Sexual Morph of Furcasterigmium furcatum (Plectosphaerellaceae) from Magnolia liliifera Collected in Northern Thailand

We isolated an interesting fungus from dead leaves of Magnolia liliifera collected from Chiang Mai,Thailand.The novel strain is related to Plectosphaer-ellaceae based on the morphology of its asexual morph and the analysis of sequence data.Phylogenetic analyses using a combined gene analysis of LSU and ITS sequence data showed that this strain is clustered in the same clade with Furcasterigmium furcatum with high statistical support.The new strains produced the asexual morph in culture which is morphologically similar to F.furcatum.Thus,we identified this strain as the sexual morph of F.furcatum.This is the first record of sexual morph for the monotypic genus Furcasterigmium and the first record of this genus on Magnolia.

Mycosphaerella areola—The Teleomorph of Ramularia areola of Cotton in Brazil, and Its Epidemiological Significance

While Ramularia leaf blight of cotton caused by Ramularia areola is of top most importance for Brazil, information is lacking regarding the survival mechanism of this pathogen during the cotton-free period. The teleomorph of R. areola is expected to belong to the genus Mycosphaerella. In the present study attempts were made to verify occurrence of this teleomorph in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Decaying cotton leaves were collected two months after harvest of 2014 from 44 commercial and experimental fields where aerial fungicidal applications were made or not during the crop cycle to control the Ramularia leaf blight. Examination of the decaying cotton leaves revealed presence of abundant sclerotia, spermagonia and ascoma of Mycosphaerella sp. intermingled with each other during the cotton-free period in most of the leaf samples. Mono-ascospore isolations were obtained from the ascoma and considering their cultural, morphological, pathological and DNA sequence analysis they were identified as Mycosphaerella areola. M. areola and R. areola isolates produced similar symptoms under glasshouse inoculations. Reisolation of the pathogen from the symptoms produced by M. areola isolates yielded R. areola. Some cotton leaves showing such symptoms were kept on the soil surface on plastic trays for two months under natural field condition. After this period the decaying leaves showed abundant perithecia identical to their original M. areola. ITS rDNA sequence analyses revealed identical sequences from M. areola and R. areola isolates. Occurrence and the viability of the perfect stage M. areola during the cotton-free period on the left-over stubble from one season to another were interpreted as the survival mechanism of the pathogen and were considered responsible for the Ramularia blight epidemics in the State of Mato Grosso. Disease management practices for the State of Mato Grosso are discussed. This is the first report about the occurrence of the M. areola in Brazil.

Morphological plasticity and adaptation level of distylous Primula nivalis in a heterogeneous alpine environment

Plant populations at high elevation face extreme climatic conditions and resource limitations. The existence of distylous species at different elevations can help us investigate their adaptation to high altitudes, the evolution of their morphological characteristics, as well as their responses to limited resources. Here, 17 populations of Primula nivalis at different elevations were evaluated regarding variations in plant morphological characteristics, biomass allocation, and morphological plasticity in a heterogeneous environment. Our results demonstrate that heterogeneous environments can affect plant morphological characteristics and resource allocation in each sexual morph of these plants. Moreover,environmental variations reduced morphological plasticity in the two plant morphs, and the plasticity of long style(LS) plants was greater than that of short style(SS) plants. There were significant negative correlations between morphological characteristics and elevation, rainfall, temperature, and sunshine,and these are the main variables that affect morphological characteristics and resource allocation of both morphs of P. nivalis plants in heterogeneous environments. The morphological characteristics of P. nivalis plants transplanted from high to lower elevations were not significantly different in either population.LS plants had greater morphological plasticity and adaptability in heterogeneous environments than SS plants. Elevational gradients and heterogeneous environments differentiated both morphs of P. nivalis plants with regards to morphology as well as adaptations. LS plants showed a higher level of adaptability than SS plants.

温度和光周期对烟蚜性蚜的诱导

本文研究了温度和光周期对烟蚜性蚜诱导的影响，结果表明：郑州地区的红色和黄绿色烟蚜在１０小时光照和１５、２０℃组合下可产生性雌和雄蚜，而在１２、１４和８小时及２５℃条件下均未有性蚜产生。

Camarosporium uniseriatum nom.nov.,from Celtis occidentalis in European Russia

Celtis occidentalis(American hackberry)is a deciduous tree widely distributed in northern America and introduced in many regions of Europe.In this study we collected Cucurbitaria celtidis from dead or dying twigs and branches of C.occidentalis(Cannabaceae)in the Rostov region(Southern European Russia),where this tree is a common ergasiophyte in artificial forests.The placement of this species in Camarosporium sensu stricto in Pleosporinae,Pleosporales is shown in a multi-locus tree based on combined LSU,SSU and ITS sequence data.Camarosporium uniseriatum nom.nov.is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses.

Freshwater fungi from karst landscapes in China and Thailand

Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world.Dur-ing a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes,a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand.Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU,ITS,SSU,TEF1α,and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes.Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny,we introduce four new genera,viz.Aquabispora,Neocirrenalia,Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella,and 47 new species,viz.Acrodictys chishuiensis,A.effusa,A.pyriformis,Actinocladium aquaticum,Annulatascus tratensis,Aquabispora setosa,Aqualignicola setosa,Aquimassario-sphaeria vermiformis,Ceratosphaeria flava,Chaetosphaeria polygonalis,Conlarium muriforme,Digitodesmium chishuiense,Ellisembia aquirostrata,Fuscosporella atrobrunnea,Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme,H.caohaiense,Hongkongmyces aquisetosus,Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis,Monilochaetes alsophilae,Mycoenterolobium macrosporum,Myrmecridium splendidum,Neohelicascus griseoflavus,Neohelicomyces denticulatus,Neohelicosporium fluviatile,Neokalmusia aquib-runnea,Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa,Neomyrmecridium naviculare,Neospadicoides biseptata,Ocellisimilis clavata,Ophioceras thailandense,Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus,Phialoturbella aquilunata,Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum,Pseudodactylaria denticulata,P.longidenticulata,P.uniseptata,Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca,Rhamphoriopsis aquimi-crospora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Shrungabeeja fluviatilis,Sporidesmium tratense,S.versicolor,Sporoschisma atroviride,Stanjehughesia aquatica,Thysanorea amniculi,Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata,with an illustrated account,discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa.Seven new combinations are introduced,viz.Aquabispora grandispora(≡Boerlagiomyces grandisporus),A.websteri(≡Boerlagiomyces websteri),Cer-atosphaeria suthepensis(≡Pseudohalonectria suthepensis),Gamsomyces aquaticus(≡Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum),G.malabaricus(≡Gangliostilbe malabarica),Neocirrenalia nigrospora(≡Cirrenalia nigrospora),and Rhamphoriopsis glauca(≡Chloridium glaucum).Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats.Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora(≡Cirrenalia nigrospora).Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium,Aqualigni-cola,and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections.Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated.The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.

Freshwater Sordariomycetes

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.Freshwater Sordariomycetes play an important role in ecosystems and some of them have the potential to produce bioactive compounds.This study documents and reviews the freshwater Sordariomycetes,which is one of the largest and important groups of fungi in aquatic habitats.Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology,we introduce a new order Distoseptisporales,two new families,viz.Ceratosphaeriaceae and Triadelphiaceae,three new genera,viz.Aquafiliformis,Dematiosporium and Neospadicoides,47 new species,viz.Acrodictys fluminicola,Aquafiliformis lignicola,Aquapteridospora fusiformis,Arthrinium aquaticum,Ascosacculus fusiformis,Atractospora aquatica,Barbatosphaeria lignicola,Ceratosphaeria aquatica,C.lignicola,Chaetosphaeria aquatica,Ch.catenulata,Ch.guttulata,Ch.submersa,Codinaea yunnanensis,Conioscypha aquatica,C.submersa,Cordana aquatica,C.lignicola,Cosmospora aquatica,Cylindrotrichum submersum,Dematiosporium aquaticum,Dictyochaeta cangshanensis,D.ellipsoidea,D.lignicola,D.submersa,Distoseptispora appendiculata,D.lignicola,D.neorostrata,D.obclavata,Hypoxylon lignicola,Lepteutypa aquatica,Myrmecridium aquaticum,Neospadicoides aquatica,N.lignicola,N.yunnanensis,Ophioceras submersum,Peroneutypa lignicola,Phaeoisaria filiformis,Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola,Rhodoveronaea aquatica,Seiridium aquaticum,Sporidesmiella aquatica,Sporidesmium lageniforme,S.lignicola,Tainosphaeria lunata,T.obclavata,Wongia aquatica,two new combinations,viz.Acrodictys aquatica,Cylindrotrichum aquaticum,and 9 new records,viz.Chaetomium globosum,Chaetosphaeria cubensis,Ch.myriocarpa,Cordana abramovii,Co.terrestris,Cuspidatispora xiphiago,Sporidesmiella hyalosperma,Stachybotrys chartarum,S.chlorohalonata.A comprehensive classification of the freshwater Sordariomycetes is presented based on updated literature.Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequence analyses of a combined LSU,SSU,RPB2 and TEF1a dataset comprising species of freshwater Sordariomycetes are provided.Detailed information including their habitats distribution,diversity,holotype,specimens collected and classification are provided.

Towards a natural classification of Annulatascaceae-like taxa:introducing Atractosporales ord.nov.and six new families

Species with relatively small,membraneous,black ascomata,with or without long necks,unitunicate,cylindrical asci with apical rings and fusiform,hyaline ascospores with or without mucilaginous sheaths are common in freshwater habitats in tropical and temperate regions.Many of these taxa have originally been recorded as Annulatascaceae-like taxa.Twenty genera have been included in the family Annulatascaceae,mostly based on morphological characters,while molecular work and phylogenetic analyses are lacking for many genera.In this study,nine new Annulatascaceae-like taxa collected from Thailand were morphologically examined.Pure cultures obtained from single ascospores were used in molecular studies.The nine new strains and several other strains of Annulatascaceae-like Sordariomycetes species were used to establish phylogenetic and evolution relationships among the taxa,based on combined LSU,SSU,ITS and RPB2 sequence data.Phylogenetic analyses provide evidence to introduce one new order and six new families,to accommodate taxa excluded from Annulatascaceae sensu stricto.A new order Atractosporales is established based on the molecular study,including three new introduced families Conlariaceae,Pseudoproboscisporaceae and Atractosporaceae.Conlariaceae is introduced for the genus Conlarium which comprises two species,Conlarium duplumascosporun and a new Hyphomycetous asexual morph taxon Conlarium aquaticum which has subglobose or irregular,brown,clathrate,muriform conidia.Pseudoproboscisporaceae includes Pseudoproboscispora and Diluviicola,while Atractosporaceae includes the genera Rubellisphaeria and Atractospora.Barbatosphaeria,Xylomelasma and Ceratostomella form a distinct stable lineage which is introduced as a new family Barbatosphaeriaceae in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis.A new family Lentomitellaceae is introduced in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis,to accommodate the genus Lentomitella.Woswasiaceae is introduced to accommodate Woswasia,Xylochrysis and Cyanoannulus in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis.Three new species of Fluminicola viz.F.saprophytica,F.thailandensis and F.aquatica are introduced.A new sexual morph,Dictyosporella thailandensis,is reported and Dictyosporella is excluded from Annulatascaceae and placed in Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis.The first sexual morph of Sporidesmium,S.thailandense is also described.The new species Atractospora thailandensis,Diluviicola aquatica and Pseudoproboscispora thailandensis are also introduced.Platytrachelon is added to Papulosaceae based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters.Aquaticola,Fusoidispora and Pseudoannulatascus are excluded from Annulatascaceae and placed in Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis.Mirannulata is accommodated in Sordariomycetes,genera incertae sedis.

Biphasic taxonomic approaches for generic relatedness and phylogenetic relationships of Teichosporaceae

The placement of the dothideomycetous family Teichosporaceae has been controversial.Recent phylogenetic investigations have used a taxonomic lumping approach with the Floricolaceae and its genera have been synonymized under the earlier fam-ily name,Teichosporaceae.Intergeneric relationships were therefore obscure and proper generic delimitation was needed in upcoming studies.We here taxonomically revised the family Teichosporaceae based on both morphological and phylogenetic evidence.Teichosporaceae species have immersed or semi-immersed,erumpent to superficial,ostiolate ascomata,cellular or trabeculate pseudoparaphyses,cylindrical to oblong or sub-clavate asci and ellipsoid to oblong or fusiform,cylindric-fusiform or oblong to elliptical,ovoid to clavate,symmetric or asymmetric,initially hyaline or pale brown to dark brown or yellowish brown,1-3-septate or muriform ascospores.Asexual morphs are coelomycetous.Type or representative speci-mens of Teichosporaceae were loaned and fresh specimens were collected from China and Thailand.Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of a combined ITS,LSU,SSU,tef1-αand rpb2 dataset were performed to clarify the phylogenetic affinities of taxa and examine monophyly of newly proposed genera.One new species(Floricola festucae),one new host record(Ramusculicola thailandica)and four new combinations(Aurantiascoma nephelii,A.quercus,Magnibotryascoma acaciae,M.melanommoides)are introduced.The broad genus concept of Teichospora is dismissed based on morphological dissimilarities and the monophyletic status of the proposed genera.We accept Asymmetrispora,Aurantiascoma,Floricola,Magnibotryascoma,Misturatosphaeria,Pseudoaurantiascoma,Pseudomisturatosphaeria,Ramusculicola and Teichospora as distinct genera in the Teichosporaceae.All recognized genera are phenotypically characterized and phylogenetically well-supported.The phylogenetic placements of three genera(Chaetomastia,Loculohypoxylon and Sinodidymella),which do not have molecular data cannot be conclusively clarified at present,but are still placed in Teichosporaceae for future studies.

1个黑煤病菌新组合Metacapnodium neesii及其基于核酸序列的系统发育位置

2019年10月,在日本本州中部长野县的富士山冷杉树枝及树叶上采集到4种黑斑病致病菌标本,经鉴定为已知致病菌Capnobotrys neesii(Capnobotrys的模式种)。此外,通过单孢分离法培养出具有代表性的菌株JCM 39119,能产生具有瓶梗状的产孢细胞和分生孢子的念珠状菌丝、以及类似于在天然宿主上生长的分生孢子梗和小型分生孢子的菌丝。根据植物多形性真菌学名重新命名的原则,无性型类群C.neesii被划分至Metacapnodium,作为新组合Metacapnodium neesii。测定了JCM 39119菌株的nrL SU、nrS SU、ITS、RPB2和EFIa基因序列,并基于核糖体小亚基序列进行系统发育分析,将JCM 39119菌株定位在刺盾炱目Chaetothyriales的分类单元上,而非预期的煤炱目Capnodiales或格孢菌目Pleosporales分类单元。因此,必须进行进一步实验分析,通过对其他基因序列分析得到最终结论。本研究结果支持对以Metacapnodium为代表的假煤炱科Metacapnodiaceae的更高级别分类进行修订。

中国云南及西藏水生环境中的新种——棕孢香港霉(英文)

在大湄公河次区域的水生真菌调查中,从中国云南和西藏的沉水腐木中分离得到4个菌株。基于LSU、SSU、ITS、TEF1-α和RPB2序列进行多基因系统发育分析,表明4个菌株属于菩提科香港霉属真菌。系统发育分析结果显示4个菌株聚集在一起,并与泰国香港霉形成姐妹支。基于形态学及分子系统学研究,将这4个菌株鉴定为新种棕孢香港霉。棕孢香港霉是香港霉属的第二个有性型物种,它因子囊果的孔口处有棕色至黑色的刚毛,且子囊孢子呈梭形,孢子两端逐渐变窄且钝圆,红棕色至暗棕色,具有多个隔膜而区别于另一个有性型物种泰国香港霉。本研究提供了该真菌新种的描述及图版并比较了该种与其他物种的形态差异。

关于“半知菌”的前世和今生

"半知菌"概念是约150年前对那些只进行无性繁殖而未发现有性阶段的一类菌物的称呼。为了方便对大量"半知菌"进行观察、描述和分类,在早期的《国际植物命名法规》中特设有一条命名法则,允许采用双重命名法对一个菌物分别按有性阶段或无性阶段进行命名。因此,在形式上为"半知菌"建立起了相应的"亚门"、"纲"、"科"、"属"、"种"等分类等级。随着越来越多的无性阶段和有性阶段联系的建立(实际上约有15%的"半知菌"发现了子囊菌或担子菌的有性阶段),特别是DNA测序技术在菌物分类中的广泛应用,从遗传进化研究上证明"半知菌"属于子囊菌或担子菌。自最新版《藻类、菌物和植物国际命名法规》规定"一个菌物一个名称"之后,"半知菌"概念已再无分类学意义,取而代之是"无性型菌物"一词更能表达该类群菌物属于菌物的无性阶段。"半知菌"中的相应的属、种名称还具有分类学意义,但能否保留或废弃,还要依靠权威菌物学家们的意见。即使菌物的有性阶段目前还未知,但其依据无性阶段特征而建立的属、种名称还是可以成为正统名称,并用其表示对应的菌物,当然包括了该菌物的无性阶段和有性阶段的全部。本文对"半知菌"概念诞生及其分类学意义的演化进行了简要综述,并提出对待菌物分类还应坚持无性型和有性型相统一的原则。