Expression profiles of sex-related genes in gonads of genetic male Takifugu rubripes after 17β-estradiol immersion

Estradiol treatment during early life stages of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes induces feminization in genetic males.However,the ovaries in genetic males may revert to testes once estradiol treatment is halted.Therefore studies should investigate molecular mechanisms underlying ovary-to-testis recovery in genetic males after treatment.In the present study,tiger puffer were exposed to 10,and 100μg/L 17β-estradiol(E 2)from 15 to 100 days post-hatching(dph),then gonad phenotypes and expression profi les of six sex-related genes(cyp19a,foxl2,dmrt1,amh,sox9a,and sox9b)were characterized after the exposure.Results showed that both 10 and 100μg/L E2 induced ovarian development in genetic males at 100 dph.However,all ovaries induced by 10μg/L E2 first developed into intersexual gonads and subsequently reverted to testes after the exposure.As for treatment of 100μg/L E2,while the rest of the ovaries maintained morphological stability,percentages of intersexual gonads reached 38%-57%,and none were reverted to testes.Increased mRNA levels of cyp19a,foxl2 and sox9b and decreased mRNA levels of dmrt1,amh,and sox9a were observed during the ovarian development in genetic males.While contrary gene expression profiles were detected during ovary-to-testis transformation.The mRNA levels of all the six genes were increased during the development of intersexual gonads.These results indicated that up-regulation of dmrt1,amh and sox9a is associated with initial ovary-to-intersexual transformation,and suppression of foxl2,cyp19a and sox9b is essential for complete ovary-to-testis recovery in genetic males.This research will help to trace the molecular processes underlying gonadal transformation in teleosts.

A Study on Stock Expressions from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Metaphor is a hot topic of current linguistic study. Essentially, metaphor is that people using the familiar, concrete conceptual construction to construct and comprehend the strange and abstract one. Since the end of 1980 s, with the establishment of the joint-stock enterprises, people keep the passion for the stock market. And then a large quantity of terms of the stock appear in our life, most of them are of metaphorical meanings. This paper studies the conceptual metaphors in stock terms and the forms of K lines from the view of conceptual metaphor theory. The aims of this paper is to broaden the scope of language study, and make a interdisciplinary research, which can aid us to understand the nature of language in a new perspective. Moreover, it also provide a new view of studying the stock terms.

Translation on Figurative Expressions From English Into Chinese

It’s very necessary to study the translation of figurative expressions from English into Chinese since two languages differ a lot in lexical,syntactic and cultural aspects.In terms of translation approaches there are three ones largely used depending on different situations: literal translation from English into Chinese,translation from figurative expressions into figurative ones and translation from figurative expressions into nonfigurative ones.

The Multidimensional Description and Investigation of New Color Terms:A Metaphorical Cognitive Approach

This article studies the new color terms in Chinese.It first classifies the color terms from four linguistic aspects:pronunciation,grammar,semantics,linguistic context and the theory of "Four Worlds," namel,language,physics,culture,and psychology.It then summarizes all the characteristics of the new color terms.The study takes questionnaires as supplementary data,explores and proves the interactive relationship between metaphorical expression and cognitive psychology of new color words.The life span of such new color terms is also discussed.

二语学习者动宾搭配“伪语义违反”的认知加工机制

汉语“打酱油”类动宾搭配是母语者经常使用的转喻或隐喻现象,而低水平汉语二语者往往认为这种动宾搭配是违反语义关系的。相对于ERP研究中的真实“语义违反”范式,我们将二语者对这种语义关系的认知称作“伪语义违反”。目的是通过这种实验范式考察汉语二语学习者对“打酱油”类动词喻指化现象加工的认知机制及其与汉语母语者的差异。研究发现:第一,汉语母语者对动词喻指化现象的加工符合直接通达理论,在无语境条件下仍然可以直接加工其喻指义。第二,不同水平二语学习者对汉语动词喻指化现象的加工机制存在本质区别。低水平二语学习者汉语动词喻指化加工经由字面义,再通达其喻指义,支持间接通达理论;高水平二语学习者则可以和母语者一样直接通达其喻指义。加工机制的不同导致了学习者理解能力的差异。第三,二语学习者对汉语动词喻指化现象的加工机制存在动态变化,随着二语水平的提高,学习者对喻指意义的加工会逐渐由间接通达转向直接通达。

隐喻视角下的汉日“眼”类惯用语的对比研究

惯用语是广大民众思维智慧的结晶,“眼”是人体最重要的器官之一,在汉语和日语的人体词研究中均排首位,并各自产生大量与“眼”相关的惯用语。以汉语和日语中含有“眼”的隐喻惯用语为研究对象,首先通过定量分析找出彼此的共性,再以认知语言学的隐喻和转喻为理论基础,根据“眼”的实体隐喻目标域的不同,分别在容器域、意识域、情感域、能力域和思维域这五个目标域范围内以语料为基础对“眼”的实体隐喻进行具体分析,了解“眼”在汉日语惯用语中的语义扩展方式上的异同。研究得知:汉语和日语惯用语中“眼”的隐喻有诸多相似之处便是源于两国人民对“眼”认知思维的相似性;与此同时,由于中日地理环境、审美心理、价值观的不同,导致惯用语中“眼”的隐喻表达也存在很大的差异。

中日谚语中“牛”的隐喻表达的比较研究

在认知语言学的框架内,从隐喻理论出发,通过比较中日谚语中与“牛”相关的隐喻表达,两国在隐喻映射过程中存在的共性和特性;对其背后体现的思维方式和认知模式的探究,可以深化人们对两国语言文化认知的理解,为两国的交流和合作提供有价值的参考。

Revisiting processing time for metaphorical expressions： An eye-tracking study on eye-voice span during sight translation

This paper aims to investigate the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eyeandvoice,insighttranslatingmetaphoricalexpressions(MEs).24MAtranslation students, with no professional translation or interpreting experience, were asked to conduct a sight translation (STR) task, and the processes were registered by eye-tracker and audio recorder. The qualified eye-tracking and audio data were further analysed by Tobii Studio and Audacity audio processing software. Our findings suggest that the time of the pause preceding an ME was largely, but not entirely, spent in processing the ensuing ME. However, due to the general existence of reading ahead activities in STR, the planning step for sight translating an ME takes place prior to the preceding pause; moreover, due to local processing difficulty causedbytheME,thetimeforreadingaheadintoME(temporalEVS)ismostlygreater than for reading ahead beyond ME. Our findings also reveal that the rate of methodological deviation(causedbythetwodifferentcalculationapproaches)forMEprocessingtimeis around10%,butthetwoprocessingtimeshavedemonstratednostatisticallysignificant difference, validating the processing time calculated by audio data in Zheng&Xiang (2013).We conclude this paper with some reservation on eye-tracking translation research:though powerful in providing solid and informative process data, it has some limitations in clearly probing into intricate human cognitive process.

Post-Editing Metaphorical Expressions:Productivity,Quality,and Strategies

This studyaims to explore the impact of neural machine translation(NMT)postediting on metaphorical expressions from English to Chinese in terms of productivity,translation quality,and the strategies employed.To this end,a comparative study was carried out with 30 student translators who post-edited or translated a text rich in metaphors.By triangulating datafromkeystroke logging,retrospectiveprotocols,questionnaires,and translation quality evaluation,it was found that:(1)processing metaphorical expressions using NMT post-editing has significantly increased the translators'productivity compared to translating them from scratch;(2)NMT was perceived to be useful in processing metaphorical expressions and post-editing produced fewer errors in the final output than translation from scratch;(3)different strategies were used to process metaphorical expressions in post-editing and from-scratch translation due to the inherent differences in the two tasks,with "direct transfer"used most frequently in post-editing as translators usually rely on the NMT output to produce the final translation but more balanced strategies adopted in from-scratch translation as they need to seek for different solutions to rendering the metaphorical expressions;the quality of NMT output played a major role in what strategies were adopted to process the metaphorical expressions and their final product quality in post-editing,rather than the conventionality of the metaphorical expressions in the source text.Practical and research implications are discussed.

音乐录影带中情感表达的体认多模态隐喻建构——以Black or White音乐录影带为例

自20世纪90年代起,以Forceville为代表的一批国外学者开始着眼于多模态隐喻的研究,探讨图像、声音、语言等不同模态表征符号中的隐喻构建,研究范围涉及广告、漫画、手势、音乐和电影等,但选取MV为研究对象的却很少,尤其是从体认语言学角度研究的几乎没有。有鉴于此,文章选取美国歌手迈克尔·杰克逊以“反种族歧视”为主题的Black or White MV为语料,基于体认多模态隐喻理论,分析其中有关“骄傲”和“愤怒”情感的多模态隐喻建构。分析发现,在该MV中,“骄傲”和“愤怒”情感都涉及非语言听觉和视觉符号的隐喻建构。“骄傲”分别涉及“骄傲是高音”和“骄傲是向上的舞蹈动作”隐喻概念;“愤怒”分别涉及“愤怒是高音”和“愤怒是火”隐喻概念。这些非语言符号隐喻概念都是基于人们的身体体验和认知加工建构起来的,使信息接受主体的情感识解更直接、更快,甚至更强。

情态隐喻式和一致式的认知特征与阐释

本文综合认知语言学的识解和心理空间理论,对情态隐喻式与一致式进行概念化认知分析,阐述两者之间的根本语义区别和联系。研究发现:将情境视点空间置于台上区域的识解认知操作是情态隐喻的发生机制。当情境视点空间一直处于台下区域,仅为述谓的情境锚定时,体现为小句中的情态附加语,即情态一致式。当情境视点空间映射到内容空间作为视点空间置于台上区域时,视点空间体现为后接焦点事态的投射小句,即情态隐喻式。

从文学哲学化到哲学文学化——梅洛-庞蒂文哲亲缘性思想再探

文学与哲学的交织贯穿梅洛-庞蒂思想始终,他把文学视为存在表达本身而非其现象学哲学的构思工具。文哲交织在梅洛-庞蒂思想历程中呈现出由文学哲学化到哲学文学化的双重面向和演变脉络,对应于他在观念和话语维度对文哲关系的创见,并折射出其形而上学批判和知觉现象学建构的完整路径。表达和隐喻在其中扮演重要角色。梅洛-庞蒂晚期文本中以隐喻革新哲学术语的尝试,缓和了哲学观念与哲学话语之间的紧张关系,为扫除早期知觉理论中的唯心论残余以及实现其理论内部的自洽,提供了一条有效的路径。

解构Lakoff的隐喻理论——对概念隐喻的否定

Lakoff的隐喻理论是认知语言学理论的一个重要组成部分,是对传统隐喻观的彻底背离,因为其理论强调隐喻的本质是储存在我们大脑中的概念,而隐喻表达只是隐喻概念在语言层面的派生。虽然概念隐喻理论对语言学以及其他领域产生了重大影响,但是,只要仔细研究,仍能揭示该理论存在不少严重的问题。本文从经验基础、隐喻表达和概念隐喻、原始隐喻、隐喻理解等方面深入剖析Lakoff及其合作者的隐喻理论,旨在论证概念隐喻既没有存在的基础,也没有存在的必要。

Gosper地图的非空间层次数据隐喻表达与分析

本文借助隐喻地图的思想,研究非空间层次数据的空间隐喻表达与分析,以地图视角对非空间数据进行空间化处理,将抽象数据具象化以降低认知负荷,对地图学相关方法进行综合运用以拓宽其应用外沿。结合制图学经典方法开展地图视觉设计,以自然地貌隐喻数据特征,针对层次数据结构特点,将LOD及Cartogram技术引入隐喻地图的表达分析中,对各层级数据特征进行有效凸显,达到通过地图研究其背后数据规律特征之目的。最后,将本研究提出的方法应用于真实文件层次数据,进行文件数量分布、大文件群落定位、文件纵深分析等试验。结果表明,本研究能够有效表达层次数据,并支持一定的地图分析及数据挖掘工作。

关于把隐喻性表达作为外语交际能力的思考

隐喻性表达的普遍性证明它在语言交际中具有认知、语言、交际等不同功能,而这些功能反过来显示隐喻性表达是语言能力的重要构成.依据这个观点和对我国专业英语学生处理隐喻性表达的调查,本文认为应该把隐喻性表达设立为外语教学的目标,并试图从隐喻性表达的普遍性、功能性和在外语教学中学习隐喻性表达的迫切性三个方面讨论这个问题.

中英文经济报道中概念隐喻的跨文化性

以中英文主流媒体经济报道中出现的概念隐喻和隐喻表达构成文章的经济隐喻语料库,为便于分析,仅提取出现频率较高的"经济是人""经济是战争"两个概念隐喻进行对比分析。研究结果表明:(1)中英文经济报道中概念隐喻具有极大的相似性;(2)虽然隐喻表达略有差异,但是二者隐喻映射的过程基本一致;(3)概念隐喻在经济报道文本中具有跨文化性主要是由于人类体验的共性、经济的全球化以及新闻文体自身的特质所致;(4)这样的研究对于商务英语教学以及跨文化商务交际具有一定的积极意义。

以道德为本体的概念隐喻

隐喻是人类进行抽象思维的主要方式之一。通过大量英汉语料，分析了道德概念的内涵、认知经验基础，以及隐喻映射模式，归纳出以道德为本体的概念隐喻——道德是一个有价的实体，其基础是客体世界的物质属性在人心理上的感受向道德认知域的映射。英语和汉语的道德概念隐喻基本一致，这是由于人类生存适应的需求根本上是一致的。

隐喻认知视角下新兴颜色词的多维描写与调查分析

本文以新兴颜色词为研究对象,首先从语音、语法、语义、语境四个层面和语言、物理、文化、心理四个世界等角度出发对新兴颜色词进行分类梳理,分析归纳了新兴颜色词所具有的特征,再以问卷调查作为辅助手段,论证了新兴颜色词隐喻表达与心理认知之间的互动关系,最后探讨了新兴颜色词的生存能力。

体育新闻语言中的战争隐喻

体育新闻报导中使用了大量描述战争的词语,许多战争用语与体育新闻语言之间存在着一一对应的关系。这是因为体育比赛的概念系统是以战争概念系统为基础,以隐喻的方式构建起来的。这里面隐含着这样一个概念隐喻:体育比赛是战争。它属于战争隐喻的一个子隐喻。同时它又是个结构隐喻,包含一个母隐喻和三个子隐喻。正是这个战争隐喻能使我们不用再创造另一套概念系统就能借表述战争的一套概念系统去表达体育比赛。

英汉视觉常规隐喻比较

对英语和汉语中视觉词的常规隐喻用法进行统计分析表明,两种语言中均广泛存在着从实体的视觉源范畴向非视觉的思维、感情、态度等范畴的映射,而且这些隐喻表达由于人们反复长期使用已成为常规用法固化在语言中,一般人已感觉不到其隐喻性了。在笔者所选的85个英语视觉常规隐喻表达中,有大约81%与汉语的完全对应。汉语和英语的视觉常规隐喻表达因此具有较明显的系统性,从而为下列假说提供了佐证,即:人类通过具体的身体经验来隐喻性地理解和表达抽象的思维、情感、态度等概念,不同的语言系统可以反映相似的认知过程。