the first time the linear and nonlinear Spencer sequences for the Lie groupoid defining the conformal group of space-time in order to provide the mathematical foundations of both electromagnetism (EM) and gravitation (GR), with the only experimental need to measure the EM and GR constants. With a manifold of dimension n ≥ 3, the difficulty is to deal with the n nonlinear transformations that have been called “elations” by E. Cartan in 1922. Using the fact that dimension n = 4 has very specific properties for the computation of the Spencer cohomology, we also prove that there is no conceptual difference between the (nonlinear) Cosserat EL field or induction equations and the (linear) Maxwell EM field or induction equations. As for gravitation, the dimension n = 4 also allows to have a conformal factor defined everywhere but at the central attractive mass because the inversion law of the isotropy subgroupoid made by second order jets transforms attraction into repulsion. The mathematical foundations of both electromagnetism and gravitation are thus only depending on the structure of the conformal pseudogroup of space-time. 展开更多
关键词 Nonlinear Differential sequences Linear Differential sequences Lie Groupoids Lie Algebroids Conformal Geometry Spencer Cohomology Maxwell Equations Cosserat Equations
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Differential temporal expression of matrix metalloproteinases following sciatic nerve crush 被引量:5
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作者 Jing Qin Guang-bin Zha +2 位作者 Jun Yu Hong-hong Zhang Sheng Yi 《Neural Regeneration Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第7期1165-1171,共7页
We previously performed transcriptome sequencing and found that genes for matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs),such as MMP7 and 12,seem to be highly upregulated following peripheral nerve injury,and may be involved in ne... We previously performed transcriptome sequencing and found that genes for matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs),such as MMP7 and 12,seem to be highly upregulated following peripheral nerve injury,and may be involved in nerve repair.In the present study,we systematically determined the expression levels of MMPs and their regulators at 1,4,7 and 14 days after sciatic nerve crush injury.The number of differentially expressed genes was elevated at 4 and 7 days after injury,but decreased at 14 days after injury.Among the differentially expressed genes,those most up-regulated showed fold changes of more than 214,while those most down-regulated exhibited fold changes of more than 2-10.Gene sequencing showed that,at all time points after injury,a variety of MMP genes in the “Inhibition of MMPs” pathway were up-regulated,and their inhibitor genes were down-regulated.Expression of key up-and down-regulated genes was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and found to be consistent with transcriptome sequencing.These results suggest that MMP-related genes are strongly involved in the process of peripheral nerve regeneration. 展开更多
关键词 sequencing crush systematically regeneration verified repair TIMP differentially enriched degrade
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Homological Solution of the Lanczos Problems in Arbitrary Dimension 被引量:2
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作者 Jean-Francois Pommaret 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2021年第6期829-858,共30页
When <em>D</em> is a linear partial differential operator of any order, a <em>direct problem</em> is to look for an operator <em>D</em><sub>1</sub> generating the <em... When <em>D</em> is a linear partial differential operator of any order, a <em>direct problem</em> is to look for an operator <em>D</em><sub>1</sub> generating the <em>compatibility conditions </em>(CC) <span style="white-space:normal;"><em>D</em></span><span style="white-space:normal;"><sub><em>1</em></sub><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></em></span></span> =</span><sub></sub> 0 of <em>D</em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&xi; </span></em></span></span>= <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></em></span></span>. Conversely, when <span style="white-space:normal;"><em>D</em></span><span style="white-space:normal;"><sub>1</sub></span> is given, an <em>inverse problem</em> is to look for an operator <span style="white-space:normal;"><em>D</em></span> such that its CC are generated by <span style="white-space:normal;"><em>D</em></span><span style="white-space:normal;"><sub>1</sub></span> and we shall say that <span style="white-space:normal;"><em>D</em></span><span style="white-space:normal;"><sub>1</sub></span> is <em>parametrized</em> by <em>D</em> = <span style="white-space:normal;"><em>D</em></span><span style="white-space:normal;"><sub>0</sub></span>. We may thus construct a differential sequence with successive operators <em>D</em>, <em>D</em><sub>1</sub>, <em>D</em><sub>2</sub>, ..., each operator parametrizing the next one. Introducing the<em> formal adjoint ad</em>() of an operator, we have <img src="Edit_ecbb631c-2896-4dad-8234-cacd5504f138.png" alt="" />but <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>ad</em> (<em>D</em><sub><em>i</em>-1</sub>)</span> may not generate <em>all</em> the CC of <em>ad </em>(<em>D</em><sub>i</sub>). When <em>D </em>= <em>K</em> [d<sub>1</sub>, ..., d<sub>n</sub>] = <em>K </em>[<em>d</em>] is the (non-commutative) ring of differential operators with coefficients in a differential field <em>K</em>, then <em>D</em> gives rise by residue to a <em>differential module M</em> over<em> D</em> while <em>a</em><em style="white-space:normal;">d </em><span style="white-space:normal;">(</span><em style="white-space:normal;">D</em><span style="white-space:normal;">)</span> gives rise to a differential module <em>N =ad (M)</em> over <em>D</em>. The <em>differential extension modules</em> <img src="Edit_55629608-629e-4b52-ac8f-52470473af77.png" alt="" /> with <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>ext<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>0</sup></span></em><em>(M) = hom</em><sub><em>D</em></sub><em> (M, D)</em></span> only depend on <em>M</em> and are measuring the above gaps, <em>independently of the previous differential sequence</em>, in such a way that <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>ext</em><sup><em>1</em></sup><em> (N) = t (M)</em> </span> is the torsion submodule of <em>M</em>. The purpose of this paper is to compute them for certain Lie operators involved in the theory of Lie pseudogroups in arbitrary dimension <em>n</em> and to prove for the first time that the extension modules highly depend on the Vessiot <em>structure constants c</em>. Comparing the last invited lecture published in 1962 by Lanczos with a commutative diagram that we provided in a recent paper on gravitational waves, we suddenly understood the confusion made by Lanczos between Hodge duality and differential duality. We shall prove that Lanczos was not trying to parametrize the Riemann operator but its formal adjoint <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>Beltrami = ad (Riemann)</em></span> which can indeed be parametrized by the operator <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>Lanczos = ad (Bianchi) </em></span>in arbitrary dimension, “<em>one step further on to the right</em>” in the Killing sequence. Our purpose is thus to revisit the mathematical framework of Lanczos potential theory in the light of this comment, getting closer to the theory of Lie pseudogroups through double differential duality and the construction of finite length differential sequences for Lie operators. In particular, when one is dealing with a Lie group of transformations or, equivalently, when <em>D</em> is a Lie operator of finite type, we shall prove that <img src="Edit_3a20593a-fffe-4a20-a041-2c6bb9738d5d.png" alt="" />. It will follow that the <em>Riemann-Lanczos </em>and <em>Weyl-Lanczos</em> problems just amount to prove such a result for <em>i </em>= 1,2 and arbitrary <em>n</em> when <em>D</em> is the <em>classical or conformal Killing</em> operator. We provide a description of the potentials allowing to parametrize the Riemann and the Weyl operators in arbitrary dimension, both with their adjoint operators. Most of these results are new and have been checked by means of computer algebra. 展开更多
关键词 Differential sequence Variational Calculus Lanczos Potential Lanczos Operator Vessiot Structure Equations
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Minimum Parametrization of the Cauchy Stress Operator 被引量:2
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作者 J.-F. Pommaret 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2021年第4期453-482,共30页
When D: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">... When D: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&xi;</span></span></em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&rarr;</span></span><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></span></em><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"></span></em><em></em></span> </span>is a linear differential operator, a “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1</sub>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></span></em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&rarr;</span></span><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&xi;</span> </span></em></span></span>such that <span style="white-space:nowrap;">D<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&xi;</span></span></em></span>=<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></span></em></span></span> implies <span style="white-space:nowrap;">D<sub>1</sub><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></span></em></span>=0</span>. When D is involutive, the procedure provides successive first order involutive operators D1, ..., D<sub>n</sub>, when the ground manifold has dimension <em>n</em>, a result first found by M. Janet as early as in 1920, in a footnote. However, the link between this “Janet sequence” and the “Spencer sequence” first found by the author of this paper in 1978 is still not acknowledged. Conversely, when D<sub>1</sub> is given, a more difficult “inverse problem” is to look for an operator D: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&xi;</span></em></em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&rarr;</span><em><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></em><em></em><em></em> </em><em></em></span> </span>having the generating CC <span style="white-space:nowrap;">D<sub>1</sub><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&eta;</span></span></em></span><em></em>=0</span>. If this is possible, that is when the differential module defined by D<sub>1</sub> is torsion-free, one shall say that the operator D<sub>1</sub> is parametrized by D and there is no relation in general between D and D<sub>2</sub>. The parametrization is said to be “minimum” if the differential module defined by D has a vanishing differential rank and is thus a torsion module. The solution of this problem, first found by the author of this paper in 1995, is still not acknowledged. As for the applications of the “differential double duality” theory to standard equations of physics (<em>Cauchy</em> and Maxwell equations can be parametrized while <em>Einstein</em> equations cannot), we do not know other references. When <span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "="">erator in arbitrary dimension</span>=1 as in control theory, the fact that controllability is a “built in” property of a control system, amounting to the existence of a parametrization and thus not depending on the choice of inputs and outputs, even with variable coefficients, is still not acknowledged by engineers. The parametrization of the <em>Cauchy</em> stress operator in arbitrary dimension <em>n</em> has nevertheless attracted, “separately” and without any general “guiding line”, many famous scientists (G.B. Airy in 1863 for <em>n </em>= 2, J.C. Maxwell in 1863, G. Morera and E. Beltrami in 1892 for <em style="white-space:normal;">n </em><span style="white-space:normal;">= 3</span> , A. Einstein in 1915 for <em style="white-space:normal;">n </em><span style="white-space:normal;">= 4</span> ). The aim of this paper is to solve the minimum parametrization problem in arbitrary dimension and to apply it through effective methods that could even be achieved by using computer algebra. Meanwhile, we prove that all these works are using the <em>Einstein</em> operator which is self-adjoint and not the <em>Ricci</em> operator, a fact showing that the <em>Einstein</em> operator, which cannot be parametrized, has already been exhibited by Beltrami more than 20 years before <em>Einstein</em>. As a byproduct, they are all based on the same confusion between the so-called <em>div</em> operator induced from the <em>Bianchi </em>operator D<sub>2</sub> and the <em>Cauchy</em> operator which is the formal adjoint of the Killing operator D parametrizing the Riemann operator D<sub>1</sub> for an arbitrary <em>n</em>. We prove that this purely mathematical result deeply questions the origin and existence of gravitational waves. We also present the similar motivating situation met in the study of contact structures when <em>n</em> = 3. Like the Michelson and Morley experiment, it is thus an open historical problem to know whether <em>Einstein</em> was aware of these previous works or not, but the comparison needs no comment. 展开更多
关键词 Differential Operator Differential sequence Killing Operator Riemann Operator Bianchi Operator Cauchy Operator Electromagnetism Elasticity General Relativity Gravitational Waves
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ISOLATION OF HUMAN TRANSCRIPTS EXPRESSED IN 16HBE CELLS RELATED TO CHLOROPHYLLIN ANTITRANSFORMING ACTIVITY AGAINST ANTI-BPDE BY cDNA REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
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作者 朱丽瑾 蒋义国 《Chinese Journal of Cancer Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2005年第1期6-10,共5页
Objective: To analyze the differentially expressed cDNA sequences related to chlorophyllin (CHL) mediated inhibition of malignant transformation of human bronchia1 epithelial cell line (16HBE). Methods: 16HBE cells tr... Objective: To analyze the differentially expressed cDNA sequences related to chlorophyllin (CHL) mediated inhibition of malignant transformation of human bronchia1 epithelial cell line (16HBE). Methods: 16HBE cells treated with chlorophyllin and anti-BPDE were conducted as tester, 16HBE cells treated only with anti-BPDE were conducted as driver, and cDNA representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA) was used to compare the differential gene expression between the two kinds of cells. The cDNA fragments were ligated to pGEM-T vector and transformed into JM109 bacteria. The plasmid DNA was sequenced and compared with database in GenBank by BLASTN. Results: Among the 5 cloned cDNA sequences, three were novel and were registered in dbEST database, two showed sequence homology to alpha-enolase and a newly found gene ribosomal protein S18/S6-like. Conclusion: These 5 cDNA sequences might play important roles in antitransforming effect of chlorophyllin. 展开更多
关键词 CHLOROPHYLLIN Anti-benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide Antitransformation Differential expression cDNA sequence Gene cloning
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The Genetic Structure and Diversity of Repomucenus curvicornis Inhabiting Liaoning Coast Based on Mitochondrial COⅠ Gene and Control Region
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作者 Li Yulong Liu Xiuze +3 位作者 Yu Xuguang Li Yiping Fu Jie Dong Jing 《Animal Husbandry and Feed Science》 CAS 2018年第1期12-17,共6页
[Object] This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and structure of the wild Repomucenus curvicornis inhabiting Liaoning Coast, China. [Method] The mitochondrial COⅠ gene and control region(CR) were... [Object] This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and structure of the wild Repomucenus curvicornis inhabiting Liaoning Coast, China. [Method] The mitochondrial COⅠ gene and control region(CR) were PCR amplified from the wild R. curvicornis populations from the Liaodong Bay(n=22) and the northern Yellow Sea(n=18), sequenced and analyzed for genetic diversity. [Result] The contents of A, T, C and G of 624 bp COⅠ gene were 24.09%, 31.04%, 25.28%, and 19.59%, and those of 460 bp CR fragment were 32.96%, 32.80%, 14.86% and 19.38%, respectively. The total number of variable sites, average number of nucleotide differences( k), haplotype diversity(H) and nucleotide diversity(π) based on COⅠ gene were 38, 4.67,(0.96±0.02) and(0.007 5±0.004 2), and those based on CR fragment were 26, 3.35,(0.97 ±0.02) and(0.007 3±0.004 3), respectively. Based on mitochondrial COⅠ gene and CR, the genetic diversity of Liaodong Bay population was lower than that of the northern Yellow Sea population. The AMOVA analysis based on CR fragments revealed almost significant genetic divergence between the Liaodong Bay and the northern Yellow Sea populations, while there was no significant genetic divergence based on COⅠ gene. The results showed that CR and COⅠ gene are effective molecular markers for detecting the genetic diversity of R. curvicornis population, while CR is more reliable than COⅠ gene in detecting the genetic structure. [Conclusion] CR is an appropriate marker for genetic analysis of marine fish population. 展开更多
关键词 Repomucenus curvicornis Mitochondrial DNA COⅠ gene Control region sequence Genetic diversity Genetic differentiation
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Nonlinear Conformal Electromagnetism
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作者 J.-F. Pommaret 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2022年第4期442-494,共53页
In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group theoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to measure the EL constants. In a modern language, their idea has been ... In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group theoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to measure the EL constants. In a modern language, their idea has been to use the nonlinear Spencer sequence instead of the nonlinear Janet sequence for the Lie groupoid defining the group of rigid motions of space. Following H. Weyl, our purpose is to compute for the first time the nonlinear Spencer sequence for the Lie groupoid defining the conformal group of space-time in order to provide the mathematical foundations of electromagnetism (EM), with the only experimental need to measure the EM constant in vacuum. With a manifold of dimension n, the difficulty is to deal with the n nonlinear transformations that have been called “elations” by E. Cartan in 1922. Using the fact that dimension n=4 has very specific properties for the computation of the Spencer cohomology, we prove that there is thus no conceptual difference between the Cosserat EL field or induction equations and the Maxwell EM field or induction equations. As a byproduct, the well known field/matter couplings (piezzoelectricity, photoelasticity, streaming birefringence, …) can be described abstractly, with the only experimental need to measure the corresponding coupling constants. The main consequence of this paper is the need to revisit the mathematical foundations of gauge theory (GT) because we have proved that EM was depending on the conformal group and not on U(1), with a shift by one step to the left in the physical interpretation of the differential sequence involved. 展开更多
关键词 Nonlinear Differential sequences Linear Differential sequences Lie Groupoids Lie Algebroids Conformal Group Spencer Cohomology Maxwell Equations Cosserat Equations
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