A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.

Active wavefront shaping for controlling and improving multimode fi ber sensor

Wavefront shaping(WFS)techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media,including multimode fibers.In this paper,we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fber-based sensors.The use of a single multimode fiber alone,without any special fabrication,as a sensor based on the light intensity variations is not an easy task.The twist effect on multimode fiber is used as an example herein.Experimental results show that light intensity through the multimode fiber shows no direct relationship with the twist angle,but the correlation coefficient(CC)of speckle patterns does.Moreover,if WFS is applied to transform the spatially seemingly random light pattern at the exit of the multimode fiber into an optical focus.The focal pattern correlation and intensity both can serve to gauge the twist angle,with doubled measurement range and allowance of using a fast point detector to provide the feedback.With further development,WFS may find potentials to facilitate the development of multimode fber-based sensors in a variety of scenarios.

High signal-to-noise ratio sensing with Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor based on auto gain control of electron multiplying CCD

High signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved with the electron multiplying charge-coupled-device（EMCCD） applied in the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor（S–H WFS） in adaptive optics（AO）.However,when the brightness of the target changes in a large scale,the fixed electron multiplying（EM） gain will not be suited to the sensing limitation.Therefore an auto-gain-control method based on the brightness of light-spots array in S–H WFS is proposed in this paper.The control value is the average of the maximum signals of every light spot in an array,which has been demonstrated to be kept stable even under the influence of some noise and turbulence,and sensitive enough to the change of target brightness.A goal value is needed in the control process and it is predetermined based on the characters of EMCCD.Simulations and experiments have demonstrated that this auto-gain-control method is valid and robust,the sensing SNR reaches the maximum for the corresponding signal level,and especially is greatly improved for those dim targets from 6 to 4 magnitude in the visual band.

Simultaneous quantification of longitudinal and transverse ocular chromatic aberrations with Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor

A simple method to objectively and simultaneously measure eye's longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberrations was proposed.A dual-wavelength wavefront measurement system using two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors was developed.The wavefronts of the red(639.1 nm)and near-infrared(786.0 nm)lights were measured simultaneously for different positions in the model eye.The chromatic wavefronts were converted into Zernike polynomials.The Zernike tilt cofficient(irst term)was used to calculate the transverse chromatic aberration along the ax-direction,while the Zernike defocus coefficient(fourth term)was used to calculate the longi-tudinal chromatic aberration.The measurement and simulation data were consistent.

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器检测大口径圆对称非球面反射镜

针对大口径非球面反射镜在研磨阶段后期其面形与理想面形存在较大偏差,且表面粗糙度较大、反射率较低,采用轮廓仪和普通干涉仪检测无法满足测试要求等问题,提出采用动态范围大且精度高的Shack-Hartmann波前传感器来检测大口径非球面反射镜。研究分析了Shack-Hartmann波前传感器检测系统的原理及系统误差并编写了相应的数据处理软件。为了验证该方法的可行性,对已经加工完成的350mm口径旋转对称双曲面面形进行了检测,测量得到的面形误差PV值、RMS值分别为0.388λ、0.043λ(λ=632.8nm);与干涉测量的标准结果进行了对比,得到的面形偏差PV值、RMS值分别为0.014λ和0.001λ。对比结果表明,Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的测量结果正确可靠,从而验证了Shack-Hartmann波前传感器检测大口径非球面反射镜的可行性。

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器在光学检验中的应用

介绍用于光学检测的Shack-Hartmann(S-H)波前传感器,以及相应的检测实验结果。在实验室内,通过与Zygo干涉仪的测量结果对比,得出传感器的测量精度优于λ/50RMS(λ=632.8nm)。在外场利用星光作为光源,对口径1m、焦距11m的望远镜进行了系统波像差检验,测量结果为0.39λ～0.46λRMS之间,并随着俯仰角的增加而增大,主要像差形式为三阶像散。

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器图像自适应阈值的选取

Shack-Hartmann(S-H)波前传感器光斑图像阈值的选取对质心探测精度有较大的影响。本文分析了S-H波前传感器光斑图像的特点,研究了光斑图像阈值对质心探测精度的影响,在此基础上提出了一种基于灰度直方图原理的多峰自适应阈值选取方法。实验结果表明,对于信噪比>4的S-H波前传感器光斑图像,本方法能够比较有效地自动选取每帧图像的阈值;但对于信噪比<4的图像,分割效果不是很理想。将使用本阈值算法的S-H波前传感器应用到自适应光学系统中进行闭环校正实验,结果显示,校正后的系统波前误差从10.41λ(PV值,λ=632.8nm)降低到0.12λ,基本达到了衍射极限水平,表明本方法可以满足S-H波前传感器的实用要求。

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器质心探测的优化方法

为提高Shack-Hartmann(S-H)波前传感器的光斑质心探测精度,在分析质心探测误差来源的基础上,提出基于模板匹配的探测窗口选取方法和基于单个光斑的自适应阈值选取方法,将这两种方法与加权质心算法相结合求取质心,提高了质心探测精度。与固定阈值和传统质心算法相比较,当SNR大于3时,质心探测精度平均提高了约40%。将文中的方法应用于可见光波段的商品S-H波前传感器,实验表明:文中方法得到的质心偏离度由传统方法的0.83pixel的最大值减小至0.15pixel。该工作有重要的应用价值。

哈特曼-夏克波前传感器高精度球面波标定方法研究

为解决哈特曼-夏克波前传感器传统标定方法存在的测量精度低、稳定性不足等问题,提出了一种基于球面波的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器高精度绝对标定方法。通过理论推导获取了球面波的高精度标定方法,结合搭建的球面波标定实验装置,对子孔径数为128×128的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器完成高精度标定。该方法计算得到了哈特曼-夏克波前传感器结构参数f,w以及L_(0)的精确值。对标定后的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的测量精度进行测试,实验结果表明,经本文方法标定后的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的波前复原精度达到了PV=1.376×10^(-2)λ,RMS=4×10^(-3)λ(λ=625 nm),重复性精度为PV=3.2×10^(-3)λ,RMS=9.76×10^(-4)λ(λ=625 nm)。该方法可以为大口径的SHWFS完成高精度标定,提升测量精度。

衍射微透镜列阵在Shack-Hartmann波前传感器中的应用

菲涅耳衍射微透镜列阵是目前广泛应用的衍射光学元件之一,它是基于衍射原理,由计算机设计,并通过微细加工技术制作成的.本文介绍了8相位台阶菲涅耳衍射微透镜列阵的制作方法,并描述了一个用16×16微透镜列阵形成的小型 Shack-Hartmann 波前传感实验系统,用该系统可对入射波前进行测量和重建.

实际大气湍流下弱光信标Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的波前斜率探测误差

深入分析了 Shack-Hartmann波前传感器 (S-H WFS)在实际大气湍流条件下弱光信标波前斜率的探测误差 ,导出了定量分析的数学模型。分析结果表明 ,当 S-H WFS用于弱光信标 (光子受限 )湍流波前斜率的探测时 ,除了信标光起伏和探测器噪声外 ,大气强度闪烁、天空背景光等因素会增加探测误差 ,并且随着探测信标与天空背景光的对比度的下降 。

小波滤波在Shack-Hartmann传感器上的应用

在使用Shack-Hartmann传感器进行大口径非球面镜面检测中,外部环境的各种振动影响以及气流、温差的干扰都会使检测精度下降。针对这个问题,提出了一种新的时域小波滤波技术。这项技术可以对传感器的信号干扰在时间域上进行不同层次的小波分析,提取干扰信号的先验特征,对测量数据进行有效的滤波,减小波前的扰动起伏,以更准确地探测质心。实验结果表明,采用这种技术后,Shack-Hartmann波前传感器对光学镜面检测的静态测量精度提高了50%以上,离散性减少到原来的20%-30%。

结合光学掩模调制的鼠眼像差精确测量

进行波前探测时,标准动物模型小鼠的眼底视网膜双层反射光会导致像差探测失效。为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种结合光学掩模调制的鼠眼像差测量方法,以期提高鼠眼波前像差测量精度。首先,根据鼠眼视网膜的关键参数,建立鼠眼波前像差探测的光学系统模型并进行光学仿真。然后,分析比较不同孔径的光学掩模对视网膜非目标层反射光束的遮拦效果,确定光学掩模参数与实验方案。最后,搭建鼠眼波前像差探测系统并开展在体鼠眼波前像差的测量实验。实验结果表明:0.5 mm孔径的光学掩模可以将鼠眼波前像差的测量均方根误差降低74.9%,与理论仿真的80%区域实现非目标层反射光遮拦效果近似。本文研究实现了对鼠眼视网膜非目标层反射光的有效遮拦,提升了鼠眼波前像差探测精度,为进一步实现鼠眼高分辨率成像奠定了基础。

微透镜阵列衍射效应对夏克一哈特曼波前探测器的影响分析

微透镜阵列的衍射效应会影响夏克—哈特曼波前探测器的探测精度。本文根据惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射理论建立二维微透镜阵列衍射模型,模拟分析使用理想平行光入射微透镜阵列时在焦平面产生的二维衍射光斑阵列。然后,通过计算衍射光斑偏移一个像素的过程中质心的误差,确定最大质心计算误差。接着,利用模式法进行波前重构,获得波前探测误差。仿真结果显示:在偏移0.21和0.79个像素,即波面偏转0.03°和0.13°时,衍射导致的波前误差最大为0.125λ。最后,实验验证了该误差计算方法的有效性。该研究结果可为夏克一哈特曼波前探测器的设计提供理论依据。

基于Transformer结构的高精度湍流波前重构

动态变化的大气湍流和观测目标的亮度的降低严重影响了夏克-哈特曼波前传感器(SHWFS)探测波前的精度。针对这两种复杂的观测条件,本文提出了一种以Transformer结构为基础的神经网络模型,它具有很好的全局建模能力,可以高精度地从SHWFS光斑阵列图像中重建波前。通过在动态变化的典型大气湍流相干长度r_(0)下进行仿真模拟,所提出的网络模型的残余波前RMS误差值稳定在0.010~0.024μm之间。与已有的方法相比,本文方法能够更准确地重构波前像差。此外,本文方法的重构精度受导星或观测目标的亮度变化影响很小。因此,本文方法的重构精度对两种观测条件变化均具有较强的稳定性,为大口径天文光学望远镜的高分辨率成像提供了一种有前景的方法。

Accounting for Polychromatic Light in Virtual Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing

Virtual Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing(vSHWS)has some significant advantages and is promising for aberration measurement in the field of biomedical optical imaging.The illumination sources used in vSHWS are almost broadband,but are treated as monochromatic sources(only using center wavelength)in current data processing,which may cause errors.This work proposed a data processing method to take into account the multiple wavelengths of the broadband spectrum,named multiple-wavelength centroid-weighting method.Its feasibility was demonstrated through a series of simulations.A wavefront generated with a set of statistical human ocular aberrations was used as the target wavefront to evaluate the performance of the proposed and current methods.The results showed that their performance was very close when used for the symmetrical,but the wavefront error of the proposed method was much smaller than that of the current method when used for the asymmetrical spectrum,especially for the broader spectrum.These results were also validated by using 20 sets of clinical human ocular aberrations including normal and diseased eyes.The proposed method and the obtained conclusions have important implications for the application of vSHWS.

Wavefront detection performance analysis of plenoptic sensor

A numerical simulation model of plenoptic sensor aberration wavefront detection is established to simulate and analyze the detection performance of plenoptic sensor aberration wavefront for different turbulence intensities.The results show that the plenoptic sensor can achieve better distortion wavefront detection,and its wavefront detection accuracy improves with turbulence intensity.The unique optical structure design of the plenoptic sensor makes it more suitable for aberration wavefront detection in strong turbulent conditions.The wavefront detection performance of the plenoptic sensor is not only related to its wavefront reconstruction algorithm but also closely related to its structural parameter settings.The influence of structural parameters on the wavefront detection accuracy of plenoptic sensors under different turbulence intensities is simulated and analyzed.The variation law of wavefront detection accuracy and structural parameters under different turbulence intensities is summarized to provide a reference for the structural design and parameter optimization of plenoptic sensors.

用夏克-哈特曼探测器测量人眼波前像差

为了精确测量人眼的高低阶像差,设计并搭建了一套人眼波前像差精确测量光学系统。该系统采用夏克-哈特曼波前探测器进行波前探测,可以在不同瞳孔、不同视场和不同调焦状态下精确测量人眼的波前像差。用ZEMAX软件对系统进行模拟分析,验证了该系统的探测精度,讨论了系统的调焦性能。用该系统实验分析了人眼各阶像差的分布情况、瞳孔大小和调焦状态对人眼波前像差的影响,以及人眼波前像差的时间和空间变化特性(变化频率约3 Hz,等晕角约为1.5°)。结果表明,该系统精度高(PV<1/20λ),操作方便,是人眼波像差的研究和个性化角膜手术的有力工具。

云南天文台1．2m望远镜61单元自适应光学系统

云南天文台1．2 m望远镜61单元自适应光学系统已经完成升级改造并投入使用。该自适应光学系统主要由倾斜跟踪控制回路、高阶校正回路以及高分辨力成像系统组成。为了提高系统的跟踪精度,倾斜跟踪控制回路由两级倾斜校正回路串联而成,用于校正望远镜的跟踪误差和大气湍流引起的倾斜跟踪误差。高阶校正回路主要由一套哈特曼波前传感器、一块61单元变形反射镜以及一套高速数字波前处理机组成。系统中哈特曼波前传感器的工作波段为400-700 nm,系统成像波段为700-900 nm。在介绍61单元自适应光学系统各组成部分的基础上,对该系统的性能进行了分析,并给出了实际天文恒星目标的高分辨力自适应光学成像观测结果。

薄反射镜主动光学实验系统

用口径400mm、厚12mm的薄反射镜作为实验镜进行了主动光学实验。支撑系统由背部12个主动支撑点和3个固定支撑点组成,主动支撑点采用由压电陶瓷促动器和压力传感器组成的力促动器,用于控制实验镜面形,固定支撑点用于控制实验镜的定位。通过Shack-Harmann波前传感器测量镜面面形并拟合出Zernike像差,用阻尼最小二乘法计算出校正力,通过PID算法闭环控制各促动器施加力的过程。通过主动校正,将初始支撑状态下的1.16λ(λ=632.8nm)RMS面形精度校正到0.07λRMS,优于镜面抛光后的0.1λRMS。