Background: About 70% of Japanese children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) live at home, and the number is increasing. Family members have an enormous burden of daily physical care for these chi...Background: About 70% of Japanese children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) live at home, and the number is increasing. Family members have an enormous burden of daily physical care for these children. A top priority is to understand quality of life (QoL), family function, and family empowerment to effectively support these families. We aimed to assess current living situations of families with a SMID child, and to reveal the relationships between QoL, family function, and family empowerment. Methods: Sixty-five family members from 34 families with a SMID child participated in this study. We assessed 5 parameters using the Japanese versions of the following instruments: World Health Organization Quality of Life 26 (WHOQOL26), Kinder Lebensqualitats Fragebogen (KINDL), Family Assessment Device (FAD), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale KG-4 (FACESKG-4), and Family Empowerment Scale (FES). Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted;QoL score was the objective variable. Results: Participants included 54 parents (34 mothers, 20 fathers) and 11 siblings. The mean age of SMID children was 10.4 ± 5.03 years. Twenty-two children needed multiple types of medical care. The mean age of parents and siblings was 41.5 ± 6.16 years and 15.5 ± 2.35 years, respectively. The mean QoL score (3.28 ± 0.5) was similar to the Japanese average. The mean KINDL score (77.2 ± 12.1) was higher than those of previous studies. The mean FAD score was 1.97 ± 0.32. For FACEKG-4, the score of adaptability was correlated with WHOQOL score (r = 0.459, p < 0.05). The mean score of FES was 113.6 ± 14. As the result of multiple regression analysis, lower family FAD scores ([sb] = ?0.61, p < 0.01) indicated higher family function and greater age of participants (sb = 0.495, p < 0.01) was correlated with higher WHOQOL scores (F = 15.208, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results indicated that the individual QoL depended on the age of participants (equals the years of experience caring for a SMID child) and the recognition of family function as a whole. Thus, to improve family members’ QoL, we should focus on individuals and also approach the family as a whole.展开更多
In Japan, it is common practice to involve grandparents in the care of children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), as it may be difficult for nuclear families to handle such children by themselves...In Japan, it is common practice to involve grandparents in the care of children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), as it may be difficult for nuclear families to handle such children by themselves. This study aimed to explore and describe the process through which the grandparents of children with SMID may be involved in their upbringing. Data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with 13 grandparents who had a grandchild with SMID. The collected data were examined using Yasuhito Kinoshita’s modified grounded theory approach. Altogether, 11 categories were identified from 29 themes. The results revealed two broad patterns concerning the nature of the grandparents’ involvement and their definition of grandparenthood in the context of raising a grandchild with SMID. In one process, grandparents supported the child’s family. They also learned to relate to the child and their family, despite experiencing a lack of responsiveness from the child initially. This ultimately resulted in them being inspired by their grandchild. In the other process, the grandparents left the care of their grandchild to the child’s family and chose to monitor the child’s welfare indirectly. In both the processes, the level of involvement was determined by the extent to which the family chose to ask grandparents for help. The study’s findings can be used to identify the kind of support that grandparents of children with SMID require while highlighting the role of considering the needs and intentions of the children’s families.展开更多
Background: “Children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities” refers to children with markedly limited activity due to severe overlapping of physical and intellectual disabilities. The physical and mental b...Background: “Children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities” refers to children with markedly limited activity due to severe overlapping of physical and intellectual disabilities. The physical and mental burden placed on families raising severely disabled children, particularly the primary caregivers, is great in home settings. For families to effectively utilize services and over-come child rearing problems, the families themselves need the “strength” to cooperate with others for the purpose of raising a severely disabled child. The ultimate goal of family support is to enable such families to achieve satisfaction and self-growth in child rearing. Methods: We used a questionnaire to survey 75 primary caregivers to empirically elucidate the empowerment and positive feelings towards child rearing of families raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities and the related factors. The t-test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to examine the association with bivariates. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for empowerment and positive feelings. Results: Results revealed that life events, livelihood, awareness of social support and the child’s sleep problems were factors related to empowerment. Of these, awareness of social support from outside of the family was found to contribute the most to empowerment. Furthermore, improvement and maintenance of positive feelings towards child rearing reaffirmed the existence of empowerment in addition to reducing negative feelings towards child rearing and ensuring social support. Conclusions: Raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities requires specialist knowledge and skills. Support from professionals to empower the entire family is therefore important in order to strengthen positive feelings towards child rearing.展开更多
Purpose: In hospitalized patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), we analyzed the association of the SMID class to factors such as the prevalence of epilepsy, frequency of seizures and number o...Purpose: In hospitalized patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), we analyzed the association of the SMID class to factors such as the prevalence of epilepsy, frequency of seizures and number of concomitantly used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), and evaluated the usefulness of addition of the new AEDs (gabapentin, topiramate, lamotrigine and levetiracetam) to the treatment regimen. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy in the study population was about 60%. There were 39.5% who were free of epileptic seizures during the 6-year survey period and remained well-controlled with medication. As the SMID increased in severity, the frequency of seizures increased, the number of concomitantly used AEDs increased, and the tendency towards addition of new AEDs became more marked. About the use situation of new AED and old AED, this comparison revealed a tendency towards addition of a new AED when the seizures were poorly controlled in response to concomitant use of multiple old AEDs. The frequency of seizures and the number of concomitantly used AEDs were higher in patients with SMID of high severity than in those with SMID of low severity. Analysis of the time-course of the frequency of seizures before and after the addition of new AEDs revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of seizures following the addition of the new AEDs (P > 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that the new AEDs are useful in the management of SMID-associated epilepsy, because of their effect of reducing the frequency of SMID-associated seizures and their high tolerability.展开更多
BACKGROUND:The main objective was to identify common geographical buildup within the100-meter buffer of severely injured based on injury severity score(ISS) among the motor vehicle crash(MVC) victims in Malaysia.METHO...BACKGROUND:The main objective was to identify common geographical buildup within the100-meter buffer of severely injured based on injury severity score(ISS) among the motor vehicle crash(MVC) victims in Malaysia.METHODS:This was a prospective cohort study from July 2011 until June 2013 and involved all MVC patients attending emergency departments(ED) of two tertiary centers in a district in Malaysia.A set of digital maps was obtained from the Town Planning Unit of the district Municipal Office(local district map).Vector spaces were spanned over these maps using GIS software(ARCGIS 10.1licensed to the study center),and data from the identified severe injured cases based on ISS of 16 or more were added.Buffer analysis was performed and included all events occurring within a 100-meter perimeter around a reference point.RESULTS:A total of 439 cases were recruited over the ten-month data collection period.Fifty two(11%) of the cases were categorized as severe cased based on ISS scoring of 16 and more.Further buffer analysis looking at the buildup areas within the vicinity of the severely injured locations showed that most of the severe injuries occurred at locations on municipal roads(15,29%),straight roads(16,30%) and within villages buildup(suburban) areas(18,35%).CONCLUSION:This study has successfully achieved its objective in identifying common geographical factors and buildup areas within the vicinity of severely injured road traffic cases.展开更多
文摘Background: About 70% of Japanese children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) live at home, and the number is increasing. Family members have an enormous burden of daily physical care for these children. A top priority is to understand quality of life (QoL), family function, and family empowerment to effectively support these families. We aimed to assess current living situations of families with a SMID child, and to reveal the relationships between QoL, family function, and family empowerment. Methods: Sixty-five family members from 34 families with a SMID child participated in this study. We assessed 5 parameters using the Japanese versions of the following instruments: World Health Organization Quality of Life 26 (WHOQOL26), Kinder Lebensqualitats Fragebogen (KINDL), Family Assessment Device (FAD), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale KG-4 (FACESKG-4), and Family Empowerment Scale (FES). Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted;QoL score was the objective variable. Results: Participants included 54 parents (34 mothers, 20 fathers) and 11 siblings. The mean age of SMID children was 10.4 ± 5.03 years. Twenty-two children needed multiple types of medical care. The mean age of parents and siblings was 41.5 ± 6.16 years and 15.5 ± 2.35 years, respectively. The mean QoL score (3.28 ± 0.5) was similar to the Japanese average. The mean KINDL score (77.2 ± 12.1) was higher than those of previous studies. The mean FAD score was 1.97 ± 0.32. For FACEKG-4, the score of adaptability was correlated with WHOQOL score (r = 0.459, p < 0.05). The mean score of FES was 113.6 ± 14. As the result of multiple regression analysis, lower family FAD scores ([sb] = ?0.61, p < 0.01) indicated higher family function and greater age of participants (sb = 0.495, p < 0.01) was correlated with higher WHOQOL scores (F = 15.208, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results indicated that the individual QoL depended on the age of participants (equals the years of experience caring for a SMID child) and the recognition of family function as a whole. Thus, to improve family members’ QoL, we should focus on individuals and also approach the family as a whole.
文摘In Japan, it is common practice to involve grandparents in the care of children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), as it may be difficult for nuclear families to handle such children by themselves. This study aimed to explore and describe the process through which the grandparents of children with SMID may be involved in their upbringing. Data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with 13 grandparents who had a grandchild with SMID. The collected data were examined using Yasuhito Kinoshita’s modified grounded theory approach. Altogether, 11 categories were identified from 29 themes. The results revealed two broad patterns concerning the nature of the grandparents’ involvement and their definition of grandparenthood in the context of raising a grandchild with SMID. In one process, grandparents supported the child’s family. They also learned to relate to the child and their family, despite experiencing a lack of responsiveness from the child initially. This ultimately resulted in them being inspired by their grandchild. In the other process, the grandparents left the care of their grandchild to the child’s family and chose to monitor the child’s welfare indirectly. In both the processes, the level of involvement was determined by the extent to which the family chose to ask grandparents for help. The study’s findings can be used to identify the kind of support that grandparents of children with SMID require while highlighting the role of considering the needs and intentions of the children’s families.
文摘Background: “Children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities” refers to children with markedly limited activity due to severe overlapping of physical and intellectual disabilities. The physical and mental burden placed on families raising severely disabled children, particularly the primary caregivers, is great in home settings. For families to effectively utilize services and over-come child rearing problems, the families themselves need the “strength” to cooperate with others for the purpose of raising a severely disabled child. The ultimate goal of family support is to enable such families to achieve satisfaction and self-growth in child rearing. Methods: We used a questionnaire to survey 75 primary caregivers to empirically elucidate the empowerment and positive feelings towards child rearing of families raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities and the related factors. The t-test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to examine the association with bivariates. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for empowerment and positive feelings. Results: Results revealed that life events, livelihood, awareness of social support and the child’s sleep problems were factors related to empowerment. Of these, awareness of social support from outside of the family was found to contribute the most to empowerment. Furthermore, improvement and maintenance of positive feelings towards child rearing reaffirmed the existence of empowerment in addition to reducing negative feelings towards child rearing and ensuring social support. Conclusions: Raising children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities requires specialist knowledge and skills. Support from professionals to empower the entire family is therefore important in order to strengthen positive feelings towards child rearing.
文摘Purpose: In hospitalized patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), we analyzed the association of the SMID class to factors such as the prevalence of epilepsy, frequency of seizures and number of concomitantly used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), and evaluated the usefulness of addition of the new AEDs (gabapentin, topiramate, lamotrigine and levetiracetam) to the treatment regimen. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy in the study population was about 60%. There were 39.5% who were free of epileptic seizures during the 6-year survey period and remained well-controlled with medication. As the SMID increased in severity, the frequency of seizures increased, the number of concomitantly used AEDs increased, and the tendency towards addition of new AEDs became more marked. About the use situation of new AED and old AED, this comparison revealed a tendency towards addition of a new AED when the seizures were poorly controlled in response to concomitant use of multiple old AEDs. The frequency of seizures and the number of concomitantly used AEDs were higher in patients with SMID of high severity than in those with SMID of low severity. Analysis of the time-course of the frequency of seizures before and after the addition of new AEDs revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of seizures following the addition of the new AEDs (P > 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that the new AEDs are useful in the management of SMID-associated epilepsy, because of their effect of reducing the frequency of SMID-associated seizures and their high tolerability.
文摘BACKGROUND:The main objective was to identify common geographical buildup within the100-meter buffer of severely injured based on injury severity score(ISS) among the motor vehicle crash(MVC) victims in Malaysia.METHODS:This was a prospective cohort study from July 2011 until June 2013 and involved all MVC patients attending emergency departments(ED) of two tertiary centers in a district in Malaysia.A set of digital maps was obtained from the Town Planning Unit of the district Municipal Office(local district map).Vector spaces were spanned over these maps using GIS software(ARCGIS 10.1licensed to the study center),and data from the identified severe injured cases based on ISS of 16 or more were added.Buffer analysis was performed and included all events occurring within a 100-meter perimeter around a reference point.RESULTS:A total of 439 cases were recruited over the ten-month data collection period.Fifty two(11%) of the cases were categorized as severe cased based on ISS scoring of 16 and more.Further buffer analysis looking at the buildup areas within the vicinity of the severely injured locations showed that most of the severe injuries occurred at locations on municipal roads(15,29%),straight roads(16,30%) and within villages buildup(suburban) areas(18,35%).CONCLUSION:This study has successfully achieved its objective in identifying common geographical factors and buildup areas within the vicinity of severely injured road traffic cases.
