女性主义翻译理论视域下Dance of the Happy Shades李玉瑶汉译本研究

Dance of the Happy Shades是加拿大作家艾丽斯·门罗的成名作,该部描写女性题材的短篇小说集历时15年完成于1968年出版,荣获加拿大最高文学奖项——总督奖。目前,我国有部分学者从图里翻译规范理论出发对Dance of the Happy Shades进行了汉译本对比研究,而从女性主义翻译理论出发的研究有待拓展。本文以李玉瑶汉译本为研究对象,从女性主义翻译理论视域出发,探讨女性译者如何在翻译中体现女性主义翻译意识,从而帮助读者进一步理解原著。

Diff erences in pigment circadian rhythmicity in greenand red-leafed tree species in the sun and shade

Light fl ux and quality are crucial factor for setting endogenous plant circadian rhythms.Evaluating the daily rhythmicity of leaf chlorophyll content is an eff ective method to monitor the plant physiological endogenous clock in response to environmental signals such as light availability/quality.Here,we used a leaf-clip sensor to monitor diurnal rhythms in the content of chlorophyll and fl avonoids such as fl avonols and anthocyanins in three green-(Ailanthus altissima,Tilia platyphyllos and Platanus×acerifolia)and two red-leafed(Acer platanoides cv.Crimson King and Prunus cerasifera var.pissardii)tree species,adapted to sun(L)or shade(S).Signifi cant diff erences in chlorophyll content(Chl)and its variations during the day were observed among treatments in all the analyzed species.S-plants had more Chl than L-plants irrespective of leaf color,and Chl variations were more distinct during the day than in L-plants.In particular,contents were lowest in the morning(9:00)and in the middle of the day(at 12:00 and 15:00),and the highest at dusk(21:00).The less evident trends in Chl variation in L-plants were attributed to a decrease in Chl content in high light,which likely masked any increases in the shaded counterparts during the afternoon.Daily fl avonol levels did not vary no notably during the day.In sun-exposed red leaves,anthocyanins partially screened mesophyll cells from incident light,and its levels were similar to the Chl dynamics in the shaded counterparts.This study provides new bases for further work on endogenous rhythms of plant pigments and improves our understanding of plant physiology in the context of day/night rhythmicity.

Maize cryptochromes 1a1 and 1a2 promote seedling photomorphogenesis and shade resistance in Zea mays and Arabidopsis

Maize growth and development are regulated by light quality,intensity and photoperiod.Cryptochromes are blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors involved in stem elongation,shade avoidance,and photoperiodic flowering.To investigate the function of cryptochrome 1(CRY1) in maize,where it is encoded by Zm CRY1,we obtained two Zm CRY1a genes(Zm CRY1a1 and Zm CRY1a2),both of which share the highest similarity with other gramineous plants,in particular rice CRY1a by phylogenetic analysis.In Arabidopsis,overexpression of Zm CRY1a genes promoted seedling de-etiolation under blue and white light,resulting in dwarfing of mature plants.In seedlings of the maize inbred line Zong 31(Zm CRY1aOE),overexpression of Zm CRY1a genes caused a reduction in the mesocotyl and first leaf sheath lengths due to down-regulation of genes influencing cell elongation.In mature transgenic maize plants,plant height,ear height,and internode length decreased in response to overexpression of Zm CRY1a genes.Expression of Zm CRY1a were insensitive to low blue light(LBL)-induced shade avoidance syndrome(SAS) in Arabidopsis and maize.This prompted us to investigate the regulatory role of the gibberellin and auxin metabolic pathways in the response of Zm CRY1a genes to LBL treatment.We confirmed a link between Zm CRY1a expression and hormonal influence on the growth and development of maize under LBL-induced SAS.These results reveal that Zm CRY1a has a relatively conservative function in regulating maize photomorphogenesis and may guide new strategies for breeding high density-tolerant maize cultivars.

X-Rite’s ShadeVision System与Vitapan Classical比色板的匹配性分析

目的X-Rite’sShadeVision System和Vitapan Classical比色板的匹配性。方法采用X-Rite’sShadeVision System对Vitapan Classical比色板进行测色。结果X-Rite’s ShadeVision System测量结果排序与原排序一致,排列差异最大有6个色片的差距。相邻比色板的色差ΔEab参差不齐,最大的色差6.92,而最小的色差只有1.21。结论X-Rite’s ShadeVision System与Vitapan Classical比色板不完全匹配。

A New Flower Pollination Algorithm Strategy for MPPT of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Arrays

Photovoltaic(PV)systems utilize maximum power point tracking(MPPT)controllers to optimize power output amidst varying environmental conditions.However,the presence of multiple peaks resulting from partial shading poses a challenge to the tracking operation.Under partial shade conditions,the global maximum power point(GMPP)may be missed by most traditional maximum power point tracker.The flower pollination algorithm(FPA)and particle swarm optimization(PSO)are two examples of metaheuristic techniques that can be used to solve the issue of failing to track the GMPP.This paper discusses and resolves all issues associated with using the standard FPA method as the MPPT for PV systems.The first issue is that the initial values of pollen are determined randomly at first,which can lead to premature convergence.To minimize the convergence time and enhance the possibility of detecting the GMPP,the initial pollen values were modified so that they were near the expected peak positions.Secondly,in the modified FPA,population fitness and switch probability values both influence swapping between two-mode optimization,which may improve the flower pollination algorithm’s tracking speed.The performance of the modified flower pollination algorithm(MFPA)is assessed through a comparison with the perturb and observe(P&O)method and the standard FPA method.The simulation results reveal that under different partial shading conditions,the tracking time for MFPA is 0.24,0.24,0.22,and 0.23 s,while for FPA,it is 0.4,0.35,0.45,and 0.37 s.Additionally,the simulation results demonstrate that MFPA achieves higher MPPT efficiency in the same four partial shading conditions,with values of 99.98%,99.90%,99.93%,and 99.26%,compared to FPA with MPPT efficiencies of 99.93%,99.88%,99.91%,and 99.18%.Based on the findings from simulations,the proposed method effectively and accurately tracks the GMPP across a diverse set of environmental conditions.

不同角度对X-Rite’s Shade Vision系统测量结果的影响

目的观察不同角度对X-Rite’s ShadeVision系统测量比色板结果的影响。方法将一副新的Vita16色比色板固定在粉红色的蜡中。X-Rite’s ShadeVision系统分别在平行于比色板唇面,5°、10°、15°向左右侧和切向、龈向倾斜时测量颜色,以L*,a*,b*及Vita16色比色板色片颜色表示测量结果。计算ΔL,Δa,Δb和ΔE*ab,数据用单因素方差分析。结果向右倾斜5°、10°、15°时L*值分别减少0.22,0.97和0.93,而向左倾斜L*增加;垂直向角度改变时,L*值增加;最大的ΔL值在向龈向倾斜15°(2.84)和向切向倾斜15°(2.37),这导致相应位置出现最大的ΔE*ab(3.22±0.37)和(2.50±0.63),15°向左和右倾斜时,ΔE*ab分别为1.87±0.59和1.20±0.25。与其他位置比较,向龈向和切向15°时,ΔE*ab明显高(P<0.05)。结论X-Rite’sShadeVision测量时,正确的测量位置对获得准确的测量结果非常重要,角度的偏移,尤其是垂直向的倾斜会影响测量结果。

SHADE协调机制在亚丁湾、索马里海域护航中的作用

"信息共享与防止冲突"(简称SHADE)这一军事协调会议为国际社会开展多边合作实施海上护航提供了平台。通过梳理SHADE协调机制产生的背景及运作方式,并以第14次工作会议为例,分析了SHADE这一国际协调机制在打击索马里海盗、维护海上航行安全中的作用,同时指出了其存在的不足。

由国际会议SHADE反思海军护航英语教学

"信息共享与防止冲突"(Shared Awareness and De-confliction)这一军事协调会议为国际社会开展多边合作打击索马里海盗提供了平台。通过分析会议期间所采集的语言素材,并结合护航协调人员英语培训班的教学实践,提出护航英语教学的新思路。

在VC++中使用VertexShader实现卡通渲染

介绍了Cell-shade(r卡通渲染)和VertexShader技术,论述了卡通渲染的原理,并给出了VertexShader的一些具体使用实例。

Shadepilot全牙比色仪测定牙龈色对比色板色标颜色的影响

目的:通过体外模拟实验评价牙龈比色板在临床比色中的意义。方法:使用分光光度计型全牙比色仪Shadepilot测量42个比色板色标在4种牙龈比色板(Gumy1,2,3,4)衬托下颈、中、切3部分色彩参数(CIE1976L*a*b*),使用比色仪内置软件计算有无牙龈比色板衬托的色标相同位置的色差值(△E),分析牙龈色对色标颜色的影响。结果:42个色标在4种牙龈色衬托下与无牙龈色衬托的色差值为:颈部(2.93±0.79)NBS,中部(0.51±0.27)NBS,切端(0.61±0.29)NBS;Gumy-1、2、3、4组牙龈色对色标颈、中、切三部分的影响组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:在模拟测量条件下,牙龈色对比色板色标颈部有影响,肉眼可识别,对色标中部及切端无影响;4种模拟牙龈颜色对比色板色标颜色的影响无统计学差异。

Shade stress decreases stem strength of soybean through restraining lignin biosynthesis

Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar; B1),Jiuyuehuang(moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2),and Nandou 12(shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean.Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize.The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress.The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area,lignin content,and activity of enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxidase(POD)) than those of B1 and B2.Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern,lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress.However,a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging.In conclusion,the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area,higher lignin content and activities of CAD,4CL,PAL,and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping.The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean.The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.

The molecular mechanism of shade avoidance in crops--How data from Arabidopsis can help to identify targets for increasing yield and biomass production

In order to prevent or counteract shading,plants enact a complex set of growth and developmental adaptations when they sense a change in light quality caused by other plants in their vicinity.This shade avoidance response（SAR）typically includes increased stem elongation at the expense of plant fitness and yield,making it an undesirable trait in an agricultural context.Manipulating the molecular factors involved in SAR can potentially improve productivity by increasing tolerance to higher planting density.However,most of the investigations of the molecular mechanism of SAR have been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana,and it is presently unclear in how far results of these investigations apply to crop plants.In this review,current data on SAR in crop plants,especially from members of the Solanaceae and Poaceae families,are integrated with data from Arabidopsis,in order to identify the most promising targets for biotechnological approaches.Phytochromes,which detect the change in light caused by neighboring plants,and early signaling components can be targeted to increase plant productivity.However,they control various photomorphogenic processes not necessarily related to shade avoidance.Transcription factors involved in SAR signaling could be better targets to specifically enhance or suppress SAR.Knowledge integration from Arabidopsis and crop plants also indicates factors that could facilitate the control of specific aspects of SAR.Candidates are provided for the regulation of plant architecture,flowering induction and carbohydrate allocation.Yet to-be-elucidated factors that control SAR-dependent changes in biotic resistance and cell wall composition are pointed out.This review also includes an analysis of publicly available gene expression data for maize to augment the sparse molecular data available for this important species.

Shade adaptive response and yield analysis of different soybean genotypes in relay intercropping systems

Soybean is one of the major oil seed crops,which is usually intercropped with other crops to increase soybean production area and yield.However,soybean is highly sensitive to shading.It is unclear if soybean morphology responds to shading（i.e.,shade tolerance or avoidance）and which features may be suitable as screening materials in relay strip intercropping.Therefore,in this study,various agronomic characteristics of different soybean genotypes were analyzed under relay intercropping conditions.The soybean materials used in this study exhibited genetic diversity,and the coefficient of variations of the agronomic parameters ranged from 13.84 to 72.08%during the shade period and from 6.44 to 52.49%during the maturity period.The ratios of shading to full irradiance in stem mass fraction（SMF）were almost greater than 1,whereas opposite results were found in the leaves.Compared with full irradiance,the average stem length（SL）,leaf area ratio（LAR）and specific leaf area（SLA）for the two years（2013 and 2014）increased by 0.78,0.47 and 0.65 under shady conditions,respectively.However,the stem diameter（SD）,total biomass（TB）,leaf area（LA）,number of nodes（NN）on the main stem,and number of branches（BN）all decreased.During the shady period,the SL and SMF exhibited a significant negative correlation with yield,and the SD exhibited a significant positive correlation with yield.The correlation between the soybean yield and agronomic parameters during the mature period,except for SL,the first pod height（FPH）,100-seed weight（100-SW）,and reproductive growth period（RGP）,were significant（P〈0.01）,especially for seed weight per branch（SWB）,pods per plant（PP）,BN,and vegetative growth period（VGP）.These results provide an insight into screening the shade tolerance of soybean varieties and can be useful in targeted breeding programs of relay intercropped soybeans.

CONTRACTED EFFECT OF BELL-SHADE SHAPE WELDING ARC AND ACCOMPANIED MAGNETIC FIELD WITH SPIRAL PIPE SHAPE

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Effect of shade stress on lignin biosynthesis in soybean stems

To clarify how shade stress affects lignin biosynthesis in soybean stem, two varieties, Nandou 12（shade tolerant） and Nan 032-4（shade susceptible） grew under normal light and shade conditions（the photosynthetically active radiation and the ratio of red：far-red were lower than normal light condition）. Lignin accumulation, transcripts of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, and intermediates content of lignin biosynthesis were analyzed. Both soybean varieties suffered shade stress had increased plant heights and internode lengths, and reduced stem diameters and lignin accumulation in stems. The expression levels of lignin-related genes were significantly influenced by shade stress, with interactions between the light environment and variety. The gene of 3-hydroxylase（C3H）, cinnamoyl-Co A reductase（CCR）, caffeoylCoAO-methyltransferase（CCoAOMT）, and peroxidase（POD） attributed to lignin biosynthesis under shade stress, and the down-regulation of these genes resulted in lower caffeic, sinapic, and ferulic acid levels, which caused a further decrease in lignin biosynthesis. Under shade stress, the shade tolerant soybean variety（Nandou 12） showed stiffer stems, higher lignin content, and greater gene expression level and higher metabolite contents than shade susceptible one. So these characteristics could be used for screening the shade-tolerant soybean for intercropping.

Interactive effect of shade and PEG-induced osmotic stress on physiological responses of soybean seedlings

Intensively farmed crops used to experience numerous environmental stresses.Among these,shade and drought significantly influence the morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of plants.However,the interactive effect of shade and drought on the growth and development of soybean under dense cropping systems has not been reported yet.This study investigated the interactive effect of PEG-induced osmotic stress and shade on soybean seedlings.The soybean cultivar viz.,C-103 was subjected to PEG-induced osmotic stress from polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG-6000)under shading and non-shading conditions.PEG-induced osmotic stress significantly reduced the relative water contents,morphological parameters,carbohydrates and chlorophyll contents under both light environments.A significant increase was observed in osmoprotectants,reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in soybean seedlings.Henceforth,the findings revealed that,seedlings grown under non-shading conditions produced more malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents as compared to the shade-treated plants when subjected to PEG-induced osmotic stress.Likewise,the shaded plants accumulated more sugars and proline than non-shaded ones under drought stress.Moreover,it was found that nonshaded grown plants were more sensitive to PEG-induced osmotic stress than those exposed to shading conditions,which suggested that shade could boost the protective mechanisms against osmotic stress or at least would not exaggerate the adverse effects of PEG-induced osmotic stress in soybean seedlings.

共享数据工程(SHADE)体系结构及实现描述

文章在深入研究DIICOE的基础上,描述了DIICOE中共享数据工程(SHADE)的体系结构及实现方式。

Growth and Photosynthesis Responses of a Super Dwarf Rice Genotype to Shade and Nitrogen Supply

Specific aspects of plant cultivation require tests under fully controlled environmentalconditions with restricted energy supply, such as orbit-based space laboratories and low-light conditions.For these growing conditions, super dwarf plants have been developed as model crops, and a gibberellindeficientSuper Dwarf Rice genotype was proposed as a model crop for space flight plant experiments.We tested this genotype in a climate chamber experiment under different illumination and nitrogen supplylevels to assess its suitability under scenarios with limited resource availability. A 25% reduction inillumination led to a 75% reduction in yield, mainly due to a 60% reduction in formed tillers and 20%reduction in grain weight, and a 80% reduction in illumination caused total yield loss. Leaf area underreduced illumination was significantly lower, and only marginal changes in the dimensions of leaves wereobserved. Plant photosynthesis was not significantly different between control and 75% illumination. Thiswas explained by a higher photochemical efficiency under lower light conditions and a reduced mesophyllresistance. Therefore, we concluded that this genotype is well-suited for plant experiments under spaceand light-limited conditions since it kept its small stature and showed no shade avoidance mechanisms,such as leaf elongation, which would complicate experiments under low-light conditions. Nitrogenconcentrations of 2.8 and 1.4 mmol/L led to no differences in plant growth. We concluded that a nitrogenconcentration of 1.4 mmol/L is sufficient for this genotype under the light intensities.

Weak stem under shade reveals the lignin reduction behavior

Shades caused by neighboring tall plants in intercropping systems and weak sunlight are constraints in yield optimization. Shade influences many aspects of plant growth and development, leading to weak stems and susceptibility to lodging. The plant cell wall is composed of certain proteins that allow the walls to stretch out, a process called cell wall loosening. Shade affects anatomical, morphological, and physiological traits of plants, thus reducing the physical strength of the stem in crops by changing the loosening of cell walls. Flexibility of cells facilitates further modifications such as wall loosening. In addition, shade stress causes increased internode length, and reduced xylem synthesis and photosynthesis. In shaded plants, lignin deposition in vascular bundles and sclerenchyma cells of stems is decreased. Lignin is a light sensitive phenolic compound and shading decreases the transcript abundance of several phenolic compound(flavone and lignin) related genes. Shading significantly influences the metabolic activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), peroxidase(POD), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4 CL), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD) involved in lignin biosynthesis. Furthermore, suppression of lignin biosynthesis activities by abiotic stresses causes abnormal phenotypes such as collapsed xylem, bent stems, and growth retardation. In this review, the underlying mechanisms illustrate that under shading conditions reduced lignin content results in slender, weak, and unstable stems. The objective of this review is to elaborate lignin biosynthesis and its variability under stressful environmental conditions, especially in shade stress environments. The effects of shade on stem lignin metabolism are discussed on the morphogenetic, physiological, and proteomic levels.

Creation of two hyperactive variants of phytochrome B1 for attenuating shade avoidance syndrome in maize

Increasing the planting density of maize is an effective measure to improve its yield.However,plants under high planting density tend to trigger shade avoidance syndrome(SAS),reducing lodging resistance and ultimately yield drop.Phytochrome B(phyB)plays a dominant role in mediating shade avoidance response.This study constructed two hyperactive mutated alleles of maize PHYB1:ZmPHYB1^(Y98F)(mimicking Y104F of AtPHYB)and ZmPHYB1^(Y359F)(mimicking Y361F of AtPHYB).Ectopic expression of ZmPHYB1^(Y98F) and ZmPHYB1^(Y359F) under the control of the ZmPHYB1 promoter in the Arabidopsis phyB-9 background rendered enhanced activity on complementing the phyB-9 related phenotypes compared with ZmPHYB1^(WT).Moreover,similar to the behavior of ZmPHYB1^(WT),ZmPHYB1Y98F and ZmPHYB1^(Y359F) proteins are localized to the nucleus after red light exposure,and could interact with PIF proteins of maize.In addition,expression of ZmPHYB1^(Y98F) and ZmPHYB1^(Y359F) variants under the control of the native ZmPHYB1 promoter attenuated SAS of maize seedlings subjected to simulated shade treatment.It effectively reduced mature maize’s plant height and ear height in field conditions.The results combined demonstrate the utility of ZmPHYB1^(Y98F) and ZmPHYB1^(Y359F) for attenuating SAS and breeding high density-tolerant varieties of maize.