Hollow Multi-shelled Structure Photoelectric Materials: Multiple Shells Bring Novel Properties

Hollow multi-shelled structures(HoMSs)have made significant strides across a wide spectrum of scientific investigations since the inception of the sequential templating approach(STA)in 2009,revealing distinctive temporal-spatial ordering properties.The recent establishment of a mathematical model for STA has not only demystified the formation of concentration waves within the STA process but also extended its relevance to gentler solutionbased systems,thereby broadening the HoMs landscape.Herein,focusing on photoelectric applications,this review first summarizes the unique temporal-spatial ordering features of HoMs.Subsequentially,the greatly enhanced properties of light capture and absorption,exciton separation,and transfer are deeply discussed.Finally,we conclude with a perspective on the potential challenges and burgeoning opportunities that lie ahead in the advancement of HoMs development.

The Interface Between Pragmatics and Conversation Analysis

In his authoritative and brilliant account of Pragmatics,Levinson(1983)included Conversation Analysis(CA)firmly as part of Pragmatics.Others have perhaps been more cautious,even sceptical,about whether CA is really relevant to the Pragmatics programme;and it has to be said that some conversation analysts have been rather stand-offish about being associated with Pragmatics,regarding CA’s programme as very different from that of Pragmatics.Whilst there are many differences and divergences between CA and Pragmatics,my own view is that CA shares with Pragmatics a number of focal interests that lie at or close to the heart of each.So I will explore some connections between them,focusing on the contributions CA makes to our understanding of the pragmatics of language use,especially in three of the foundational areas of Pragmatics—namely Implicature(e.g.from Grice 1975),Speech Acts(social action)(e.g.from Austin 1962 and Searle 1969)and Presupposition and Well-Formedness(e.g.from Lakoff1971).I will show examples that demonstrate the distinctiveness of CA’s approach to these core pragmatic aspects of language use—in the spirit of demonstrating how CA’s approach complements and does not detract from approaches in Pragmatics.

Progress and Perspectives of Hollow Multishelled Structures

Hollow multishelled structure(HoMs)has drawn tremendous attention due to its abundant attractive properties and promising applications.However,for a long time,the limited synthesis method hindered the development of HoMs.The sequential templating approach developed by our group,has greatly enriched its composition and'structure diversity.The progress in HoMS synthesis promotes the discovery of its characteristics as well as widens its application area.Typicall,the recently explored temporal-spatial ordering characteristic of HoMS has shown great promise in drug delivery and cascade catalysis application areas.Here,we summarize the current development progress of HoMS in the aspects of both synthesis and application,with a focus discussion on how to shape its application performance by manipulating its composition and structure features.In addition,we discuss the current challenges and providethe future potentials holdingfor HoMs.

The development of hollow multishelled structure: from the innovation of synthetic method to the discovery of new characteristics

Hollow multishelled structure(HoMS)is one of the most promising multifunctional structures.The high complexity of its structure makes the general and controllable synthesis of HoMS rather challenging.By integration of multidisciplinary knowledge,a great achievement in HoMSs has been obtained in the past decade.Especially,the developed sequential templating approach has significantly boomed the progress of HoMS in composition and structure diversity and application area.The implementation of the temporal-spatial ordering in HoMS makes it indispensable in solving the key scientific problems in energy conversion,catalysis and drug delivery areas.Further development in HoMSs with novel intricate structures will bring new understandings.In this review,we systematically introduce the development history of HoMSs,summarize the inspiration inherited from the previous research on hollow structures,and discuss the milestones in the development of HoMSs,with a focus on the sequential templating approach for HoMS fabrication,attractive temporal-spatial ordering property and dynamic smart behavior for advanced applications.We hope to reveal the inherent relationship between the precise synthesis of HoMS and its highly tunable compositional and structural characteristics,and point out its future direction to boost HoMS area further.

Optimal dynamic emergency reserve activation using spinning, hydro and demand-side reserves

This paper proposes an optimal dynamic reserve activation plan after the occurrence of an emergency situation （generator/transmission line outage, load increase or both）. An optimal plan is developed to handle the emergency, using the coordinated action of fast and slow reserves, for secure operation with minimum overall cost. It considers the reserves supplied by the conventional thermal generators （spinning reserves）, hydro power units and load demands （demand-side reserves）. The optimal backing down of costly/fast reserves and bringing up of slow reserves in each sub-interval in an integrated manner is proposed. The proposed reserve activation approaches are solved using the genetic algorithm, and some of the simulation results are also compared using the Matlab optimization toolbox and the general algebraic modeling system （GAMS） software. The simulation studies are performed on the IEEE 30, 57 and 300 bus test systems. These results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed integrated/dynamic reserve activation plan over the conventional/sequential approach.