Full-field mapping of internal strain distribution in red sandstone specimen under compression using digital volumetric speckle photography and X-ray computed tomography

It is always desirable to know the interior deformation pattern when a rock is subjected to mechanicalload. Few experimental techniques exist that can represent full-field three-dimensional （3D） straindistribution inside a rock specimen. And yet it is crucial that this information is available for fully understandingthe failure mechanism of rocks or other geomaterials. In this study, by using the newlydeveloped digital volumetric speckle photography （DVSP） technique in conjunction with X-ray computedtomography （CT） and taking advantage of natural 3D speckles formed inside the rock due to materialimpurities and voids, we can probe the interior of a rock to map its deformation pattern under load andshed light on its failure mechanism. We apply this technique to the analysis of a red sandstone specimenunder increasing uniaxial compressive load applied incrementally. The full-field 3D displacement fieldsare obtained in the specimen as a function of the load, from which both the volumetric and the deviatoricstrain fields are calculated. Strain localization zones which lead to the eventual failure of the rock areidentified. The results indicate that both shear and tension are contributing factors to the failuremechanism. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental Study on Volumetric Strain of Rocks in Full Stress-Strain Process

Based on the experimental results in the full stress-strain process of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone,coal, marble by using the advanced experimental equipmeut. This paper studies the characteristics of volumetric strain in the full stress-strain process. The results give out some new knowledge and conclusions and are helpful to the study on rock mechanical properties, constitutive law and strength theory.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

The Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains for Unsaturated Soils

The principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains for rock and soil has been extended to the field of unsaturated soils.Two new interactions of suction-plastic volumetric strain and pore air pressure-plastic volumetric strain appear in the unsaturated state of a soil except the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains.It is very important to find that the suction possesses a dual property,which is the origin of generating its special functions.Thereby the effect of the suction on volumetric strain includes two opposite aspects.By means of this property of suction,the physical significance of effective stress parameter,effects of suction on volume change and preconsolidation pressure,and the mechanism of collapse upon wetting all can be explained.In addition,it is theoretically proved by application of this principle of interaction that the critical state line for unsaturated soils exists,and is unique and independent of the stress history.

Inversion of the Volumetric Strain of Aquifer According to the Tidal Effect of Groundwater in North China

The change of the confined aquifer level reflects the pore pressure change,and the pore pressure change of the aquifer is closely related to the aquifer pressure. This paper uses the tidal response of the well water level data in the North China region to calculate the tidal factor of each well and extract the effective water trend information. Then,the volumetric strain of an existing confined aquifer well in the North China region is inverted,and the contour maps are plotted on a half-year scale from 2009 to 2012. Results show that it can reflect the state of stress and strain in deep crust to a certain extent in the North China region.

Laboratory Test on Volumetric Characteristics of Saturated Sea Sand Under Cyclic Loading

The deformation of sea coast or sandy deposits caused by earthquakes can lead to catastrophic damages to various port structures. The volumetric deformation is mainly induced by densification of sand during the dissipation of excess pore water pressure created by cyclic loading. Based on laboratory test, the reconsolidation volumetric characteristics of saturated sea sand are investigated. The experiments are conducted with a newly developed multi functional triaxial test equipment. Two types of dynamic loads are applied to the samples to clarify different kinds of affecting factors. It is found that the reconsolidation volumetric strain is correlated not only to the excess pore water pressure and the maximum shear strain during the dynamic loading, but also to the effective confining pressure. A new formula is put forward to calculate the volumetric strain during reconssolidation.

库水作用下滑坡土体渗流与蠕变耦合试验研究

水库滑坡变形具有显著的渗流与蠕变耦合效应。为此,采用自主研发的渗流与蠕变耦合三轴试验仪,分别开展了渗流对蠕变的影响以及变形对渗流的影响试验研究,并改进GDS三轴仪完成了高精度控制和量测的渗流与蠕变耦合试验。结果表明:渗流作用下,土样体积变形随时间先逐渐增大后缓慢减小,主要原因是超孔隙水压力导致围压卸荷,使得土样产生回弹变形,但渗透压力持续作用于土体,使得土样体积持续缓慢减小;获取了渗流过程中土样体积的变化结果,分别建立了渗流开始前试样e-k(孔隙比-渗透系数)关系曲线及渗流稳定后试样e-k关系曲线,结果表明考虑变形影响的e-k关系曲线更能反映土体的流固耦合效应。研究成果可望为水库滑坡变形演化预测提供更加科学严密的理论和方法。

基于离散元方法的混合砂土剪切特性细观分析

目的为研究不同成分的砂土剪切破坏时的抗剪强度和体积变形差异。方法采用室内试验与离散元模拟结合的方法,通过建立剪切带PFC2D模型,对剪切过程中单一质砂土和混合砂土细观参数的变化规律进行了研究。结果发现粗砂、细砂、标准砂与混合砂土的剪切带形态、体积应变率等细观参数存在明显差异。结论研究表明:砂土剪切应力大小受颗粒组成影响,表现为砂土剪切应力随粗颗粒含量的增加而增大,混合砂土剪切应力高于与其成分相同的单一质砂土;砂土中颗粒运动以上跨和下跨式为主,颗粒粒径越大运动位移越大,表现为体积应变率越大。砂土剪切时体积应变率受颗粒组成影响,表现为粗砂体积应变率高于标准砂和细砂;混合砂土体积应变率高于与其成分相同的单一质砂土。研究结果可为此类砂土地质结构破坏问题提供理论借鉴。

砂砾土振动体变评价方法与离心机模型试验验证

2008汶川地震出现了砂砾土大范围液化致灾现象,现场震害调查表明砂砾土场地存在砾石效应影响,现有砂土场地的震后沉降评价方法不适用于砂砾土场地。对此,在“张-社本”振动体变评价方法的基础上进一步发展了考虑砾石含量的砂砾土振动体变评价方法,然后开展动三轴试验确定评价方法中的相关参数,最后开展3组典型砾石含量的砂砾土地基离心机振动台模型试验对评价方法的可靠性进行验证。试验结果表明,砾石含量越高,振动引起的场地沉降变形越小;砂砾土振动体变评价方法可以较为准确地预测新近沉积砂砾土场地的震后沉降,但对存在地震历史影响的砂砾土场地,本文提出的评价方法较为保守,建议进一步发展考虑地震历史效应的砂砾土振动体变评价方法。

循环球应力作用下黄土变形特性研究

针对西安某地铁车站基坑Q3原状黄土,开展偏应力恒定的循环球应力加/卸载试验,对不同固结应力与不同动应力幅值条件下原状黄土的轴向变形与体应变发展规律进行分析。结果表明:循环球应力作用下,黄土会产生一定的不可逆塑性变形与可逆弹性变形,其变形增长规律与偏压程度和动应力幅值成正比,与固结应力成反比;轴向变形规律符合Monismith C L幂函数模型,且其模型参数与固结应力条件具有显著的相关性;原状黄土在加载初期体应变累积较明显,之后逐渐趋于稳定;固结应力比对体应变影响较小,固结球应力对体应变发展具有抑制作用,表明浅层土体更容易产生压缩变形。

热−力耦合作用下垃圾土体积变形特性和模型研究

城市生活垃圾填埋场因有机质降解产热导致其内部温度长期高于环境温度,引发工程运维问题。垃圾土温控三轴试验结果发现,温度变化引起的垃圾土体积应变与应力水平有关,且弹性体积应变占比较大,影响以塑性体积应变为硬化参数的弹塑性本构模型研究。在前期试验基础上,采用GDS温控应力路径三轴仪,研究了排水条件下温度对垃圾土中黏土体积变形特性和压缩特性的影响,并与相同条件下垃圾土体积变形特性进行比较,揭示了温度变化对垃圾土体积变形特性的影响机制。基于垃圾土温控三轴试验结果,推导了垃圾土热弹塑性压缩指数λT和热弹性压缩指数κT的确定方法;采用等效应力原则,假设温度变化引起的弹塑性体积应变等于某一等效应力增量引起的弹塑性体积应变,建立了垃圾土在热−力耦合作用下的体变计算模型,并对模型进行了验证分析。研究结果表明,孔隙比是影响垃圾土温度体积应变的主要因素;垃圾土的λT和κT随初始固结应力的增加而减小,比黏土高一个数量级;选取常温下相应固结应力水平的回弹指数κ和压缩指数λ比例值(κ/λ)能够较好地模拟热−力耦合作用下垃圾土的体积变形特性。

加载速率对密砂应力-应变特性影响的试验研究

【目的】砂是一种常见的建筑材料,在水利水电工程、交通、海洋和其他土木工程中应用广泛。在不同的工程应用中,砂土经受不同的加载过程和加载速率。因为加载速率效应,砂在相同幅值荷载作用下产生的变形有一定差异。这项研究旨在深入了解不同应变速率三轴剪切条件下砂的应力应变特性。【方法】采用相对密度为0.9的密砂,开展了一系列三轴固结排水剪切试验,在两种不同围压(750 kPa和2000 kPa)下对试样进行固结后,分别采用三种不同的常应变速率(0.00625%/min,0.0625%/min和0.625%/min)进行应变控制排水剪切。根据试验数据,绘制了应力-应变关系发展曲线,分析了应变速率对砂土偏应力和体积应变演化的影响。【结果】结果表明,在本试验采用的恒定应变速率和围压条件下,密砂在轴向应变约为2%时将发生屈服。屈服前,相同轴应变增量对应的土样偏应力增量和体积应变增量对剪切速率比较敏感,特别是体积应变,即加载应变速率较小时获得的土样剪应力较低,但体积应变(收缩)发展量较大。【结论】在屈服前,砂土的模量随着加载速率的增加而增大;但是屈服后,当加载达到大应变(ε1=15%)条件时,应变率对砂土应力变形的影响不明显。另外,在相同围压下,以不同应变率加载的砂样在加载过程中的应力比(q/p)-偏应变关系呈现出一致性。该研究可以提高对砂土力学特性的认识,并为砂土地基上的结构设计和安全评价提供参考。

饱和珊瑚砂体应变发展模式与预测模型试验研究

珊瑚砂具有较好的排水条件,地震、波浪荷载作用下饱和珊瑚砂产生的排水变形易引起海床和附近结构物的破坏。利用GDS循环三轴仪,针对南沙岛礁饱和珊瑚砂试样进行了一系列循环排水加载试验,以探究细粒含量FC、相对密度D_r及循环应力比CSR对饱和珊瑚砂变形特性的影响。试验结果表明,饱和珊瑚砂的累积体应变ε_(vp)的发展速率和变形程度随FC、CSR的增大而增大,随D_(r)的增大而减小。饱和珊瑚砂ε_(vp)-N关系曲线呈现出循环平稳和循环蠕变两种发展模式。引入潜在破坏系数DP表征FC对ε_(vp)发展模式的影响,建立了DP×CSR-D_(r)框架的饱和珊瑚砂体应变发展模式评价方法。为表征FC及D_(r)对饱和珊瑚砂ε_(vp)-N关系曲线的影响,引入了骨架孔隙比e_(sk)*,发现两种发展模式下ε_(vp-s)与e_(sk)*均存在良好的相关性,遂建立了排水循环加载条件下饱和珊瑚砂的体应变发展模型,可以较好地预测饱和珊瑚砂的累积体应变发展规律。

基于相对结构度的水泥固化压实土力学与变形特性研究

由于胶结作用和孔隙结构的影响,结构性土的力学与变形特性显著区别于重塑土.为了解结构性土的特性,采用人工制备水泥固化压实土,并通过固结试验和固结排水剪切试验对其相对结构度及其衰变规律展开研究.详细分析了胶结作用和初始孔隙比对水泥固化压实土压缩特性与剪切特性的影响,并根据压缩试验结果建立了适用于水泥固化压实土的相对结构度发展式,最后采用所提出的相对结构度发展式对水泥固化压实土的剪切特性进行分析.研究结果表明,相对结构度的衰变速率随着水泥掺量的增大而减小,但初始孔隙比并不影响水泥固化压实土变形过程中相对结构度随塑性体应变的衰变速率;水泥固化压实土的峰值应力与相对结构度有关,并随着相对结构度的降低而减小.

体应变仪传感器更换前后数据关联性分析

从一致性和相关性等方面对宿迁地震监测中心站体应变仪传感器更换前后两组观测资料进行对比分析。研究两组数据之间的关联性发现,新体应变仪观测系统稳定,观测数据可靠,与原体应变仪历史数据具有高度的一致性和相关性。体应变仪传感器更换前后两组数据可作为连续关联系统的整体数据用于该区域地壳应变场研究。

Deformation Characteristics of Hydrate-Bearing Sediments

The safe and efficient development of natural gas hydrate requires a deep understanding of the deformation behaviors of reservoirs.In this study,a series of triaxial shearing tests are carried out to investigate the deformation properties of hydrate-bearing sediments.Variations of volumetric and lateral strains versus hydrate saturation are analyzed comprehensively.Results indicate that the sediments with high hydrate saturation show dilative behaviors,which lead to strain-softening characteristics during shearing.The volumetric strain curves have a tendency to transform gradually from dilatation to compression with the increase in effective confining pressure.An easy prediction model is proposed to describe the relationship between volumetric and axial strains.The model coefficientβis the key dominating factor for the shape of volumetric strain curves and can be determined by the hydrate saturation and stress state.Moreover,a modified model is established for the calculation of lateral strain.The corresponding determination method is provided for the easy estimation of model coefficients for medium sand sediments containing hydrate.This study provides a theoretical and experimental reference for deformation estimation in natural gas hydrate development.

红砂岩平板撞击实验与高压状态方程研究

高压状态方程是研究材料在爆炸冲击作用下破坏机制及冲击波传播规律的基础,岩石高压状态方程在矿山开采、陨石冲击成坑、岩体冲击防护等数值计算方面有着广泛的应用需求。基于二级轻气炮发射平台和光子多普勒测速系统,采用平板撞击研究了红砂岩的Hugoniot冲击关系、高压状态方程和体应变方程。平板撞击实验最低速度为0.88 km/s,最高至1.97 km/s,碰撞产生的最低冲击压力为7.2 GPa,最高冲击压力为19.4 GPa。采用光探针测量岩样的冲击波速度,光子多普勒测速系统记录的自由面质点速度剖面未出现红砂岩的Hugoniot弹塑性转变点,表明在此冲击压力范围内红砂岩为近流体状态。采用最小二乘法对冲击波速度D和质点速度u进行线性拟合,获得红砂岩的冲击Hugoniot参数分别为C_(0)=3.04和λ=1.14。采用三次多项式对红砂岩体应变η与冲击压力P进行非线性拟合,获得红砂岩体应变η与冲击压力P之间的关系式为P=116η-745η^(2)+1845η^(3),非线性拟合系数R=0.993。冲击加载下红砂岩Hugoniot状态方程和体应变方程可为红砂岩岩体爆破、岩体冲击防护等领域的数值计算和工程应用提供基础参考数据。

非均等固结条件下饱和软黏土体应变特性试验研究

研究土料的动力特性对土石坝抗震设计具有指导作用。以卢旺达某水电站心墙黏土为工程依托,开展了一系列复杂初始固结条件下循环排水三轴试验,研究了固结比K_(c)、有效围压σ′_(c)和循环加载剪应变幅值γ_(a)对土体累积体应变ε_(vd)的影响。研究结果表明:小应变幅值循环加载条件下,ε_(vd)与γ_(a)线性相关,相同固结条件下ε_(vd)/γ_(a)发展均具有良好的一致性;σ′_(c)与K_(c)对体应变的影响与土体结构性相关,σ′_(c)与K_(c)越大,相同振次下体应变越小。另外,试验结果表明,Martin等提出的体变增量模型能较好地描述本试验中软黏土的体变发展。

平原M5.5地震前后体应变异常变化分析

徐州地震台体应变观测数据在平原M5.5地震发生前记录到异常现象,该异常一直持续至菏泽M2.6地震发生后恢复正常。异常时段与2次地震的发生高度吻合。对体应变地震前后观测数据采用精度分析、差分分析、体应变分钟值异常分析、小波分析等方法进行处理后认为,徐州台体应变数据的震前异常变化与地震有关。

易县地震台TJ-2体积式应变仪观测资料分析

本文选取易县地震台2020—2022年TJ-2体积式应变仪监测数据,对该时段体应变数据的连续性、完整性、年漂移量、精度进行分析。通过分析自然天气变化、观测系统故障、人为干扰对监测数据的影响,讨论易县地震台TJ-2体积式应变仪的映震能力。研究表明:①易县地震台TJ-2体积式应变仪运行状态良好且监测数据质量较高;②自然天气变化(降雨、气压)是影响易县地震台TJ-2体积式应变仪监测数据的主要干扰因素,并且体应变对气压变化的反应更加灵敏,体应变主测项与气压呈相同趋势性变化;③TJ-2体积式应变仪对全球M_(S)≥7.0以及国内M_(S)≥6.0地震同震响应极其明显,并且震级越大、震中距越近,监测数据曲线同震响应持续时间越长。由于易县地震台TJ-2体积式应变仪安装时间较早,线路老化严重且台站仪器架设电路杂乱,电路干扰情况时有发生,需对仪器供电线路进行优化,有助于提升观测数据的质量。