Effect of Lithology and Structure on Seismic Response of Steep Slope in a Shaking Table Test

Studies on landslides by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake showed that topography was of great importance in amplifying the seismic shaking, and among other factors, lithology and slope structure controlled the spatial occurrence of slope failures. The present study carried out experiments on four rock slopes with steep angle of 60° by means of a shaking table. The recorded Wenchuan earthquake waves were scaled to excite the model slopes. Measurements from accelerometers installed on free surface of the model slope were analyzed, with much effort on timedomain acceleration responses to horizontal components of seismic shaking. It was found that the amplification factor of peak horizontal acceleration, RPHA, was increasing with elevation of each model slope, though the upper and lower halves of the slope exhibited different increasing patterns. As excitation intensity was increased, the drastic deterioration of the inner structure of each slope caused the sudden increase of RPHA in the upper slope part. In addition, the model simulating the soft rock slope produced the larger RPHA than the model simulating the hard rock slope by a maximum factor of 2.6. The layered model slope also produced the larger RPHA than the homogeneous model slope by a maximum factor of 2.7. The upper half of a slope was influenced more seriously by the effect of lithology, while the lower half was influenced more seriously by the effect of slope structure.

Nonlinear Modeling and Identification of Structural Joint by Response Control Vibration Test

Components of mechanical product are assembled by structural joints,such as bolting,riveting,welding,etc.Structural joints introduce nonlinearity to some engineering structures,and the nonlinearity need to be modeled precisely.To meet serious quality requirements,it is necessary to detect and identify nonlinearity of mechanical products for structural optimization.Modal test to acquire a dynamic response has been applied for decades,which provides reliable results for finite element(FE)model updating.Here response control vibration test for identification of nonlinearity is presented.A nonlinear system can be regarded as linearity for particular steady state response,and classical linear analysis tool is applicable to extract modal data for particular response.First,its applicability is illustrated by some numerical simulations.Subsequently,it is implemented on experimental setup with structural joints by shaking table.The stiffness and damping function dependent of relative displacement are fitted to describe its inherent nonlinearity.The spring and damping forces are identified by harmonic balance method(HBM)to predict output response.Based on the identified results,the procedure is recommended that it allows a reliable measurement of nonlinearity with a certain accuracy.

Shaking Table Model Test of Isolated Structure on Soft Site and Analysis on Its Isolation Efficiency

Adopting a soft site model built on soft interlayer soil foundation,a shaking table test for soft interlayer soil-isolated structure interaction is conducted to investigate the seismic response of isolated structure on soft site,and analyze its isolation effect.Test results show that the test can reflect the earthquake response characteristics of isolated structure on soft site.It is on soft site that the dynamic characteristics of isolated structure,acceleration magnification factor(AMF)of isolated structure and isolation efficiency of the isolation layer differ from those on rigid foundation with an soil-structure interaction(SSI)effect,represented by the reduction in fundamental vibration frequency of isolated structure and the increase of damping ratio with changes of the SSI effect.SSI can either increase or decrease AMF of isolated structure on soft site,depending on the characteristics of earthquake motion input.Furthermore,the isolation efficiency of isolation layer on soft site is decreased with the SSI effect,which is related to the peak ground acceleration(PGA)and the characteristics of earthquake motion input.

Theoretical and experimental research on a new system of semi-active structural control with variable stiffness and damping

In this paper,a new system of semi active structural control with active variable stiffness and damping (AVSD) is suggested.This new system amplifies the structural displacement to dissipate more energy,and in turn,effectively reduces the structural response in the case of relatively small story drifts,which occur during earthquakes.A predictive instantaneous optimal control algorithm is established for a SDOF structure equipped with an AVSD system Comparative shaking table tests of a 1/4 scale single story structural model with a full scale control device have been conducted.From the experimental and analytical results,it is shown that when compared to structures without control or with the active variable stiffness control alone, the suggested system exhibits higher efficiency in controlling the structural response,requires less energy input,operates with higher reliability,and can be manufactured at a lower cost and used in a wider range of engineering applications.

Simple Method for Dynamic Responses of Soil-Pile-Isolated Structure Interaction System

To investigate the effect of soil-pile-structure interaction(SPSI effect)on the dynamic response of a baseisolated structure with buried footings on a pile foundation,certain shake table tests are previously conducted.Based on the test results and the existing related studies,an efficient simplified model and a corresponding calculation method are verified for estimating the dynamic characteristics of a base-isolated structure with buried footings on a pile foundation with the SSI effect.In this method,the solutions by Veletsos and co-workers for a non-isolated structure with the SSI effect are verified and advanced for a base-isolated structure,and the solutions by Maravas and co-workers for a non-isolated structure on a pile foundation are introduced to consider the effect of the piles.By comparison with the shake table test,this work proves that the simplified method can efficiently estimate the dynamic responses of a base-isolated structure with buried footings on a pile foundation.Using parameter analysis,this work also shows that the dynamic characteristics of a non-isolated structure are quite similar to those of the base-isolated structure when the soil foundation is sufficiently soft,which means that the isolation layer gradually loses its isolation function as the soil foundation softens.

Research on seismic performance and design method of combined steel lead energy dissipation structure(Ⅰ)

A new combined steel lead damper (NCSLD) was presented. Construction and working mechanism of NCSLD were introduced,pseudo-static tests of the small size dampers which would be used in the subsequent shaking table tests were carried out for the study of mechanical properties of NCSLD using electro-hydraulic servo press-shear machine. Processing technology of the damper was improved. Shaking table tests under two-dimensional excitation on structural aseismic control of a one-story structure model were carried out using the small size NCSLD; parameters of the structure and shaking table were also introduced. Results indicate that process improvement is beneficial to the implementation of working mechanism of the damper,NCSLD has full hysteresis loop which takes on bilinearity,NCSLD has obvious energy dissipation effect and it can control structural seismic response effectively.

基于流固耦合的LNG储罐外罐地震响应分析

为研究流固耦合对LNG储罐外罐的地震响应问题,采用振动台试验和数值仿真相结合方法对不同地震波下不同液体高度的LNG储罐进行震动分析。试验结果表明:地震会改变罐体加速度和位移的分布情况,不同地震波和不同液体高度对位移和加速度的放大效应有着不同的影响,在El Centro波、Taft波和SHM2波作用下,流体振荡产生的减震作用和流体压力产生的附加惯性作用能够减小储罐中部的位移,但对加速度有所放大。利用时程分析法对5000m^(3)LNG储罐的位移和环向应力进行地震模拟分析,结果表明:储罐的环向应力呈现出中间大两头小的走势,在罐高的1/4h、1/2h和3/4h上出现极值;位移沿罐高度方向先增加后减少,峰值出现在1/4h、1/3h、1/2h和3/4h处。因此在LNG储罐抗震设计时,应考虑流固耦合效应对结构的影响,在1/4h、1/3h、1/2h和3/4h处的薄弱位置,宜采用增加壁厚、设置阻尼器和钢筋加密等措施增强结构的可靠性和安全性。

地铁车站结构下穿地上建筑物振动台试验研究

为了研究上盖地铁车站结构的地震动力响应规律,开展了相似比1∶40的粉细砂场地振动台试验研究,并对试验过程中加速度、应变和动土压力等指标进行了详细的分析,试验数据表明:(1)随着地震强度的增加,同一监测点的加速度峰值逐渐增大,但加速度的放大系数和变化幅度逐渐减小;(2)土体加速度放大系数最大值位于地表,随着地震强度的增加,加速度放大系数最小值的位置逐渐由模型底部过渡到结构所在位置;(3)模型结构的应变响应随地震强度的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势,应变较大值主要出现在侧墙、中柱与板相交处,尤其是中柱端部位置;(4)地铁车站侧墙跨中的动土压力峰值大于顶部和底部,应适当增大车站中板位置处的侧向刚度或抗变形能力。研究成果可为类似地铁车站结构的抗震设计与分析提供参考依据。

SSI效应对结构地震响应的影响规律研究

SSI效应是影响土体线性、非线性性能以及地震响应的重要因素之一,当土体进入非线性或变形较大时,会引起土体附近结构动力特性发生变化。该文从数值模拟、振动台试验2个方面对国内外现有SSI理论、研究成果等进行总结阐述。对比分析刚性地基和SSI效应作用下不同类别结构的地震响应。结果表明,考虑SSI效应更符合结构实际的震害情况。不同类别的场地对结构动力特性的影响不同,SSI效应对结构抗震性能的影响存在两面性。

可液化地基上桩基基础小高宽比隔震结构体系振动特性试验研究

为研究地基液化对小高宽比隔震结构体系振动特性的影响,通过振动台模型试验再现了桩基基础小高宽比隔震结构体系在液化场地上的地震反应过程,分析了地基液化过程中基础及隔震层振动特性和隔震结构地震响应规律。结果表明:地基液化后小高宽比隔震结构的一阶自振频率较刚性地基时大幅增加,阻尼比较刚性地基时也明显增加;液化地基上隔震层对群桩基础水平向加速度反应起明显的放大作用,隔震效能消失,但隔震层对桩基承台转动角加速度反应起显著的减震作用;液化地基上小高宽比隔震结构楼层加速度峰值放大系数的分布规律与非液化地基上隔震结构相比也具有明显差异,呈现出弯曲放大的特点,隔震结构顶层加速度峰值放大系数增大尤为明显;液化地基上小高宽比隔震结构的最大层间位移反应远超刚性地基上隔震结构在强震作用下的最大层间位移反应,可能导致基于刚性地基假定设计的隔震结构在地基液化时不满足抗震设计要求。

不同截面吊脚柱RC框架结构振动台试验研究

为研究山地吊脚RC框架结构的地震响应特征和抗震性能,设计并制作了一个1∶8缩尺的吊脚RC框架模型。通过振动台试验,对结构模型的破坏现象、动力特性、加速度反应、变形特征、楼层剪力和扭转效应进行了分析。结果表明:吊脚RC框架结构的吊脚层和第2层破坏明显不均匀,吊脚层破坏轻微,且坡顶短柱破坏较早,第2层柱底破坏严重,且破坏程度自坡底柱侧向坡顶柱侧递减,结构破坏主要位于吊脚层以上,最终表现为部分柱铰屈服破坏;激励水平大于罕遇地震时,吊脚层的加速度放大系数大于上部结构,楼层剪力的增大程度相对上部结构也更加显著,吊脚层变形不大,结构的最大层间位移角始终在3~4层;结构的最大层间扭转角随地震强度增加自第2层转移至吊脚层。

一种基床系数计算方法及其在反应位移法中的应用

地下结构抗震分析中对基床系数的取值局限于经验值,没有反映地层在受震过程中的不利变形及土层埋深对基床系数的影响,存在一定计算误差。为考虑土层地震反应和土层埋深的影响,基于非饱和砂土场地振动台模型试验和土层一维剪切梁模型,分析了土层剪应力-位移演变规律,提出了考虑地震响应的非饱和砂土基床系数随土层深度变化的计算方法,结合地下结构抗震分析算例验证了计算方法的合理性和适用性。研究结果表明:土层剪应力-位移滞回结果受地震动频谱特性和输入地震动峰值(PGA)的影响;等效基床系数随土层埋深的增大而增大;提出的基床系数取值方法可以用于改进反应位移法,有效模拟不同埋深处地层对地下结构的约束作用,以动力时程分析为基准,相较于传统反应位移法,改进后的反应位移法在侧墙(误差2.11%)、中柱的弯矩(误差10.69%)、层间位移角(误差0.07%)计算精度上得到了提升。

长周期地震动下考虑SSI效应的层间隔震结构地震响应试验研究

隔震结构在长周期地震动下地震响应强烈,考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI效应)改变了结构的动力特性,导致刚性地基假定设计的隔震结构减震效果与理论结果存在偏差。为此,选取了一栋上部和下部子结构平面和布置相同的的层间隔震建筑,通过振动台试验,探究其在长周期地震动与土-结构相互作用下的动力特性和地震响应规律。结果表明:考虑SSI效应后,塔楼加速度响应有所减小,但随着PGA的增加,长周期地震动下加速度响应的削弱较普通地震动小;楼层位移响应有所放大,隔震层转普通地震动下层间剪力明显减小。双向输入普通地震动会增大刚性地基上底盘的加速度响应,而软土地基上加速度响应可能增大或减小。双向输入长周期地震动会减小软土地基上塔楼的加速度响应,增大刚性地基上底盘的加速度响应,增大楼层层间剪力。

分层土─基础─高层框架结构相互作用体系振动台模型试验研究

本文设计实现了分层土─基础─高层框架结构相互作用体系的振动台模型试验，再现了地震动激励下上部结构和基础的震害现象和砂质粉土的液化现象。通过试验，研究了相互作用体系地震动反应的主要规律：由于动力相互作用的影响，软土地基中相互作用体系的频率小于不考虑结构─地基相互作用的结构频率，而阻尼比则大于结构材料阻尼比；体系的振型曲线与刚性地基上结构的振型曲线明显不同，基础处存在平动和转动。土层传递振动的放大或减振作用与土层性质、激励大小等因素有关，砂土层一般起放大作用，砂质粉土层一般起减振隔振作用；由于土体的隔震作用，上部结构接受的振动能量较小，各层反应均较小。上部结构顶层加速度反应组成取决于基础转动刚度、平动刚度和上部结构刚度的相对大小。

结构-地基动力相互作用体系振动台模型试验研究

本义设计实现了结构－地基动力相互作用体系的振动台试验，通过试验研究了动力相互作用体系的地震动反应的主要规律。由于动力相互作用的影响，软土地基中相互作用体系的频率远小于刚性地基上不考虑结构－地基相互作用的结构频率，而阻尼比则远大于结构材料阻尼比。软土地基对地震动起滤波和隔震作用。由于上部结构的振动反馈，基底地震动与自由场地震动不相同。上部结构柱顶加速度反应主要由基础转动引起的摆动分量组成，平动分量次之，而弹性变形分量很小。桩身应变幅值呈桩顶大、桩尖小的倒三角形分布。桩上接触压力幅值呈桩顶小、桩尖大的三角形分布。试验表明，结构－地基动力相互作用对体系地震反应的影响是很显著的。本试验为验证理论与计算分析的研究成果、改进或提出合理的计算模型和分析方法，提供了丰富的试验数据，为进一步研究奠定了基础。

混合结构体系高层建筑模拟地震振动台试验研究

随着现代建筑高度的不断增加,混合结构体系在超高层建筑中逐步广泛应用,因此对该结构体系在地震作用下的破坏机理和抗震性能展开深入的研究是一项有意义的工作。本文对一混合结构体系复杂超高层建筑进行1/35的模型模拟地震振动台试验,分析模型结构的动力特性和不同烈度地震作用下加速度、位移和应变反应,然后根据相似关系推算出原型结构的动力特性和反应,研究其在各水准地震作用下的破坏机理和破坏形式,最后对原型结构设计提出若干建议。

硬管母线连接的1000kV避雷器和电容电压式互感器抗震性能振动台试验

为研究地震作用下硬管母线连接特高压电气设备之间的动力相互作用,进行了由硬管母线连接的1 000 k V避雷器和电容电压式互感器（CVT）组成的互连耦合结构体系的振动台试验。通过白噪声扫频和抗震试验,测定了设备频率以及关键部位的位移、应变和加速度响应。对比分析等效单体设备与互连耦合结构的地震响应,获得了硬管母线对电气设备地震响应的影响规律。结果表明：与等效单体设备相比,互连耦合结构的设备频率、位移和应变响应均有所降低,可采用在单体设备顶端施加配重的方式来等效简化互连耦合结构;由于硬管母线和滑动金具阻尼耗能的影响,高频互感器设备的地震响应降幅较大,其频率和应变响应的降幅均为21%。互连耦合结构在双向激励下的设备地震响应与单向激励时相比有所放大,放大倍数在1.19~1.22之间。

地铁车站接头结构振动台模型试验及地震响应的三维数值模拟

先简要介绍了地铁车站接头结构振动台模型试验,然后利用有限差分软件FLAC3D对试验进行了三维数值拟合分析。建立的三维数值计算模型包括:计算范围与模型箱尺寸一致,采用Davidenkov模型描述模型土的非线性动力特性,对边界条件采用加速度条件模拟。计算得到了车站结构模型和区间隧道模型的加速度响应、土–结构间的动土压力值以及结构模型的动应变值。计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,验证了建立的数值计算模型是合理的,拟合分析结果是正确的,从而可为建立软土地铁车站结构地震响应的三维计算方法提供基础。

不同土性的地基-结构动力相互作用振动台模型试验对比研究

通过结构-地基动力相互作用(SSI)体系的振动台模型对比试验,研究了不同土性的地基条件对动力相互作用效果和规律的影响。在试验现象方面发现,地基土越软弱,结构沉降和倾斜越大;不同土性条件下结构裂缝形态相似,但土越硬,裂缝出现越早,发展也越严重。在体系动力特性方面发现,SSI体系频率均小于不考虑SSI的结构自振频率,阻尼比大于结构材料阻尼比,但不同土性条件时由于土、基础、结构三者刚度比不同,SSI对动力特性的影响程度和机理存在差异。在地震反应方面发现,土越硬,加速度反应的峰值放大系数越大;加速度反应的主要组成成分和频谱特征是,土较软时以基础转动引起的摆动分量和平动分量为主;土较硬时以结构弹塑性变形分量为主。结果表明在不同地基土性条件下,结构-地基动力相互作用具有相似的规律,但其效果和机理存在差异。

地铁车站结构振动台试验及地震响应的三维数值模拟

利用FLAC3D对典型地铁车站结构振动台模型试验进行三维数值模拟,所建立的计算模型包括:(1)计算区范围与模型箱尺寸一致;(2)采用Davidenkov模型描述模型土的非线性变形特性,而结构模型采用弹性模型;(3)由于不考虑模型箱在振动过程中的变形,因此动力边界条件取为加速度边界;(4)地震荷载的输入与试验时地震波输入一致。计算结果包括模型土和车站结构的加速度响应规律、车站结构的动应变以及土–结构间的动土压力。计算结果与振动台试验结果吻合较好,说明采用的方法能较好地模拟模型土的动力特性,反映车站结构的动力响应及土与地铁车站结构间动力相互作用的规律。该研究工作能为建立典型软土地铁车站结构地震响应的三维计算方法提供基础。