Synthesis and Design of Distillation Columns for Wide-Boiling Binary Mixtures with Vapor Recompression Heat Pumps

The vapor recompression heat pump(VRHP) distillation technology offers significant improvements in energy efficiency for distillation systems with small temperature differences between the top and bottom of the column. However, the separation of wide-boiling binary mixtures leads to substantial temperature differences between the top and bottom of the column. This limits the applicability of conventional VRHP due to high capital costs and strict performance requirements of the compressor. To overcome these challenges and to accommodate compressor operating conditions, a novel synthesis and design method is introduced to integrate VRHPs with wide-boiling binary mixture distillation columns(WBMDCs). This method enables quick determination of an initial configuration for the integrated WBMDC-VRHP system and helps identify the optimum configuration with the minimum total annual cost. Two examples, namely the separation of benzene/toluene and isopropanol/chlorobenzene, are employed to derive optimum configurations of the WBMDC-VRHP and compare them with the WBMDC. A systematic comparison between the WBMDC-VRHP and WBMDC demonstrates the superior steady-state performance and economic efficiency of the WBMDC-VRHP.

CFD based extraction column design-Chances and challenges

This paper shows that one-dimensional （I-D） [and three-dimensional （3-D） computational fluid dynamics （CFD）] simulations can replace the state-of-the-art usage of pseudo-homogeneous dispersion or back mixing models. This is based on standardized lab-scale cell experiments for the determination of droplet rise, breakage, coalescence and mass transfer parameters in addition to a limited number of additional mini-plant experiments with original fluids. Alternatively, the hydrodynamic parameters can also be derived using more sophisticated 3- D CFD simulations. Computational 1-D modeling served as a basis to replace pilot-plant experiments in any column geometry. The combination of 3-D CFD simulations with droplet population balance models （DPBM） increased the accuracy of the hydrodynamic simulations and gave information about the local droplet size. The high computational costs can be reduced by open source CFD codes when using a flexible mesh generation. First combined simulations using a three way coupled CFD/DPBM/mass-transfer solver pave the way for a safer design of industrial-sized columns, where no correlations are available.

Reactive dividing wall column for hydrolysis of methyl acetate:Design and control

Reactive distillation and dividing wall column distillation are two kinds of effective separation technologies,and their integrated configuration,reactive dividing wall column(RDWC),presents attractive advantages.In this study,the rigorous simulation of RDWC for methyl acetate hydrolysis is performed,and sensitivity analysis is conducted to obtain the minimum reboiler duty.Then a comparison is made between the conventional process and RDWC process,and it shows that 20.1% energy savings can be achieved by RDWC process.In addition,the dynamic characteristic of RDWC is studied and an effective control strategy is proposed.The simple PI control scheme with three temperature loops can obtain reasonable control performance and maintain products at desired purities.It is proved that this RDWC process is an energy efficiency alternative with good controllability.

Shortcut Method of Design and Energy-Saving Analysis of Sargent Dividing Wall Column

The Sargent dividing wall column can implement four products separation sequences in one column based on Fully Thermally Coupled Distillation Column. The initial design parameters are required for the design optimization or dynamic control of the Sargent dividing wall column, and in order to make the rigorous simulation of the Sargent dividing wall column more conducive to convergence, a ten column model for complex Sargent column is established in this paper,and the shortcut design method of this model is proposed. The internal minimum vapor and liquid flow are obtained by the Underwood equations and the mass balance method and the V-min method. The separation for a 4-component shortcut mixture of pentane, hexane, heptane and octane was considered, while the initial values of design parameters and the ratio of vapor-liquid distribution of each column were calculated by using the shortcut design method of a ten column model. And by comparing the shortcut calculations with rigorous simulation results, the practicality and reliability of shortcut calculations were verified. The reason for energy saving was analyzed based on back-mixing. A virtual heat exchanger is proposed to make the Sargent dividing wall column more energy efficient.

Effect of seismic design details on hysteresis performance of SRC-RC transfer columns

Four types of seismic design details were tested using 11 transfer column specimens and one comparison specimen of RC under low cyclic reversed loading. Test results show that diagonal cracks control the failure pattern and damage occurs mainly in the RC section with weak shear capacity in the transfer columns. There is a large difference in the bearing capacity and ductility of the transfer columns according to the test results, which indicates that the strengthening effect of diverse structural measures is quite different. The section ratio of I-section-encased steel and the axial compression ratio also have a great influence on the bearing capacity and ductility. Although the bearing capacity of transfer columns with additional longitudinal bars and additional X bars is relatively large, they have poor deformation capacity. Setting more stirrups along the columns is the best structural measure to enhance the seismic performance. The studs on the I-sectionencased steel by welding can help to complete the stress transfer between the steel and concrete, and avoid performance degradation of the two materials due to bonding failure.

Methodology for Design of Reactive Distillation Column and Kinetics for Isoamylene Etherification Catalysed by Amberlyst 35

Isoamylene from the Fischer-Tropsch syncrude can be transformed to valuable fuel oxygenate additives through an equilibrium limited etherification reaction with methanol. A reactive distillation process is established to increase isoamylene conversion. Facing the challenge of improving product purity at the same time, an equilibrium stage model based design methodology is proposed and illustrated step-by-step for converting the Fischer-Tropsch C_5 olefins to tert-amyl methyl ether(TAME) process by using Aspen Plus. Under the guide of the proposed methodology, the design leads to a TAME product purity of higher than 95% and an isoamylene conversion of higher than 90%. The etherification kinetics over Amberlyst 35 is also studied within a temperature range of 60 ℃ to 75 ℃ to shed more light on the feasibility of process development. The methodology provides an effective reactive distillation column design to achieve the target reactant conversion and product purity simultaneously.

Prediction of column failure modes based on artificial neural network

To implement the performance-based seismic design of engineered structures,the failure modes of members must be classified.The classification method of column failure modes is analyzed using data from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center(PEER).The main factors affecting failure modes of columns include the hoop ratios,longitudinal reinforcement ratios,ratios of transverse reinforcement spacing to section depth,aspect ratios,axial compression ratios,and flexure-shear ratios.This study proposes a data-driven prediction model based on an artificial neural network(ANN)to identify the column failure modes.In this study,111 groups of data are used,out of which 89 are used as training data and 22 are used as test data,and the ANN prediction model of failure modes is developed.The results show that the proposed method based on ANN is superior to traditional methods in identifying the column failure modes.

A Short-Cut Design Technique to Batch Distillation Column

The effects of equipment parameters of batch distillation column on the yield proportion are discussed and analyzed, the relations between maximal yield proportion and the column equipment parameters are correlated, which not only can be used to appraise rationality of the design parameters of the columns being employed and which but also can be used to new batch distillation column design. Under the assistance of the separation difficulty defined in this paper, the minimum number of theoretical plates is determined by the limit loss proportion method given, and further the actual number of theoretical plates and the height for the batch distillation are calculated by using the redundancy coefficient found to complete the whole design of the batch distillation as shown in the computational sample. Research showed that the actual number of theoretical plates and the height of batch distillation column with the column diameter 0.6 m are 17 and 5.1 m in alcohol mixture separation system of the sample proposed. Moreover, the approach can be extended to the design of batch distillation column with a separation system of multi-component liquid mixture after those adjacent components are treated as numerous binary component systems.

Methanol Distillation System: Process Analysis and Column Design

Base on industrial research and experience, the process of methanol distillation is analyzed,and above all, a new concept of high pressure flowsheet and low pressure flowsheet is defined. The new configuration helps to handle problems encountered in many factories in China. The inter influence between process and column internal pattern is also pointed out. Recommendation of new column internal designs is given. Finally, industrial examples tell the how the new concept works and the possibility of combining process to give more opens to solve engineering problems.

Design of Pilot Plant Packed Column for the Dehydration of Water from Ethanol-Water Mixtures

This use of biomass-based adsorbent has been explored for the column study of the adsorptive dehydration of water in ethanol-water mixtures. The column study was carried out using enzyme modified corn starch and the breakthrough curve parameters were used to design the packed bed column. The effect of flow rate on the breakthrough curves revealed that adsorption efficiency decreased with increased inflow rate. The empty bed contact time (τ) of the pilot plant packed column was 35.35 min while the breakthrough time is 40.78 min. 66.7% was the fraction of capacity left unused for the pilot plant from the design.

Application of Artificial Neural Networks Based Monte Carlo Simulation in the Expert System Design and Control of Crude Oil Distillation Column of a Nigerian Refinery

This research work investigated comparative studies of expert system design and control of crude oil distillation column (CODC) using artificial neural networks based Monte Carlo (ANNBMC) simulation of random processes and artificial neural networks (ANN) model which were validated using experimental data obtained from functioning crude oil distillation column of Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria by MATLAB computer program. Ninety percent (90%) of the experimental data sets were used for training while ten percent (10%) were used for testing the networks. The maximum relative errors between the experimental and calculated data obtained from the output variables of the neural network for CODC design were 1.98 error % and 0.57 error % when ANN only and ANNBMC were used respectively while their respective values for the maximum relative error were 0.346 error % and 0.124 error % when they were used for the controller prediction. Larger number of iteration steps of below 2500 and 5000 were required to achieve convergence of less than 10-7?for the training error using ANNBMC for both the design of the CODC and controller respectively while less than 400 and 700 iteration steps were needed to achieve convergence of 10-4?using ANN only. The linear regression analysis performed revealed the minimum and maximum prediction accuracies to be 80.65% and 98.79%;and 98.38% and 99.98% when ANN and ANNBMC were used for the CODC design respectively. Also, the minimum and maximum prediction accuracies were 92.83% and 99.34%;and 98.89% and 99.71% when ANN and ANNBMC were used for the CODC controller respectively as both methodologies have excellent predictions. Hence, artificial neural networks based Monte Carlo simulation is an effective and better tool for the design and control of crude oil distillation column.

Evaluation of Current Design Practices on Estimation of Axial Capacity of Concrete Encased Steel Composite Stub Columns： A Review

This paper presents the design assessment of concrete encased I-sections composite column based approaches given in Eurocode, ACI Code, BS Code and AISC-LRFD. This study includes comparison of various design parameters and evaluation of design strength based on the procedures predicted in the various codes of practices. A practical example has been assumed and calculation has been shown to evaluate their potentiality in understanding in predicting the potentiality of various procedures. The obtained results based on the methods varies widely, because of the different design considerations adopted by the different codes. As such, they have hardly considered the effect of confinement of the concrete due to the presence of longitudinal reinforcements as well as lateral ties. The study has attempted to throw light on critical review and their potentiality in assessing the strength of such concrete encased composite column under purely axial loads.

Research on the structural design and the shock-resistant performance of the steel beam-concrete column frame structure

The steel beam-concrete column(RCS)frame structure is composed of the reinforced concrete columns and the steel beams,which is a composite structure with the superior performances.This kind of the frame structure has been rapidly developed and widely used in the field of the civil engineering because of its high building applicability,the fast construction speed,the low cost of the foundation and the good mechanical properties.Various kinds of the large-span,heavy-load and high-rise buildings emerge in endlessly,and the requirement for the structural performance is becoming higher and higher.The reinforced concrete column-steel beam composite frame structure is a high-performance structural system with the broad development prospects in China because of its good mechanical performance,durability,fire resistance and the building use space.

A dynamic control structure of liquid-only transfer stream distillation column

The intention of this fundamental work is to explore the manipulation of a mixture of benzene,toluene and o-xylene separated from liquid-only transfer divided-wall column(LTS-DWC).First,two control structures are clearly proposed,including seven component control loops(CS1)and seven temperature control loops(CS2).However,two control structures can handle ±10% feed disturbances rather than larger feed disturbances.Subsequently,an equivalent four-column model by introducing withdraw ratio is developed to discuss the effect of two liquid-only side-stream on the overall reboiler duty.It is indicated that the second liquid-only side-stream withdraw ratio strongly affects the overall energy consumption.Hence,six-component control loops within the fixed second liquid-only side-stream withdraw ratio(CS3)is proposed and the purity of products returns to set value even as facing ±20% feed disturbances.Finally,based on the above results,it is established a temperature control structure(CS4)for controlling fixed second liquid-only side-stream withdraw ratio,which can cope with ±15% disturbances.Inspired by these findings,an insight into the dynamic control of LTS-DWC promotes the industrial implementation of DWC through new liquid-only side-stream configurations.

新型钢管混凝土梁柱节点力学性能试验研究

为研究内加强环式圆钢管混凝土柱与矩形钢管混凝土梁这种新型连接节点的力学性能,设计了缩尺钢管混凝土梁柱节点试件,开展了相同梁柱节点试件的静力加载试验和低周往复加载试验。通过研究该节点试件的破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线以及拟静力加载试验的骨架曲线、核心区剪切变形等,分析了节点试件的承载能力、延性和耗能能力,全面考察了同一梁柱节点在静力加载和低周往复加载两种工况下的受力性能和破坏模式。结果表明:钢管混凝土梁柱节点试件核心区强度较强,破坏模式主要为梁端破坏,低周往复加载试验时试件梁柱连接处附近的梁端钢板发生拉裂破坏和钢板鼓曲,静力加载试验时试件梁端焊缝发生拉裂破坏;试件延性较好,加载过程中经历了弹性、弹塑性和塑性发展阶段。最后提出了该类钢管混凝土梁柱节点核心区的抗剪强度计算公式。

重载铁路双柱式桥墩加固技术优化研究

为探索基于性能提升的桥墩加固优化设计方法,以重载铁路中数量较多的分离式双柱式桥墩为对象,基于数值模拟分析和桥墩加固运营性能试验,开展3种常用方法加固条件下的桥墩静力性能对比分析和动力性能对比试验研究,并进行加固技术优化研究.结果表明,设计荷载作用下,墩身外包加固抑制墩顶水平位移效果较好,而"增大基础和增补桩基"组合加固则能有效减少基底截面应力;运营列车作用下,3种方法加固条件的墩顶横向振幅较加固前均有不同程度降低,但也有部分桥墩受施工等因素影响出现振幅增大的情况.采用优化提出的"增大基础+增补桩基+墩身外包"三重加固法,墩顶横向振幅降低幅度超过50%,能够很好地满足重载铁路双柱式桥墩强化改造需求.

瓦楞纸板方管柱力学性能与压溃模式研究

目的研究不同构造瓦楞纸板方管柱在准静态轴向荷载作用下的力学性能和破坏模式,获得综合性能最优构造方案。方法通过改变瓦楞纸板方管柱构造方向和层数,设计制作4种构造形式的瓦楞纸板方管柱,通过开展轴向荷载作用下的静载荷试验,系统研究典型构造瓦楞纸板方管柱的力学性能和破坏模式。结果获得了4种构造形式瓦楞纸板方管柱载荷-位移曲线、分阶段变形破坏形态和试验关键参数。竖向瓦楞纸板方管柱呈现2种变形模式,平台阶段为体现瓦楞板叠层压缩小变形特征的塑性坍塌渐进屈曲模式,压溃阶段为体现薄壁管凹凸大变形特征的塑性坍塌渐进屈曲模式,破坏阶段呈现明显的脆性特征。横向瓦楞管柱呈现稳定的锯齿形塑性坍塌渐进屈曲模式。双层瓦楞管柱在压缩过程中会发生相互作用,脆性破坏特征减弱。外横内竖瓦楞管柱构件整体压溃模式稳定,呈现塑性破坏特征。结论瓦楞纸板方管柱的力学性能和破坏模式与构造形式有关,外横内竖瓦楞纸板方管柱融入了约束设计和导向设计理念,其力学性能优越。

基于机器学习的CFST柱高温剩余强度系数预测方法

目的 为提高计算精度和速度,利用机器学习模型泛化数据,以预测CFST柱的高温剩余强度系数。方法 利用生成对抗网络将搜集到的110个试验结果泛化生成407组数据,据此训练机器学习模型,并使用试验结果评估其性能,以确定最优模型;然后使用生成数据输入建立的模型预测CFST柱高温剩余强度系数,并和现有计算方法进行对比。结果 建立的随机森林模型在性能度量上表现最好,拟合优度达到0.947 7,均方误差为0.001 8,精度为94.7%;预测结果误差在±10%内的数据为83%,在±20%内的数据为100%;剩余强度系数主要影响因素依次为温度、钢材屈服强度、混凝土抗压强度和横截面积,钢管厚度影响很小。结论 提出的预测方法优于现有计算方法,具有更快的计算速度、更小的结果误差以及更强的模型可解释性,该方法可为CFST柱抗火设计提供参考。

双向密肋楼盖的计算及设计探讨

在双向密肋楼盖的设计中采用弹性板对楼板进行计算分析,但与实际密肋楼盖结构相比,常用软件的计算模型在柱帽区域的计算假定存在重复考虑柱帽厚板与框梁重叠区域、板柱连接区与梁柱连接区重叠区域的问题。针对该问题,对密肋楼盖柱帽区域建立了多种不同计算假定的计算模型,分析了各模型对楼盖构件内力的影响,结果表明:考虑这些计算假定上的差异后,会导致与柱帽区域相连接的构件内力计算结果产生极大的变化。设计中应充分关注这些差异带来的影响,避免出现结构安全问题。此外,对密肋楼盖采用将柱帽格构化为等代梁的分析方法,能够避免过高估计柱帽承载能力,计算结果合理,且能方便对柱帽进行配筋设计。

关于中医药学术期刊地方医药文化特色专栏的设计思考

[目的]探讨开设有利于彰显地方中医药文化特色期刊专栏的路径。[方法]通过查阅文献,分析中医药期刊的现状,讨论中医药期刊开设地方医药文化特色专栏的必要性、可行性、着力点。[结果]只有突出中医药特色,才能充分体现中医药科技期刊的内涵。中医药期刊可以通过挖掘地方医药文化,建设优质编委团队,成立核心作者人群,组建高质审稿队伍,举办期刊学术活动等途径发展地方医药文化特色专栏。中医药期刊应当坚持中医特色,以复兴中医药文化为期刊首任;应学会守常达变,继承与创新并举;坚持百花齐放,展现地方特色医药;注重守正创新,维持栏目延续稳定,进而提升美誉度和核心竞争力。[结论]中医药文化是中华民族的宝贵财富,是中华民族传统文化的精髓。中医药期刊是传播中医药学术文化的重要阵地。中医药期刊开设地方中医药文化特色专栏既有利于期刊优质发展,又有利于中医药学术文化的传承。