A novel control strategy for reproducing the floor motions of high-rise buildings by earthquake-simulating shake tables

To enable the experimental assessment of the seismic performance of full-scale nonstructural elements with multiple engineering parameters(EDPs),a three-layer testbed named Nonstructural Element Simulator on Shake Table(NEST)has been developed.The testbed consists of three consecutive floors of steel structure.The bottom two floors provide a space to accommodate a full-scale room.To fully explore the flexibility of NEST,we propose a novel control strategy to generate the required shake table input time histories for the testbed to track the target floor motions of the buildings of interest with high accuracy.The control strategy contains two parts:an inverse dynamic compensation via simulation of feedback control systems(IDCS)algorithm and an offline iteration procedure based on a refined nonlinear numerical model of the testbed.The key aspects of the control strategy were introduced in this paper.Experimental tests were conducted to simulate the seismic responses of a full-scale office room on the 21^(st)floor of a 42-story high-rise building.The test results show that the proposed control strategy can reproduce the target floor motions of the building of interest with less than 20%errors within the specified frequency range.

Fever glove hand-shake method safe blood collection from children's fingertips in COVID-19 fever clinic

BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic,the fever clinic is an important link for screening and diagnosing whether a patient is infected with the novel coronavirus.Blood collection from children’s fingertips is a commonly used detection method;however,in children,the blood collection process may cause discomfort and resistance.To address this problem,the use of heating gloves combined with hand swinging can be considered for fingertip blood collection in children.AIM To explore the application of fever gloves with the handshaking method for fingertip blood collection from children in fever clinics during the COVID-19 epidemic.METHODS A total of 100 children were selected for fingertip blood collection at the fever clinic of our hospital from June 2022 to June 2023 and were divided into two groups using a randomized numerical table method,with 50 cases in each group,including the control and observation groups.The patients in the control group followed the doctor's instructions to cooperate with the routine fingertip blood collection method,and the patients in the observation group followed the doctor's instructions to cooperate with the static fever gloves with the shaking hands method of children's fingertip blood collection.The level of the six blood routine and collection indexes,and the satisfaction of the examination of the patients in the peripheral blood group and the fever gloves with the shaking hands method of the children's fingertip blood collection group were compared.RESULTS The red and white blood cell count,hemoglobin,and red blood cell pressure volume in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05);the platelet count in the control group was lower than that in the observation group(P<0.05);the number of times of squeezing the fingertip,the average time of blood collection,and the score of puncture pain in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0.05);and satisfaction with the routine blood examination in the observation group was greater than that in the control group.CONCLUSION The application value of the fever gloves with shaking hands method for children's fingertip blood collection was better,the accuracy of examination indexes was higher,and patient satisfaction with the examination was greater.

对博弈论中Shaked & Sutton结论的一个证明

本文运用博弈论基本原理 ,运用Rubinstern(1982 )讨价还价模型 ,针对贴现系数的不同情况 ,运用数学归纳法对Shaked&Sutton(1984 )

《大卫·科波菲尔》不同译本中“shake one's head”译文对比研究

人们对日常较为熟悉的表达不太谨慎,所以常常出现理解错误,翻译时亦如此。"shake one's head"是一个较为常见的短语,但在《大卫·科波菲尔》的不同译本中,它却有着不同的译文,有些甚至是完全相反的意思。从对等性的角度讲,正确的译文只有一个,它不可能同时是两个意思完全相反的译文。通过对比研究,"shake one's head"应翻译为"点头",探其原因,应与句子含否定意义有关。

Duoshake摇振器的使用及其对纸张性能的影响

Duoshake无反力作用网部摇振器是Voith公司新开发的网部振动系统。本文比较分析了Duoshake使用前后纸张匀度、抗张强度、伸长率、纵横差、两面差等性能指标,探讨了Duoshake对纸张性能的影响,得到以下结论：(1)Duoshake的使用可以有效改善纸张的匀度,尤其是对定量在170g/m^2以上的纸张,改善幅度可达到10%～20%；(2)可以减小纸张的纵横差,提高纸张的物理强度；(3)增大了纸张的两面差,尤其是低定量的纸张,两面差增幅达到7%～15%。

Shake table tests of suspended ceilings to simulate the observed damage in the M_s 7.0 Lushan earthquake, China

Severe damage to suspended ceilings of metal grids and lay-in panels was observed in public buildings during the 2013 M7.0 Lushan earthquake in China. Over the past several years, suspended ceilings have been widely used practice in public buildings throughout China, including government offices, schools and hospitals. To investigate the damage mechanism of suspended ceilings, a series of three-dimensional shake table tests was conducted to reproduce the observed damage. A full-scale reinforced concrete frame was constructed as the testing frame for the ceiling, which was single-story and infilled with brick masonry walls to represent the local construction of low-rise buildings. In general, the ceiling in the tests exhibited similar damage phenomena as the field observations, such as higher vulnerability of perimeter elements and extensive damage to the cross runners. However, it exhibited lower fragility in terms of peak ground/roof accelerations at the initiation of damage. Further investigations are needed to clarify the reasons for this behavior.

Shake table test of soil-pile groups-bridge structure interaction in liquefiable ground

This paper describes a shake table test study on the seismic response of low-cap pile groups and a bridge structure in liquefiable ground. The soil profile, contained in a large-scale laminar shear box, consisted of a horizontally saturated sand layer overlaid with a silty clay layer, with the simulated low-cap pile groups embedded. The container was excited in three E1 Centro earthquake events of different levels. Test results indicate that excessive pore pressure （EPP） during slight shaking only slightly accumulated, and the accumulation mainly occurred during strong shaking. The EPP was gradually enhanced as the amplitude and duration of the input acceleration increased. The acceleration response of the sand was remarkably influenced by soil liquefaction. As soil liquefaction occurred, the peak sand displacement gradually lagged behind the input acceleration; meanwhile, the sand displacement exhibited an increasing effect on the bending moment of the pile, and acceleration responses of the pile and the sand layer gradually changed from decreasing to increasing in the vertical direction from the bottom to the top. A jump variation of the bending moment on the pile was observed near the soil interface in all three input earthquake events. It is thought that the shake table tests could provide the groundwork for further seismic performance studies of low-cap pile groups used in bridges located on liquefiable groun.

Shake table testing of a multi-tower connected hybrid structure

Many single-tower reinforced concrete core wall-steel frame （RCC-SF） buildings have been built in China, but there are no buildings of different-height multi-tower hybrid system. A multi-tower RCC-SF tall building was thus studied because of its structural complexity and irregularity. First, a 1/15 scaled model structure was designed and tested on the shake table under minor, moderate, and major earthquake levels. Then, the dynamic responses of the model structure were interpreted to those of the prototype structure according to the similitude theory. Experimental results demonstrate that, despite the complexity of the structure, the lateral deformation bends as the ＂bending type＂ and the RC core walls contribute more than the steel frames to resist seismic loads. The maximum inter-story drift of the complex building under minor earthquakes is slightly beyond the elastic limitation specified in the Chinese code, and meets code requirements under major earthquakes. From the test results some suggestions are provided that could contribute favorable effect on the seismic behavior and the displacement of the building.

A shake table investigation of dynamic behavior of pile supported bridges in liquefiable soil deposits

Bridges are a part of vital infrastructure,which should operate even after a disaster to keep emergency services running.There have been numerous bridge failures during major past earthquakes due to liquefaction.Among other categories of failures,mid span collapse(without the failure of abutments)of pile supported bridges founded in liquefiable deposits are still observed even in most recent earthquakes.This mechanism of collapse is attributed to the effects related to the differential elongation of natural period of the individual piers during liquefaction.A shake table investigation has been carried out in this study to verify mechanisms behind midspan collapse of pile supported bridges in liquefiable deposits.In this investigation,a typical pile supported bridge is scaled down,and its foundations pass through the liquefiable loose sandy soil and rest in a dense gravel layer.White noise motions of increasing acceleration magnitude have been applied to initiate progressive liquefaction and to characterize the dynamic features of the bridge.It has been found that as the liquefaction of the soil sets in,the natural frequency of individual bridge support is reduced,with the highest reduction occurring near the central spans.As a result,there is differential lateral displacement and bending moment demand on the piles.It has also been observed that for the central pile,the maximum bending moment in the pile will occur at a higher elevation,as compared to that of the interface of soils of varied stiffness,unlike the abutment piles.The practical implications of this research are also highlighted.

Response of a pile group behind quay wall to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading:a shake-table investigation

The response of pile foundations near a quay wall under liquefaction-induced lateral spreading remains a complex problem. This study presents the results of a shake-table test on a 2×2 pile group behind a sheet-pile quay wall that was subjected to lateral spreading. The quay wall was employed to trigger liquefaction-induced large lateral ground deformation. The discussions focus on the behavior of the pile and the soil and on the bending moment distributions within the group pile and the restoring force characteristics at the superstructure. Overall, the piles exhibited apparent pinning effects that reduced soil deformation. In addition, the rear-row piles near the quay wall experienced larger bending moments than did the front-row piles, indicating significant pile group effects. The tests showed that lateral spreading could be a primary cause of larger monotonic deformations and bending moments. It can also be concluded that the monotonic bending moments were significantly decreased due to the presence of slow soil flow. The stiffness at the superstructure was reduced because of accumulated excess pore pressure before liquefaction, and it was recovered during lateral spreading. The present study further enhances current understanding of the behavior of low-cap pile foundations under lateral spreading.

Numerical simulations of shake-table experiment for dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefi able soils

A shake-table experiment on pile foundations in liquefi able soils composed of liquefi able sand and overlying soft clay is studied. A three-dimensional(3D) effective stress fi nite element(FE) analysis is employed to simulate the experiment. A recently developed multi-surface elasto-plastic constitutive model and a fully coupled dynamic inelastic FE formulation(u-p) are used to model the liquefaction behavior of the sand. The soil domains are discretized using a solid-fl uid fully coupled(u-p) 20-8 noded brick element. The pile is simulated using beam-column elements. Upon careful calibration, very good agreement is obtained between the computed and the measured dynamic behavior of the ground and the pile. A parametric analysis is also conducted on the model to investigate the effect of pile-pinning, pile diameter, pile stiffness, ground inclination angle, superstructure mass and pile head restraints on the ground improvement. It is found that the pile foundation has a noticeable pinning effect that reduces the lateral soil displacement. It is observed that a larger pile diameter and fi xed pile head restraints contribute to decreasing the lateral pile deformation; however, a higher ground inclination angle tends to increase the lateral pile head displacements and pile stiffness, and superstructure mass seems to effectively infl uence the lateral pile displacements.

Shake-table testing of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete frame with shear walls

The seismic performance of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete （RC） frame with shear walls was investigated in this paper. The lateral force resistance was provided by self-centering precast RC shear walls （SPCW）, which utilize a combination ofunbonded prestressed post-tensioned （PT） tendons and mild steel reinforcing bars for flexural resistance across base joints. The structures concentrated deformations at the bottom joints and the unbonded PT tendons provided the self-centering restoring force. A 1/3-scale model of a five-story self-centering RC frame with shear walls was designed and tested on a shake-table under a series of bi-directional earthquake excitations with increasing intensity. The acceleration response, roof displacement, inter-story drifts, residual drifts, shear force ratios, hysteresis curves, and local behaviour of the test specimen were analysed and evaluated. The results demonstrated that seismic performance of the test specimen was satisfactory in the plane of the shear wall; however, the structure sustained inter-story drift levels up to 2.45%. Negligible residual drifts were recorded after all applied earthquake excitations. Based on the shake-table test results, it is feasible to apply and popularize a self-centering precast RC frame with shear walls as a structural system in seismic regions.

Compensation of body shake errors in terahertz beam scanning single frequency holography for standoff personnel screening

In the terahertz（THz） band, the inherent shake of the human body may strongly impair the image quality of a beam scanning single frequency holography system for personnel screening. To realize accurate shake compensation in imaging processing, it is quite necessary to develop a high-precision measure system. However, in many cases, different parts of a human body may shake to different extents, resulting in greatly increasing the difficulty in conducting a reasonable measurement of body shake errors for image reconstruction. In this paper, a body shake error compensation algorithm based on the raw data is proposed. To analyze the effect of the body shake on the raw data, a model of echoed signal is rebuilt with considering both the beam scanning mode and the body shake. According to the rebuilt signal model, we derive the body shake error estimated method to compensate for the phase error. Simulation on the reconstruction of point targets with shake errors and proof-of-principle experiments on the human body in the 0.2-THz band are both performed to confirm the effectiveness of the body shake compensation algorithm proposed.

The boundary conditions for simulations of a shake-table experiment on the seismic response of 3D slope

Boundary conditions can significantly affect a slope＇s behavior under strong earthquakes. To evaluate the importance of boundary conditions for finite element （FE） simulations of a shake-table experiment on the slope response, a validated three-dimensional （3D） nonlinear FE model is presented, and the numerical and experimental results are compared. For that purpose, the robust graphical user-interface ＂SlopeSAR＂, based on the open-source computational platform OpenSees, is employed, which simplifies the effort-intensive pre- and post-processing phases. The mesh resolution effect is also addressed. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the influence of boundary conditions on the FE model involving the boundary extent and three types of boundary conditions at the end faces. Generally, variations in the boundary extent produce inconsistent slope deformations. For the two end faces, fixing the y-direction displacement is not appropriate to simulate the shake-table experiment, in which the end walls are rigid and rough. In addition, the influence of the length of the 3D slope＇s top face and the width of the slope play an important role in the difference between two types of boundary conditions at the end faces （fixing the y-direction displacement and fixing the （y, z） direction displacement）. Overall, this study highlights that the assessment of a comparison between a simulation and an experimental result should be performed with due consideration to the effect of the boundary conditions.

Real-time 3-D space numerical shake prediction for earthquake early warning

In earthquake early warning systems, real-time shake prediction through wave propagation simulation is a promising approach. Compared with traditional methods, it does not suffer from the inaccurate estimation of source parameters. For computation efficiency, wave direction is assumed to propagate on the 2-D surface of the earth in these methods. In fact, since the seismic wave propagates in the 3-D sphere of the earth, the 2-D space modeling of wave direction results in inaccurate wave estimation. In this paper, we propose a 3-D space numerical shake pre- diction method, which simulates the wave propagation in 3-D space using radiative transfer theory, and incorporate data assimilation technique to estimate the distribution of wave energy. 2011 Tohoku earthquake is studied as an example to show the validity of the proposed model. 2-D space model and 3-D space model are compared in this article, and the prediction results show that numerical shake prediction based on 3-D space model can estimate the real-time ground motion precisely, and overprediction is alleviated when using 3-D space model.

影视后期合成利器之Apple shake介绍

本文介绍了Apple Shake4的主要目的是让更多的影视行业人员认识这款软件,同时也希望更多的高职高专的影视、动漫等相关专业学生认识它。

长网纸机Duoshake^(TM)胸辊摇振系统

纸页成形对纸张质量有着较大影响,长网纸机安装Duoshake^(TM)胸辊摇振后,纸页纤维会更加均匀的分布并加强了横向纤维的定向,从而获得良好的成形质量和较低的纵横向抗张强度比,进一步提高纸页的质量。本文主要介绍Duoshake^(TM)胸辊摇振在长网纸机上的高效应用,包括工作原理、结构特点以及技术特征等。

Research on the ShakeMap System with Consideration of Site Effects

In accordance with the principle of similarity in geology and topography,the V3S0(the average shear-velocity down to a 30m depth below the surface) approximation of sites is acquired by correlation between V3S0 and slopes after calculating the maximum slope of topography using the 30-sec Chinese Mainland DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data set.Site-amplification factors are then quantified with V3S0 and applied to the ShakeMap system developed by this study to revise ground-motion amplitudes on bedrock estimated from empirical relationships.Finally,the distribution of ground motion parameters on the surface is obtained.This article also introduces the calculation process,calculation models of the ShakeMap systems and related software systems.In conclusion,certain examples indicate that the ShakeMap system is feasible in the Chinese Mainland.

关于车辆行驶过程中shake问题的研究

某车型在行驶过程中驾驶员能够明显感觉到车辆存在垂向跳动,90km/h最为明显,且车辆通过减速带时振动收敛性较差,存在二次余振,本论文针对上述两个问题展开研究,通过采用液压悬置+调整部分悬置Z向刚度的方法,解决了shake问题。