Modified Sadowski formula-based model for the slope shape amplification effect under multistage slope blasting vibration

Blasting operations,which are crucial to open-pit mine production due to their simplicity and efficiency,require precise control through accurate vibration velocity calculations.The conventional Sadowski formula mainly focuses on blast center distance but neglects the amplification effect of blasting vibration waves by terraced terrain,from which the calculated blasting vibration velocities are smaller than the actual values,affecting the safety of the project.To address this issue,our model introduces the influences of slope and time into Sadowski formula to measure safety through blast vibration displacement.In the northern section of the open-pit quartz mine in Jinchang City,Gansu Province,China,the data of a continuous blasting slope project are referred to.Our findings reveal a noticeable vibration amplification effect during blasting when a multi-stage slope platform undergoes a sudden cross-sectional change near the upper overhanging surface.The amplification vibration coefficient increases with height,while vibration waves within rocks decrease from bottom to top.Conversely,platforms without distinct crosssectional changes exhibit no pronounced amplification during blasting.In addition,the vibration intensity decreases with distance as the rock height difference change propagates.The results obtained by the proposed blast vibration displacement equation incorporating slope shape influence closely agree with real-world scenarios.According to Pearson correlation coefficient(PPMCC)analysis,the average accuracy rate of our model is 88.84%,which exceeds the conventional Sadowski formula(46.92%).

A method to interpret fracture aperture of rock slope using adaptive shape and unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry

The aperture of natural rock fractures significantly affects the deformation and strength properties of rock masses,as well as the hydrodynamic properties of fractured rock masses.The conventional measurement methods are inadequate for collecting data on high-steep rock slopes in complex mountainous regions.This study establishes a high-resolution three-dimensional model of a rock slope using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry to obtain edge feature points of fractures.Fracture opening morphology is characterized using coordinate projection and transformation.Fracture central axis is determined using vertical measuring lines,allowing for the interpretation of aperture of adaptive fracture shape.The feasibility and reliability of the new method are verified at a construction site of a railway in southeast Tibet,China.The study shows that the fracture aperture has a significant interval effect and size effect.The optimal sampling length for fractures is approximately 0.5e1 m,and the optimal aperture interpretation results can be achieved when the measuring line spacing is 1%of the sampling length.Tensile fractures in the study area generally have larger apertures than shear fractures,and their tendency to increase with slope height is also greater than that of shear fractures.The aperture of tensile fractures is generally positively correlated with their trace length,while the correlation between the aperture of shear fractures and their trace length appears to be weak.Fractures of different orientations exhibit certain differences in their distribution of aperture,but generally follow the forms of normal,log-normal,and gamma distributions.This study provides essential data support for rock and slope stability evaluation,which is of significant practical importance.

Stability analysis of loose accumulation slopes under rainfall:case study of a high‑speed railway in Southwest China

The high and steep slopes along a high-speed railway in the mountainous area of Southwest China are mostly composed of loose accumulations of debris with large internal pores and poor stability,which can easily induce adverse geological disasters under rainfall conditions.To ensure the smooth construction of the high-speed railway and the subsequent safe operation,it is necessary to master the stability evolution process of the loose accumulation slope under rainfall.This article simulates rainfall using the finite element analysis software’s hydromechanical coupling module.The slope stability under various rainfall situations is calculated and analysed based on the strength reduction method.To validate the simulation results,a field monitoring system is established to study the deformation characteristics of the slope under rainfall.The results show that rainfall duration is the key factor affecting slope stability.Given a constant amount of rainfall,the stability of the slope decreases with increasing duration of rainfall.Moreover,when the amount and duration of rainfall are constant,continuous rainfall has a greater impact on slope stability than intermittent rainfall.The setting of the field retaining structures has a significant role in improving slope stability.The field monitoring data show that the slope is in the initial deformation stage and has good stability,which verifies the rationality of the numerical simulation method.The research results can provide some references for understanding the influence of rainfall on the stability of loose accumulation slopes along high-speed railways and establishing a monitoring system.

Three-dimensional stability calculation method for high and large composite slopes formed by mining stope and inner dump in adjacent open pits

The 2D limit equilibrium method is widely used for slope stability analysis.However,with the advancement of dump engineering,composite slopes often exhibit significant 3D mechanical effects.Consequently,it is of significant importance to develop an effective 3D stability calculation method for composite slopes to enhance the design and stability control of open-pit slope engineering.Using the composite slope formed by the mining stope and inner dump in Baiyinhua No.1 and No.2 open-pit coal mine as a case study,this research investigates the failure mode of composite slopes and establishes spatial shape equations for the sliding mass.By integrating the shear resistance and sliding force of each row of microstrip columns onto the bottom surface of the strip corresponding to the main sliding surface,a novel 2D equivalent physical and mechanical parameters analysis method for the strips on the main sliding surface of 3D sliding masses is proposed.Subsequently,a comprehensive 3D stability calculation method for composite slopes is developed,and the quantitative relationship between the coordinated development distance and its 3D stability coefficients is examined.The analysis reveals that the failure mode of the composite slope is characterized by cutting-bedding sliding,with the arc serving as the side interface and the weak layer as the bottom interface,while the destabilization mechanism primarily involves shear failure.The spatial form equation of the sliding mass comprises an ellipsoid and weak plane equation.The analysis revealed that when the coordinated development distance is 1500 m,the error rate between the 3D stability calculation result and the 2D stability calculation result of the composite slope is less than 8%,thereby verifying the proposed analytical method of equivalent physical and mechanical parameters and the 3D stability calculation method for composite slopes.Furthermore,the3D stability coefficient of the composite slope exhibits an exponential correlation with the coordinated development distance,with the coefficient gradually decreasing as the coordinated development distance increases.These findings provide a theoretical guideline for designing similar slope shape parameters and conducting stability analysis.

Numerical study on gas production via a horizontal well from hydrate reservoirs with different slope angles in the South China Sea

It is important to study the effect of hydrate production on the physical and mechanical properties of low-permeability clayey–silty reservoirs for the largescale exploitation of hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea.In this study,a multiphysical-field coupling model,combined with actual exploration drilling data and the mechanical experimental data of hydrate cores in the laboratory,was established to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of low-permeability reservoirs with different slope angles during 5-year hydrate production by the depressurization method via a horizontal well.The result shows that the permeability of reservoirs severely affects gas production rate,and the maximum gas production amount of a 20-m-long horizontal well can reach186.8 m3/day during the 5-year hydrate production.Reservoirs with smaller slope angles show higher gas production rates.The depressurization propagation and hydrate dissociation mainly develop along the direction parallel to the slope.Besides,the mean effective stress of reservoirs is concentrated in the near-wellbore area with the on-going hydrate production,and gradually decreases with the increase of the slope angle.Different from the effective stress distribution law,the total reservoir settlement amount first decreases and then increases with the increase of the slope angle.The maximum settlement of reservoirs with a 0°slope angle is up to 3.4 m,and the displacement in the near-wellbore area is as high as2.2 m after 5 years of hydrate production.It is concluded that the pore pressure drop region of low-permeability reservoirs in the South China Sea is limited,and various slope angles further lead to differences in effective stress and strain of reservoirs during hydrate production,resulting in severe uneven settlement of reservoirs.

Effects of vertical seismic acceleration on 3D slope stability

The conventional pseudo-static approach often neglects the effect of the vertical＇ seismic acceleration on the stability of a slope, but some analyses under plane-strain （2D） conditions show a significant effect on the slope stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the vertical acceleration on the safety of three-dimensional （3D） slopes. In the strict framework of limit analysis, a 3D kinematically admissible rotational failure mechanism is adopted here for 3D homogeneous slopes in frictional/cohesive soils. A set of stability charts is presented in a wide range of parameters for 3D slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loading conditions. Accounting for the effects of the vertical seismic acceleration, the difference in safety factors for 3D slopes can exceed 10%, which will significantly overestimate the safety of the 3D slopes.

Study on the sunny-shady slope effect on the subgrade of a high-speed railway in a seasonal frozen region

The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including the slope toes, shoulders, and natural ground. The temperature variation with time and the maximum frozen depths showed that an obvious sun- ny-shady effect exists in the railway subgrade, which spans a seasonal frozen region. Development of frost heave is af- fected by the asymmetric temperature distribution. The temperature field and the maximum frozen depths 50 years after the subgrade was built were simulated with a mathematical model of the unsteady phase transition of the geothermal field.

Railway subgrade thermal-hydro-mechanical behavior and track irregularity under the sunny-shady slopes effect in seasonal frozen regions

The sunny-shady slopes effect is a phenomenon that impacts the temperature distribution of high-speed railway subgrades,resulting in uneven frost heaving deformation on the subgrade surface,which in turn causes static irregularity in the slab track.Based on the hydraulics theory,a thermal-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupled model of frozen soil is established and verified.We explore the process and characteristics of the temperature field and deformation of soil during the freezing process of high-speed railway subgrades and analyze the track irregularity variation law of China Railway Track SystemⅢslab tracks under uneven frost heaving deformation.The results show that,because the left and right slopes of high-speed railway subgrade are exposed to different amounts of solar radiation,which is the key factor causing uneven frost heaving of subgrade.Different strike angles cause changes in temperature of the subgrade’s upper part and the frost heaving amount on the surface,leading to differences in the deformation of the slab track structure:Increased strike angle weakens the rail level irregularity of the down line and marginally increases the rail level irregularity of the up line,and these become consistent in north-south directions.Therefore,when selecting railway lines in seasonal frozen areas,the west-east direction should be avoided to prevent the extremes in sunny-shady slopes effect on subgrades.

Upper Bound Solution of Soil Slope Stability under Coupling Effect of Rainfall and Earthquake

Based on the limit analysis upper bound method,a new model of soil slope collapse has been proposed which consists of two rigid block zones and a plastic shear zone.Soil slope was induced failure by coupling effect of rainfall and earthquake,and these blocks were also incorporated horizontal earthquake force and vertical gravitate.The velocities and forces were analyzed in three blocks,and the expression of velocity discontinuities was obtained by the principle of incompressibility.The external force work for the blocks,the internal energy of the plastic shear zone and the velocity discontinuous were solved.The present stability ratios are compared to the prevenient research,which shows the superiority of the mechanism and rationality of the analysis.The critical height of the soil slope can provide theoretical basis for slope support and design.

Vertical and horizontal displacements of a reservoir slope due to slope aging effect,rainfall,and reservoir water

Landslides are common hazards in reservoir areas and significantly affect dam operation and human lives.For the prevention and management of landslides,accurate assessment of the factors influencing their generation is essential.This study evaluated the key external factors influencing horizontal and vertical displacements of Luobogang Reservoir Slope in Hanyuan County,China.Displacements had been monitored by a surface-displacement-monitoring system consisting of 118 GPS stations during 2012-2015.To identify the external driving factors,their influence zones,and slope responses,we analyzed 32 months of displacement measurements and other multi-source datasets using the empirical orthogonal function.Overall,the results show that slope aging effect,rainfall,and reservoir water levels are three main driving factors.For horizontal displacement,aging effect is the most critical factor and predominantly affects the edges of landslides,the gob cave,and the public building zones.The secondary factor is the reservoir water level,which mainly acts on the boundary between the slope and reservoir water surface.The closer the slope zone is to the reservoir water,the more significant the impact is.Regarding vertical displacement,the most important factor is rainfall.The vertical displacement caused by rainfall accounts for 56.76% of the total vertical displacements.However,rainfall induces elastic displacements that generally cause less damage to the slope.The secondary factor is aging effect,and the vertical displacement caused by aging effect accounts for 9.42%.However,seven individual zones are highly affected by slope aging effect,which is consistent with the distribution of public buildings.

A Modified Form of Mild-Slope Equation with Weakly Nonlinear Effect

Nonlinear effect is of importance to waves propagating from deep water to shallow water. The non-linearity of waves is widely discussed due to its high precision in application. But there are still some problems in dealing with the nonlinear waves in practice. In this paper, a modified form of mild-slope equation with weakly nonlinear effect is derived by use of the nonlinear dispersion relation and the steady mild-slope equation containing energy dissipation. The modified form of mild-slope equation is convenient to solve nonlinear effect of waves. The model is tested against the laboratory measurement for the case of a submerged elliptical shoal on a slope beach given by Berkhoff et al. The present numerical results are also compared with those obtained through linear wave theory. Better agreement is obtained as the modified mild-slope equation is employed. And the modified mild-slope equation can reasonably simulate the weakly nonlinear effect of wave propagation from deep water to coast.

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.

Stability analysis of slopes of expansive soils considering rainfall effect

Typical failure types of slopes of expansive soils are divided to two kinds： slip in surface layer and slip in shallow layer. Based on total strength law of expansive soils, the relationship between its water content and shear strength inculding cohesion and friction angle, was studied in detail. Acoording to change of water content and depth effect during rainfall, distribution of shear strength in slopes of expansive soils was analyzed. Finally, with a slope of expansive soils in Nanning city of Guangxi Autonomous Region of China as a case, safety factor and slip surface was studied.

地震放大作用下裂缝边坡稳定性极限分析及影响规律研究

大量试验数据和震后调查表明,地震加速度沿坡高具有显著放大效应并导致产生坡顶裂缝。为探究放大效应对边坡稳定性和坡顶裂缝的影响,基于极限分析上限法和拟静力法,建立考虑放大效应的裂缝边坡稳定性分析方法,得到地震放大作用对边坡稳定性和裂缝开展情况的影响规律。计算结果表明:裂缝边坡安全系数随地震放大系数增加而降低,陡坡和缓坡在考虑地震放大效应后安全系数均下降约10%,坡顶裂缝随地震放大系数增大逐渐远离坡肩,但裂缝深度会减小,其中当坡底地震加速度较大时放大效应对裂缝位置和深度影响显著。根据地震裂缝边坡安全系数的上限解c/γHtanφ与边坡参数F/tanφ值呈现幂函数的特征,通过拟合获得了安全系数计算表达式,可在实际工程中快速评估地震放大效应对裂缝边坡安全系数的影响。

三维土工网边坡防护水土保持能力研究

路基边坡防护工程可减轻降雨对坡面土体的侵蚀作用,为深入研究坡面防护材料水土保持能力的定量表征方法,通过室内人工降雨边坡侵蚀模型试验,分析不同降雨强度和不同三维土工网防护下路基边坡的降雨侵蚀规律,提出三维土工网水土保持能力的试验测定方法及相关系数计算公式。研究结果表明:三维土工网防护边坡泥沙流失干质量明显小于相同条件下不设防边坡泥沙流失干质量,土工网防护在减少边坡侵蚀量的同时,有利于边坡侵蚀进程的快速稳定,但土工网的水土保持能力随雨强增大急剧下降。泥沙流失速度随着降雨的持续而逐渐减小,后期趋于收敛稳定,侵蚀历程采用指数函数拟合具有较好的相关性。建议设防边坡的试验降雨时间不少于70 min,不设防的边坡试验降雨时间不小于100 min。水土保持能力系数随雨强的增大呈对数函数关系减小,雨强超过100 mm/h时水土保持能力系数实测值与对数函数拟合值差异较大,建议在测定材料水土保持能力系数时雨强取20~100 mm/h,可取50 mm/h作为标准试验雨强。泡面类三维土工网水土保持能力显著优于普通三维土工网,而双泡面的三维土工网优于单泡面三维土工网。试验条件下凹凸泡面三维土工网的水土保持能力系数主要分布在1.71~3.03,建议50 mm/h雨强三维土工网水土保持能力系数不应小于1.5。

降雨入渗作用下基底倾角对内排土场边坡变形的影响

为了研究降雨条件下基底倾角对排土场边坡稳定性的影响,根据朔州市某露天煤矿的实际情况,利用FLAC3D软件对排土场边坡进行同等雨强条件下不同基底倾角的数值模拟。结果表明:在降雨初期,排土场边坡表层的饱和度先快速增长并趋于非饱和的稳定值;随着降雨入渗至弱层和基岩交界处时,雨水在重力作用下向坡脚处堆积并导致坡脚处发生剪切破坏;随着基底倾角的增加,各监测点达到饱和或稳定状态出现明显的时间滞后效应,且位移量和应变增量的变化与基底倾角呈正相关关系。

齐大山铁矿东帮边坡空间形态优化

针对齐大山铁矿东帮边坡空间形态优化问题,在分析边坡工程地质条件的基础上,将极限平衡法与数值模拟法相结合,评价原设计到界边坡稳定性,优化设计到界边坡的形态参数,探讨追踪距离对边坡三维稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用逐水平优化方法设计的到界边坡角为46°,每阶段的边坡二维稳定性系数均满足安全储备系数要求;边坡的三维稳定性系数与追踪距离呈负相关指数函数关系,当追踪距离为50 m时,齐大山铁矿东帮到界边坡角可设计为48°,整体边坡角提高了2°,经济效益显著。

饱和岩土边坡的孔压增量强度折减极限分析方法

目前饱和边坡的强度折减法流固耦合分析是在总应力的静水压力差法基础上,通过调整浸润面位置、考虑材料浮力作用加以实现,未能解决强度折减过程孔隙水压力变化的情况。本文从岩土体固相介质强度参数(c、φ)与液相介质强度参数(孔隙水压力)相互关系出发,解释了固体骨架、自由水不同步的荷载传递过程,提出了有效应力的强度折减法、孔压增量近似确定方法,并在总应力静水压力差方法基础上给出了孔压增量强度折减方法的实现过程。研究表明:孔压增量强度折减方法计算的饱和边坡零孔隙水压力面升高0.34~0.44 m(4%~5%),与目前在涉水边坡流固耦合分析中按经验选取0.5 m的浸润面抬升值较为一致。

露天边坡体爆破振动特性研究

针对洪山露天边坡体爆破振动响应问题,结合引入高程差H的二元回归爆破振动速度衰减模型,开展了实测爆破振速峰值(PPV)分析和爆破振速衰减规律预测,分析了露天边坡体爆破振动特性。结果表明:在振速峰值方面,自由面数量越多,PPV越小,其中,单自由面条件下的PPV远大于双自由面和三自由面条件下的PPV;|H|相同时,正高程条件下的PPV大于负高程下的PPV;露天边坡体存在明显的爆破振动高程放大效应,放大系数随|H|的增大先增大后减小,随水平爆源距的增大而减小。在振速衰减规律方面,高程差对切向方向的速度影响较大,高程效应明显;自由面数量越多,爆破振动速度衰减曲面越平缓;引入高程差的二元回归爆破振速衰减模型比传统一元萨氏回归模型更能有效预测爆破振速衰减规律,相对平均误差为12.3%~15.4%,其中单自由面矢量和的相对平均误差仅为9.5%。

气候变化影响下多年冻土区铁路路基热稳定性分析

全球气候变暖加剧了青藏高原气候暖湿化,威胁着高原铁路路基及下伏多年冻土的热稳定性,但以往研究缺乏综合考虑铁路沿线气候、多年冻土及路基稳定性的系统分析。针对这一研究的不足,基于铁路沿线气象和多年冻土路基地温监测数据,分析铁路沿线多年冻土区气温降水、天然场地年平均地温与天然上限、路基人为上限及路基左右路肩沉降变化,揭示气候暖湿化背景下铁路多年冻土路基热稳定性变化,为多年冻土区铁路建设和维护提供参考。结果表明:近20年来,铁路沿线年均气温和年均降水量的平均值分别增加了1.2℃和80mm;相较于2007年,2020年铁路沿线天然场地多年冻土年均地温平均升高0.1℃,多年冻土天然上限平均下降0.58 m,路基人为上限平均抬升2.34 m,路基左路肩平均沉降大于右路肩,存在阴阳坡效应。整体而言,铁路多年冻土路基状态稳定,运行状态良好,建设运营期间采取的一系列工程措施有效,但面向未来气候加剧变化趋势,应提前谋划多年冻土保护新技术。