Misdiagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Hong Kong Outpatient Private Healthcare

Background and objective: Early and accurate diagnosis is one of the critical requirements for successful management of all diseases. Yet, delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis remain as vital problems, consequently impose adverse effects on patient treatment. Sexually transmitted disease (STD) is one of the most common infectious diseases, and more than one million of STD cases are acquired every day globally. Misdiagnosis of STD inevitably exists, therefore should not be overlooked. Being a medical diagnostic laboratory providing various STDs diagnosing service in Hong Kong, we aimed to determine the misdiagnosis rate of STDs and investigate the possible underlying cause. Methods: Specimens were collected for STD diagnosis from multiple clinics during 1 June 2021 to 20 October 2021 from different clinics and hospitals were included in the study. DNA extraction was performed using magnetic bead based method;then the extracted DNA was tested using the DiagCor GenoFlowTM STD Array kit to detect the existence of any targeted pathogens. Results: 1459 specimens were collected and included during the designated time period, with 643 specimens found to be positive with at least one targeted STD pathogen. 494 of these were found to be aligned with test ordered by physicians, and the remaining 149 positive cases had at least one pathogen detected but not requested to be tested by the physicians resulting in misdiagnosis. The overall misdiagnosis rate was determined to be 23.2% (149/643), with high frequency of misdiagnosis occurred to tests ordered for one to three pathogens detection. Also, Ureaplasma urealyticum and/or Ureaplasma parvum (UU/UP) was the commonest pathogen detected in this study. Conclusion: The findings suggested incorrect test selection made by physicians was one of the major reasons of STDs misdiagnosis in outpatient settings. To reduce diagnostic errors in STD diagnosis, physicians are encouraged to select and request test that allow detection of multiple pathogens, as co-infection of multiple pathogens in STD patients is commonly observed. The correct selection of test would not only benefit the patient, but also the public health.

A Case of Multiple Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs),with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Mediastinal Tumor

A 29-year-old man was admitted for erythema, papules and erosions. Erosions and purulent secretions were seen in the circumference of the mouth, eyes, oral mucosa,tongue, and preputium. Conjunctivas were swollen and the urethral orifice was red, both were accompanied by purulent secretions. Multiple vesicles were shown in the penis.The patient was diagnosed with:①Stevens-Johnsonsyndrome;②gonococcal ophthalmoblennorrhea;③nongonococcal urethritis, gonococcal urethritis;④genital herpes;⑤mediastinal tumor.

Global epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases （STDs） are among the first ten causes of unpleasant diseases in young adult males in developing countries and the second major cause of unpleasant diseases in young adult women. Adolescents and young adults （15-24 years old） make up only 25% of the sexually active population, but represent almost 50% of all new acquired STDs. In general, STDs are epidemics and present an enormous health and economic consequences. An adequate screening for STDs should be done on a routine basis in every part of the world. Many STDs are asymptomatic and therefore can difficult to control. The purpose of reporting of STDs is to ensure that persons who are infected will be quickly diagnosed and appropriately treated to control the spread of infection and also so that partners are notified, tested and appropriately treated. It is estimated that reported cases of STDs represent only 50%-80% of reportable STD infections in the United States, reflecting limited screening and low disease reporting. High-risk sexual behavior is a highly contributive factor of this process as it often leads to teenage pregnancies and HIV/AIDS. One possible explanation for this behavior is that people do not have enough information about the transmission of STDs or ignore the precautions required for safe sex. Approximately 60% of new HIV infections worldwide occur in young people. The frequency of high-risk behaviors among youths may also be influenced by opportunity to engage in them, particularly the amount of time that they are unsupervised by adults. However, in diagnosing and treating these patients, we can effectively prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. Individuals infected with STDs are 5-10 times more likely than uninfected individuals to acquire or transmit HIV through sexual contact. The breaking of the genital tract lining or skin creates a portal of entry for HIV and, hence, HIV-infected individuals with other STDs are more likely to shed HIV in their genital secretions. To date, the condom is the most effective method available for males for protection against STDs. It is important to control STDs, and prevention can be the key of this process. Prevention can be achieved through education of the population, identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic people, and effective diagnosis and treatment of these patients and their partners.

Dynamic analysis of a sexually transmitted disease model on complex networks

In this paper,a sexually transmitted disease model is proposed on complex networks,where contacts between humans are treated as a scale-free social network.There are three groups in our model,which are dangerous male,non-dangerous male,and female.By mathematical analysis,we obtain the basic reproduction number for the existence of endemic equilibrium and study the effects of various immunization schemes about different groups.Furthermore,numerical simulations are undertaken to verify more conclusions.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE CONTROL IN CHINA(1949—1994)

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Case of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome in male without presentation of sexually transmitted disease

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a type of perihepatitis that causes liver capsular infection without infecting the hepatic parenchyma or pelvis. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is known to occur commonly in women of childbearing age who do not use oral contraceptives and have sexual partners older than 25 years of age. However, the syndrome has been reported to occur rarely in males. The clinical symptoms are right upper quadrant pain and tenderness, and pleuritic right sided chest pain. The clinical presentation is similar in male and female. We experienced a case of Fitz-HughCurtis syndrome in a 60-year-old man with the chief complaint of right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Despite a previous history of gonorrhea, we have also described our experiences of improved symptoms and recovery with allopathic medicines and have thereby reported the present case with a literature review.

Advances on Syndromic Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Research data showed that syndromic approach could successfully manage gonococcal and chlamydial infections in males and syphilis and chancroid in males and females. However, low sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were found in the syndromic management of vaginal discharge. It is recommended that the syndromic algorithm for management of vaginal discharge used when serving high-risk and symptomatic women.

A Survey of Digital Content Required for STD Prevention Education Taught by School Nurses

Purpose: In recent years, there has been concern in Japan about the increase in STDs among adolescents aged 15 - 19. In order to prevent STDs and guide adolescents toward desirable sexual behavior, this study’s goal was to examine the actual state of STD prevention education taught by school nurses as part of the school curriculum, as well as the kinds of digital content they wish to have for teaching on the subject. Method: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was distributed by email and leaflet. Targeting the 100 valid responses received from the surveyed school nurses, descriptive statistics were made for each survey item and comparisons were made between the early- and mid-career groups based on years of experience. Results: 70.0% of respondents reported teaching about STDs in Health & Physical Education classes. School nurses in the early-career group used ready-made materials, while the mid-career group used both ready-made and self-made materials. 95% of respondents reported that they had little or no knowledge of STDs, while 84% reported that they were “good” or “fairly good” at teaching classes on sexuality. Both groups reported difficulty with the topics of “phimosis” and “nocturnal emissions” in the physiological category, “sexual behavior” in the “sex-adjacent” category, and “sexual and reproductive issues” in the psychosocial category. Respondents expressed a need for digital content covering the topics of “sexual violence”, “sexual abuse”, “sexually transmitted diseases”, and “how to turn down sex”. The mid-career group desired digital content for more items than the early-career group, with significant differences in the pathogens involved in sexually transmitted diseases and sex-adjacent items. 32.0% of respondents answered that they had done self-study for sex education classes in the past three years, and both groups desired self-study on “sexually transmitted diseases”, with the mid-career group significantly higher than the early-career group on “cervical cancer & HPV”, “emergency contraceptives”, and “media literacy”. Conclusion: Health & Physical Education is the main subject that covers STDs, and pre-existing materials are commonly used. It is expected that this is due to nurses’ busy schedules and the fact that only one school nurse is assigned to each school. The data collected suggested that nurse teachers want categorized digital content that can be used in the classes they are responsible for, rather than educational content on topics they are not comfortable with. In addition, given the changing environment surrounding sex, it was clear that they wish to understand the realities and needs of the high school students they teach, and desire self-study opportunities to improve their teaching methods.

Epidemiological Investigation of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Hangzhou Area

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human papillomavirus （HPV） infection in men attending a sexually transmitted diseases （STD） clinic in Hangzhou area. Methods Male subjects （n=375） aged 18-70 years, attending the STD clinic were recruited. Urethral swabs were assessed for HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） with the consensus primers MY09/11. HPV genotypes of positive PCR products were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms and direct sequence analysis. Results Of the 375 swabs collected, 305 （81.3%） yielded sufficient DNA for the subsequent HPV analysis. Among the 305 subjects, the prevalence of HPV was 13.8%. Nononcogenic HPV types were found in 8.5% （26/305） of subjects, oncogenic types in 4.3% （13/305）, and multiple types in 1.0% （3/305）. The prevalence of HPV infection was higher in subjects from urban area than in those from rural area （P〈0.05）. The prevalence was also higher in those who received fewer years of education （P〈0.05） and those who had more sex partners （P〈0.05）. Conclusions HPV infection among men at high risk is not uncommon. The detection rate of HPV DNA is significantly related to some sociodemographic factors, such as residence, educational level and the number of sex partners.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES:INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION

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Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Hygiene Profile of Syndromically Managed Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Cross Sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Center in India

Background: Sexually transmitted diseases are one of the several major public health concerns, the burden of which is borne by low- and middle-income countries like India. Purpose: The purpose is to evaluate the relationship between menstrual and sanitary hygiene and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) based on syndromic diagnosis Methods: An out-patient department (OPD) based cross sectional survey to determine these associations, if any exist, which would help critically analyze syndromic management. STD was reported by the presence of vaginal/cervical/urethral discharge with or without irritation and itching, lower abdominal pain and ulcer. Results: The prevalence of STD was 66.84% with the most commonly reported symptoms being discharged (31.18%), followed by abdominal pain (17.92%) and itching/irritation (12.90%), with ulcer (4.83%) being the least reported symptom. Perimenopausal age ((AOR: 0.420 [CI: 0.189 - 0.915];p = 0.030), higher grades of education ((AOR: 0.228 [CI: 0.119 - 0.424];p < 0.001) for secondary), urban residency (AOR: 0.435 [CI: 0.686 - 2.733];p < 0.001), and contraception use (AOR: 0.531 [CI: 0.308 - 0.887];p = 0.018) were associated with lesser odds of presenting with an STD symptom. Belonging to a minority religious community (AOR: 7.20 [CI: 1.866 - 48.251];p < 0.012) or backward castes (AOR: 3.753 [CI: 1.587 - 10.144];p < 0.001), having similar illness (AOR: 4.205 [CI: 2.795 - 6.439];p < 0.001) or having an invasive gynecological procedure done in the past one year (AOR: 1.953 [CI: 1.184 - 3.295];p = 0.010) and washing the reusable sanitary material only with water (AOR: 4.900 [CI: 2.701 - 9.116];p < 0.001) as compared to washing it with water and soap, had a higher association with presenting with STD symptoms. Stratified analysis also showed that women presenting discharge (AOR: 2.049 [CI: 1.343 - 3.146] for vaginal and cervical;AOR: 1.426 [CI: 0.826 - 2.482] for urethral) were more likely to not have a toilet facility in an accessible condition. Women with sanitary napkin use had lesser odds (AOR: 0.780 [CI: 0.516 - 1.180];p = 0.293) of presentation for STD in OPD than women who used other material. Conclusion: To better manage the group of diseases that may present with symptoms of STD under syndromic approach, we propose interventions such as menstrual hygiene education and promotion of the use of sanitary napkins among women especially those belonging to lower socio-economic sections of the society.

The Educational System Against Sexually Transmitted Diseases:Optics in the Brazilian School Context

The aim of this study was to contribute to the teaching of sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)in high schools.The study was done from the research knowledge about STDs of 61 students from two schools of Rio Claro-SP,Brazil:A state and a private school,through a questionnaire(pre-test)and an interview with two biology professors,and each one from each school.The results indicated that,in general,the students in the private school had more knowledge about the subject.The public school students showed more problems with knowledge about the symptoms of STDs.In those two schools,the knowledge on the subject proved to be generic and superficial.According to the biology teachers,both of them teach about the content,and the teaching material contains themes of sexuality and STDs.From these results,an intervention was developed with students,using methods such as group dynamics and lecture dialogued lessons.After the intervention,there was an increase in the percentage of correct answers for the students of both schools(post-test)which shows that it was effective.We conclude that this work has achieved the objective of clarifying the theme to the students,but lack the schools a better dialogue with them for the planning of this content,since,although it is foreseen the your teaching,you're not going on an apprenticeship.

Sexually transmitted infections of the anus and rectum

Sexually transmitted infections(STIs) represent a significant public health concern.Several STIs,once thought to be on the verge of extinction,have recently reemerged.This change is thought to be partially related to an increase in STIs of the anus and rectum.Importantly,the global human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) epidemic has contributed to the emergence of particular anorectal lesions that require specialized approaches.In this report,we review common anorectal STIs that are frequently referred to colorectal surgeons in the United States.Epidemiology,clinical presentation,and management are summarized,including the latest treatment recommendations.The particularity of anorectal diseases in HIV/AIDS is addressed,along with recent trends in anal cytology and human papillomavirus vaccination.

The Social Determinants of Health in Relation to Sexually Transmitted Infections in Maricopa County Arizona

Based on the information that was collected on the County Health Rankings website [1], one of the top health concerns for Maricopa County was sexually transmitted infections or STIs. A big concern with STIs is this is not a common subject explored in educational settings or addressed socially. There are many organizations, including the CDC, that have access to materials, there is limited distribution of the educational content. Therefore, the public is not well informed and lacks the information to make educated decisions. The areas with insufficiencies are knowledge of the disease processes, prevention, and treatment.

Arboviruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Bioceanic Route: Health Indicators in a Municipality

Background: the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have impacts on the population residing in the cities where the route will be built. Among them, Porto Murtinho, southern Mato Grosso on the border with Paraguay, stands out, where a bridge will be built over the Paraguay River that will link these two countries. Methods: a retrospective, quantitative and cross-sectional study of a descriptive type of documentary approach that sought to analyze the prevalence of arboviruses, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) notified and stored in the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The sample consisted of new cases of these pathologies in the municipality of Porto Murtinho registered between January 2017 and December 2020. Results: there was an increase of 10% in the total number of diseases within this period. The number of dengue cases increased 36 times;the incidence of Syphilis, HIV and HPV decreased;and, finally, maintenance of cases of Gonorrhea, Leptospirosis, Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, Hepatitis A and B. Conclusions: actions are needed to prevent the increase of these pathologies together with the construction of the Bioceanic Route, thus avoiding damage population health and increased consumption of government resources.

The Sexually Transmitted Insect Virus, Hz-2V

Hz-2V is one of only a very few sexually transmitted viruses currently known in insects. Replication of this insect pathogenic virus results in sterility of infected moths rather than mortality. The sterility of the infected host is a consequence of virus directed malformation of adult reproductive tissues, which in females results in cellular proliferation and hypertrophy of these tissues. Virus replication has additional ramifications in infected females. Infected females produce more mating pheromones and attract more mates than healthy females, ultimately facilitating virus transmission and enhancing viral fitness. The molecular mechanisms used by the virus to manipulate the host to enhance its fitness are yet to be determined. Unraveling the underlying principles of these mechanisms promises to enhance our understanding of insect reproductive physiology, as well as provide molecular tools for use in novel approaches in sterile insect control programs.

生殖道沙眼衣原体的感染流行特征及空间聚集性分析:基于2014—2023年广州市海珠区数据

目的 了解广州市海珠区生殖道沙眼衣原体感染的流行特征,为制定干预措施提供参考依据。方法 通过“中国疾病预防控制信息系统传染病监测报告管理”模块收集2014—2023年广州市海珠区生殖道沙眼衣原体感染疫情数据,进行流行病学和空间聚集性分析。结果 广州市海珠区生殖道沙眼衣原体感染报告发病率从2014年的90.02/10万下降到2023年的51.55/10万,年均发病率下降6.01%,呈缓慢下降趋势(Z=-11.44,P<0.001);男性报告发病率略平稳,女性报告发病率呈下降趋势(Z=-13.38,P<0.001);发病年龄主要集中在20~39岁人群(占82.48%);职业以家务及待业、商业服务人员、职业不详为主。2017、2019—2023年报告病例数存在正向空间自相关性(均Moran′s I指数>0,Z>1.960,P<0.05),其中空间聚集程度2020年最高,2017年最低;“高-高”聚集区域主要集中在赤岗街道和凤阳街道;“低-高”聚集区域为琶洲街道。结论 2014—2023年广州市海珠区生殖道沙眼衣原体感染发病率呈缓慢下降趋势,在人群和空间分布上有显著聚集性,需加强重点人群的防治工作,控制疫情流行。

不孕不育人群生殖道沙眼衣原体感染影响因素分析

目的了解不孕不育门诊人群生殖道沙眼衣原体(CT)感染现状及影响因素,为制定该人群的CT防治策略提供依据。方法2021年4—12月在深圳市宝安区4家开设有不孕不育门诊的医疗机构的常规就诊者中招募调查对象。在获得知情同意情况下,收集其社会人口学相关信息并采集尿液标本进行CT核酸检测。运用Logistic回归分析该人群CT感染的影响因素。结果共招募954例不孕不育患者,CT阳性率为3.56%。Logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄<25岁(OR=3.91,95%CI:1.58~9.67)、文化程度为大专(OR=4.33,95%CI:1.23~15.24)、最近1年性伴数量≥2个(OR=4.25,95%CI:1.72~10.55)是该人群感染CT的危险因素。在调查对象中,74.42%不了解CT感染的相关症状,73.90%既往未检测过CT。结论深圳市宝安区不孕不育人群CT感染率较高,性活跃年龄段、文化程度相对较低、有多个性伴是CT感染的危险因素,应在不孕不育专科门诊中针对以上人群开展CT筛查,同时开展健康宣传,提高人群生殖健康。

暗娼行为学及主要STD的感染状况调查

目的 了解强制状态下暗娼的行为学特征及主要性传播疾病 (STD)的感染状况 ,为实施有效的干预措施提供信息。方法 对劳教所内 30 4名暗娼进行匿名问卷调查和血标本采集 ,对入所 <1个月的 5 0名暗娼另取宫颈分泌物。结果 (1)调查对象平均年龄 2 9 7± 7 3岁 ,卖淫 <1年占 73 9% ;卖淫时从不使用安全套的占 34 8% ,最后一次性交对象 85 3%来自丈夫 /男友、情人和固定性伴侣 ,而最后一次安全套使用率仅 4 6 7%。 (2 )淋球菌、梅毒螺旋体、沙眼衣原体的感染率分别是 4 0 %、31 1%、18 0 % ,未发现艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者。结论 暗娼存在高危性行为 ,应尽快推广针对娱乐场所小姐的STD/艾滋病 (AIDS)干预项目 ,以阻断AIDS/STD经性途径传播。

杭州市272名暗娼STD/AIDS检测及安全套使用情况调查

[目的]了解杭州市暗娼性传播疾病/艾滋病(STD/AIDS)感染及安全套使用情况,为针对暗娼开展高危行为干预和遏制杭州市STD/AIDS流行提供依据。[方法]对2006年1～12月杭州市某妇教所在发廊、按摩院、酒吧、旅馆等营业性娱乐场所抓获从事卖淫活动的272名暗娼进行STD/AIDS检测、社会人口学特征、安全套使用情况调查。[结果]91.18%暗娼年龄在20～39岁之间;已婚48.53%,未婚40.44%;文化程度以初中及以下为主,占91.54%;外省户籍占83.46%;职业以待业为主90.81%。11.39%从没有未过安全套。STD检出率为94.05%,未检出HIV抗体阳性;检出病种以非淋菌性尿道炎(NGU)居首位,检出率91.08%;患两种及两种以上STD占49.44%。[结论]暗娼STD检出率高,安全套使用率低,应在暗娼人群中更深入地开展STD/AIDS健康教育、高危行为干预和推广100%使用安全套。