A FEM-DFN model for the interaction and propagation of multi-cluster fractures during variable fluid-viscosity injection in layered shale oil reservoir

To investigate the height growth of multi-cluster fractures during variable fluid-viscosity fracturing in a layered shale oil reservoir,a two-dimensional finite element method(FEM)-discrete fracture network(DFN)model coupled with flow,stress and damage is proposed.A traction-separation law is used to describe the mixed-mode response of the damaged adhesive fractures,and the cubic law is used to describe the fluid flow within the fractures.The rock deformation is controlled by the in-situ stress,fracture cohesion and fluid pressure on the hydraulic fracture surface.The coupled finite element equations are solved by the explicit time difference method.The effects of the fracturing treatment parameters including fluid viscosity,pumping rate and cluster spacing on the geometries of multifractures are investigated.The results show that variable fluid-viscosity injection can improve the complexity of the fracture network and height of the main fractures simultaneously.The pumping rate of15 m^(3)/min,variable fluid-viscosity of 3-9-21-36-45 mPa s with a cluster spacing of 7.5 m is the ideal treatment strategy.The field application shows that the peak daily production of the application well with the optimized injection procedu re of variable fluid-viscosity fracturing is 171 tons(about 2.85 times that of the adjacent well),which is the highest daily production record of a single shale oil well in China,marking a strategic breakthrough of commercial shale oil production in the Jiyang Depression,Shengli Oilfield.The variable fluid-viscosity fracturing technique is proved to be very effective for improving shale oil production.

Predicting the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Yanchang Formation Chang 7 shale oil reservoir of Ordos Basin, central China

The Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the Ordos Basin is important in China for producing shale oil.The present-day in situ stress state is of practical implications for the exploration and development of shale oil;however,few studies are focused on stress distributions within the Chang 7 reservoir.In this study,the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Chang 7 reservoir was predicted using the combined spring model based on well logs and measured stress data.The results indicate that stress magnitudes increase with burial depth within the Chang 7 reservoir.Overall,the horizontal maximum principal stress(SHmax),horizontal minimum principal stress(Shmin) and vertical stress(Sv) follow the relationship of Sv≥SHmax>Shmin,indicating a dominant normal faulting stress regime within the Chang 7 reservoir of Ordos Basin.Laterally,high stress values are mainly distributed in the northwestern parts of the studied region,while low stress values are found in the southeastern parts.Factors influencing stress distributions are also analyzed.Stress magnitudes within the Chang 7 reservoir show a positive linear relationship with burial depth.A larger value of Young's modulus results in higher stress magnitudes,and the differential horizontal stress becomes higher when the rock Young's modulus grows larger.

Classification of microscopic pore-throats and the grading evaluation on shale oil reservoirs

On the basis of the characterization of microscopic pore-throats in shale oil reservoirs by high-pressure mercury intrusion technique, a grading evaluation standard of shale oil reservoirs and a lower limit for reservoir formation were established. Simultaneously, a new method for the classification of shale oil flow units based on logging data was established. A new classification scheme for shale oil reservoirs was proposed according to the inflection points and fractal features of mercury injection curves: microscopic pore-throats(less than 25 nm), small pore-throats(25-100 nm), medium pore-throats(100-1 000 nm) and big pore-throats(greater than 1 000 nm). Correspondingly, the shale reservoirs are divided into four classes, I, II, III and IV according to the number of microscopic pores they contain, and the average pore-throat radii corresponding to the dividing points are 150 nm, 70 nm and 10 nm respectively. By using the correlation between permeability and pore-throat radius, the permeability thresholds for the reservoir classification are determined at 1.00× 10^(-3) μm^2, 0.40×10^(-3) μm^2 and 0.05×10^(-3) μm^2 respectively. By using the exponential relationship between porosity and permeability of the same hydrodynamic flow unit, a new method was set up to evaluate the reservoir flow belt index and to identify shale oil flow units with logging data. The application in the Dongying sag shows that the standard proposed is suitable for grading evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

Anisotropic dispersion mechanism of inter-salt shale oil reservoir in terrestrial saline lake sediments using cross-band experiments

The rock mechanical properties and elastic anisotropy of terrestrial shale oil reservoirs are affected by various factors,such as lithology,structure,pores,fractures,and fluids.The experimental study of dynamic and static elastic properties can provide important mechanism analysis for the prediction of geological and engineering “sweet spots” in shale reservoirs.There are a large number of studies on the measurement of static mechanical properties of shale,but the experiments on dynamic crossband elastic anisotropy of terrestrial shale have not yet been conducted thoroughly.Therefore,we report the anisotropic dispersion mechanism of favorable lithofacies(lamellar dolomitic shale,with vertical and horizontal bedding) in the inter-salt shale oil reservoir of the Qianjiang Formation for different confining pressures and fluid saturation conditions.The experiments were conducted by the cross-band rock physics measurement technology that comprised low-frequency stress-strain measurements and a high-frequency ultrasonic test.The experimental results indicated that:(1) The elastic property dispersion of the terrestrial shale was stronger than that of marine shale due to the high viscosity of the medium oil in the terrestrial shale.The lamellar structures and interbedded fractures were the main factors that determined the strong anisotropy of the terrestrial shale.(2) The dispersion of elastic properties from low to high frequencies in a partial oil saturation state ranged from strong to weak;the wave-induced fluid flow or intrinsic dissipation of viscoelastic inclusions may be the dominant mechanisms that caused the seismic dispersion.(3) The elastic parameters measured in the direction vertical to the bedding plane had stronger dispersion and pressure sensitivity than those measured in the direction parallel to the bedding plane,and the anisotropy and pressure sensitivity at seismic frequencies were higher than those at the ultrasonic frequencies.(4) Fluid filling reduced the pressure sensitivity of the elastic parameters along the direction vertical to the bedding plane,whereas the opposite trend was observed along the direction parallel to the bedding plane.(5) The anisotropic Gassmann theory could explain the P-wave velocity well at an extremely low frequency,but the prediction of S-and P-wave velocities at a relatively high frequency remained insufficient.Overall,our study can serve as a reliable mechanism reference for the study of frequency-dependent properties of azimuthal anisotropy,and provide important guidance for the seismic prediction of “sweet spots” in shale oil reservoirs.

Control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence:A case study of laminated shale of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

The control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence in different types of reservoir spaces remains unclear.Take the shale oil reservoir of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin as an example,the reservoir space in laminated shale and the control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence were studied by using scanning electron microscope(SEM),multi-stage pyrolysis,quantitative fluorescence,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and other techniques.The results show that there are mainly two types of laminated shale in the Lucaogou Formation,namely laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic,and laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+carbonate.The former type contains feldspar dissolution pores and intergranular pores,mainly with felsic mineral components around the pore-throats,which are water-wet and control the free shale oil.The latter type contains carbonate intercrystalline pores and organic pores,mainly with oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats,which control the adsorbed shale oil.The oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats are conducive to oil accumulation,but reduce the proportion of free oil.In the Lucaogou Formation,free oil,with high maturity and light quality,mainly occurs in the laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic.

Prediction of natural fracture in shale oil reservoir based on R/S analysis and conventional logs

Investigation into natural fractures is extremely important for the exploration and development of low-permeability reservoirs.Previous studies have proven that abundant oil resources are present in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the Ordos Basin,which are accumulated in typical low-permeability shale reservoirs.Natural fractures are important storage spaces and flow pathways for shale oil.In this study,characteristics of natural fractures in the Chang 7 oil-bearing layer are first analyzed.The results indicate that most fractures are shear fractures in the Heshui region,which are characterized by high-angle,unfilled,and ENE-WSW-trending strike.Subsequently,natural fracture distributions in the Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the study area are predicted based on the R/S analysis approach.Logs of AC,CAL,ILD,LL8,and DEN are selected and used for fracture prediction in this study,and the R(n)/S(n)curves of each log are calculated.The quadratic derivatives are calculated to identify the concave points in the R(n)/S(n)curve,indicating the location where natural fracture develops.Considering the difference in sensitivity of each log to natural fracture,gray prediction analysis is used to construct a new parameter,fracture prediction indicator K,to quantitatively predict fracture development.In addition,fracture development among different wells is compared.The results show that parameter K responds well to fracture development.Some minor errors may probably be caused by the heterogeneity of the reservoir,limitation of core range and fracture size,dip angle,filling minerals,etc.

Quantitative characterization of shale pore connectivity and controlling factors using spontaneous imbibition combined with nuclear magnetic resonance T_(2)and T_(1)-T_(2)

Shale oil can be extracted from shale by using interconnected pore networks.The migration of hydrocarbon molecules within the shale is controlled by pore connectivity.However,assessing the pore connectivity of shale oil reservoirs is uncommon.To characterize pore connectivity and clarify its controlling factors,this study used spontaneous imbibition(SI)combined with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)T_(2)and T_(1)-T_(2)technologies on shale oil reservoirs selected from the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin.According to the findings,the SI processes of shales include fast-rising,slow-rising,and stable stages.The fast-rising stage denotes pore connectivity.The shales studied have poor connectivity,with lower imbibition slopes and connected porosity ratios,but large effective tortuosity.During the SI process,micropores have the highest imbibition saturation,followed by mesopores and macropores.Furthermore,n-dodecane ingested into micropores appears primarily as adsorbed,whereas n-dodecane appears primarily as free states in mesopores and macropores during the SI process.The pore connectivity of the shales under study is primarily controlled by inorganic minerals.Quartz and feldspar develop large and regular pores,resulting in better pore connectivity,whereas clay minerals and calcite with plenty of complex intragranular pores do not.Organic matter negatively influences pore connectivity because the dissolution of calcite by organic acid produced during hydrocarbon generation leads to a more complex and heterogeneous pore structure.This study sheds light on the pore connectivity and controlling factors of the shale oil reservoir and aids in the understanding of shale oil mobility.

Reservoir space of the Es_3~3–Es_4~1shale in Dongying sag

The Es33–Es41shales in Dongying sag are source rocks with large reserves of shale oil and gas. For the identification of development characteristics and geological significance of the reservoir space, FMI logging,core observation, thin section analysis, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, atomic force microscopy, and conventional physical property testing were used to study the petrology and reservoir space of the Es33–Es41shale in Dongying sag. The results suggest that the shale is rich in carbonate minerals. Phanerocrystalline stratiform and lamellar argillaceous limestone and calcareous claystone are the oil- and gas-bearing lithofacies. The oil in the micropores is mainly present as membranes and clots. The shale reservoir space has a network structure with veins, carbonate and clay minerals, and micropores among pyrite and the matrix. The results provide the geological framework for future shale oil and gas exploration in Dongying sag.

Exploitation of fractured shale oil resources by cyclic CO_2 injection

With shale oil reservoir pressure depletion and recovery of hydrocarbons from formations, the fracture apertures and conductivity are subject to reduction due to the interaction between stress effects and proppants. Suppose most of the proppants were concentrated in dominant fractures rather than sparsely allocated in the fracture network, the fracture conductivity would be less influenced by the induced stress effect. However, the merit of uniformly distributed proppants in the fracture network is that it increases the contact area for the injection gas with the shale matrix. In this paper, we address the question whether we should exploit or confine the fracture complexity for CO_2-EOR in shale oil reservoirs. Two proppant transport scenarios were simulated in this paper: Case 1—the proppant is uniformly distributed in the complex fracture system, propagating a partially propped or un-propped fracture network; Case 2—the proppant primarily settles in simple planar fractures. A series of sensitivity studies of the fracture conductivity were performed to investigate the conductivity requirements in order to more efficiently produce from the shale reservoirs. Our simulation results in this paper show the potential of CO_2 huff-n-puff to improve oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs. Simulation results indicate that the ultra-low permeability shales require an interconnected fracture network to maximize shale oil recovery in a reasonable time period. The well productivity of a fracture network with a conductivity of 4 mD ft achieves a better performance than that of planar fractures with an infinite conductivity. However, when the conductivity of fracture networks is inadequate,the planar fracture treatment design maybe a favorable choice. The available literature provides limited information on the relationship between fracture treatment design and the applicability of CO_2 huff-n-puff in very low permeability shale formations. Very limited field test or laboratory data are available on the investigation of conductivity requirements for cyclic CO_2 injection in shale oil reservoirs. In the context of CO_2 huff-n-puff EOR, the effect of fracture complexity on well productivity was examined by simulation approaches.

Geological characteristics of shale rock system and shale oil exploration breakthrough in a lacustrine basin:A case study from the Paleogene 1st sub-member of Kong 2 Member in Cangdong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

A deep understanding of the basic geologic characteristics of the fine-grained shale layers in the Paleogene 1 st sub-member of Kong 2 Member(Ek_2~1) in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, is achieved through observation of 140 m continuous cores and systematic analysis of over 1 000 core samples from two wells. Basic geological conditions for shale oil accumulation are proposed based on the unconventional geological theory of oil and gas. The shale rock system mainly developed interbedded formation of felsic shale, calcareous and dolomitic shale and carbonates; high quality hydrocarbon source rock formed in the stable and closed environment is the material base for shale oil enrichment; intergranular pores in analcite, intercrystalline pores in dolomite and interlayer micro-fractures make tight carbonate, calcareous and dolomitic shale and felsic shale effective reservoirs, with brittle mineral content of more than 70%; high abundance laminated shale rock in the lower section of Ek_2~1 is rich in shale oil, with a total thickness of 70 m, burial depth between 2 800 to 4 200 m, an average oil saturation of 50%, a sweet spot area of 260 km^2 and predicted resources of over 5×10~8 t. Therefore, this area is a key replacement domain for oil exploration in the Kongdian Formation of the Cangdong sag. At present, the KN9 vertical well has a daily oil production of 29.6 t after fracturing with a 2 mm choke. A breakthrough of continental shale oil exploration in a lacustrine basin is expected to be achieved by volume fracturing in horizontal wells.

川中侏罗系自流井组大安寨段页岩油储层特征及其勘探启示

为进一步指导四川盆地侏罗系自流井组大安寨段页岩油的勘探与开发,亟需理清页岩油的有利赋存岩相。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、高压压汞、核磁共振、岩石热解等实验,分析大安寨段页岩层系不同岩相的储集空间类型、孔隙结构特征及含油性。结果表明,大安寨段主要发育块状(泥质)介壳灰岩、层状泥质介壳灰岩、层状介壳页岩、纹层状含介壳页岩、块状含介壳黏土质页岩和页理状含粉砂黏土质页岩6类岩相;页岩物性远优于介壳灰岩,且随着灰质含量的增加孔径逐渐增大,但总孔体积和总连通体积逐渐减小;大安寨段页岩层系平均游离油(S1)值为1.31 mg/g,含油性中等,页理状含粉砂黏土质页岩与纹层状含介壳页岩S1值较高,分别为2.37 mg/g与1.82 mg/g。页理状含粉砂黏土质页岩和纹层状含介壳页岩的储集性较好、含油性较高,两者构成的岩相组合可作为大安寨段页岩油的重点勘探对象。

济阳页岩油开发“三元”储渗理论技术与实践

基于济阳坳陷页岩油储层上万米岩心资料与60余口水平井的开发实践,提出济阳页岩油“储元”、“缝元”、“压元”的“三元”储渗理论。“三元”协同支撑济阳页岩油的富集高产:“储元”控制页岩油的富集,咸化湖盆无机孔-缝及灰-泥优质纹层组构发育利于页岩油储集,高生烃能力、高游离烃含量为高产提供物质基础;“缝元”控制页岩油的渗流,天然裂缝为页岩油的运移和聚集提供渗流通道,压裂改造缝沟通天然裂缝形成复杂缝网,为高产提供渗流基础;“压元”控制页岩油的高产稳产,高地层压力为油气运聚提供原始动力,压裂增能可进一步提高岩石及流体弹性能,强化孔缝原油渗吸置换,减缓应力敏感性,为长期稳产提供能量基础。基于“三元”储渗理论,形成了以立体井网优化、立体均衡压裂、全周期优化调控为核心的立体开发技术,有效指导了现场生产实施,为济阳页岩油规模化效益开发提供技术支撑。

东营凹陷沙河街组页岩中纹层状亮晶方解石成因与储集意义

济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系沙四段上亚段、沙三段下亚段是胜利油田页岩油的主要分布层位,发育富灰型、混积型、富长英质型3种页岩储层类型,其中富灰型页岩最为发育。富灰型页岩中亮晶方解石纹层发育段具有良好的储集性、含油性、渗透性、可压性特征,在牛庄、民丰、利津等洼陷多口水平井获得峰值日产油超百吨的良好效果。利用普通薄片、阴极发光、包裹体分析、同位素地球化学分析以及氩离子抛光扫描电镜等测试手段,分析了纹层状亮晶方解石的成因机制及其储集意义。结果表明,纹层状亮晶方解石分为重结晶的晶粒方解石纹层和生排烃形成的纹层状亮晶方解石脉。重结晶的晶粒方解石纹层是湖泊自生沉淀的泥晶方解石纹层在早成岩阶段原地重结晶形成的,其形成过程与浅埋藏期硫酸盐细菌还原作用密切相关,方解石晶体呈粒状,形态不规则,纹层厚度稳定,分布连续;纹层状亮晶方解石脉的形成则与有机质热演化成熟时期的生排烃密切相关,有机酸溶解了页岩中的泥晶方解石形成富碳酸盐流体,这些流体在生烃压力的作用下顺纹层间裂缝运移后再次结晶沉淀形成方解石脉体,纹层相对较厚,呈透镜状,平面上断续分布。2种亮晶方解石纹层中广泛发育层间缝(层理缝)、晶间缝和晶间孔、溶蚀孔,宏孔占比高,连通性好。亮晶方解石纹层与富有机质泥质纹层呈“层偶状”频互层,构成富有机质纹层状亮晶泥质灰页岩、富有机质纹层状亮晶灰质泥页岩2种岩相类型,“源储”一体,页岩品质好,是济阳页岩油富灰型页岩中最为有利的岩相类型。

苏北盆地古近系阜宁组二段页岩油储层岩石力学特征及其控制因素

为查明苏北盆地页岩油储层可压性特征及压后孔、缝变化规律,以古近系阜宁组二段(阜二段)为研究对象,对岩石力学特征、压裂效果及其影响因素进行研究。用计算机高分辨断层扫描成像技术(多尺度CT扫描)对岩样进行三维重构,获取孔、缝结构参数;开展地层围压下三轴力学实验,获取岩石力学参数;将压裂后的岩样按相同位置和方向再次进行多尺度CT扫描,获取压裂后三维孔、缝结构图像。根据应力-应变曲线特征,将本区页岩划分为3种类型。①1型页岩,为破裂曲线波浪下降,压后形成复杂网状缝页岩。②2型页岩,为破裂曲线类型多样,具波浪下降和垂直下降形状,压后缝网较发育的页岩。③3型页岩,为破裂曲线垂直下降,破裂后整体较完整,压后多形成纵向劈裂缝、缝网不发育的页岩。这3种类型页岩压后孔隙变化特征是:1型和2型页岩直径10~50μm孔隙占比减少,直径50~100μm孔隙增多,直径300μm以上孔隙孔容贡献增大;3型页岩压裂前、后孔径分布及孔容贡献变化不明显。研究表明,抗压强度与弹性模量、剪切模量具有正相关关系,与泊松比具有V型曲线关系;碳酸盐和黏土矿物含量是控制本区页岩力学性质的主要因素,石英和有机碳含量为次要因素。孔隙度及纹层发育特征是页岩储层可压性特征的重要影响因素。

页岩数字岩心重构与水力压裂数值试验

为了实现对深部页岩油储层水力裂缝扩展规律的精细研究,以吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组陆相页岩油储层下甜点主要油层段为研究对象,对3684.62~3705.70 m深度范围内的20组页岩样品进行扫描并构建数字岩心,开展水力压裂数值试验.试验获得了各模型的破裂压力和水力裂缝扩展路径.结果表明:破裂压力随孔隙度的增加而降低,随着脆性矿物体积分数的增加而增加,和石英体积分数呈现较明显的线性关系.水力裂缝在孔隙位置起裂,连通独立的孔隙区域并沿着贯通的孔隙区域继续扩展.在远离孔隙区域时,水力裂缝主要沿垂直于最小主应力方向延伸.水力裂缝的复杂程度均随石英体积分数和孔隙度的增加而增加,但也会受到矿物分布形态的影响.当石英体积分数或孔隙度较高且呈现大面积连通分布时,水力裂缝的扩展受到抑制,水力压裂的增渗改造效果较弱.

鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油储层前置CO_(2)压裂流体分布特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油储层为对象,基于油藏数值模拟软件CMG-GEM及GOHFER,研究了CO_(2)注入量、闷井时间、储层水平/垂直渗透率比值、双水平井射孔压裂方式对流体分布的影响。结果表明:水平和垂直方向渗透率的差异性导致CO_(2)在水平方向波及范围较大,注入量对波及长度影响更为敏感,该研究条件下注入量为140 m^(3)时邻段水平波及范围出现交汇,可认定为最优注入量;延长闷井时间可增大CO_(2)波及范围,但注入量的影响程度更大,建议通过调节注入量来控制波及范围;水平/垂直渗透率比对CO_(2)波及范围影响较大,比值越大水平方向波及越广、垂向波及范围越窄,呈扁平状分布;对比双水平井拉链式与同步式射孔压裂,其中拉链式射孔压裂有助于提升CO_(2)波及范围,有利于油气开发。研究可为页岩油储层前置CO_(2)压裂工艺参数优化设计提供理论指导。

松辽盆地页岩油藏可动油特征研究

针对松辽盆地青山口组一段页岩油藏19块岩样,开展高速离心和核磁共振实验,建立储层可动油评价方法,揭示目标页岩油藏可动油特征;结合高压压汞实验和扫描电镜实验,从孔隙结构角度分析目标油藏可动油特征的原因。结果表明:随着渗透率降低,实验岩心T 2谱右峰比例减少,可动油变少。区块一岩心可动油百分数平均17.88%,区块二岩心可动油百分数平均14.56%;不同渗透率岩心均含有一定量微米级渗流通道,两区块岩心中微米喉/缝控制的可动油分别为9.34%和5.7%;0.10~1.0μm喉道控制的可动油比例较低,区块一平均为4.05%,区块二平均为3.22%;小于0.1μm喉道控制的可动油比例区块一为4.49%,区块二为5.64%。区块一大于1.0μm喉道控制的可动油比区块二更高,区块二小于0.1μm喉道控制的可动油比例较高。高压压汞表明,目标页岩油储层有一定比例较大喉道发育,但基质喉道总体非常小,主要喉道分布在5~30 nm,6块岩心平均喉道半径为30 nm,储层喉道分布和可动油分布有很好的一致性,喉道分布特征决定了可动油的分布特征。扫描电镜结果表明:目标页岩油藏基质致密、喉道小,多数孔隙呈孤立状,部分储层发育裂缝隙、间裂缝等微裂缝,非均质性强;储层发育一定比例微裂缝,因此离心力较小时能驱出一定量的原油,但储层基质整体致密,喉道小,导致其总可动油比例较低。

四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组陆相页岩油气地质特征

四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组发育东岳庙段和大安寨段两套富有机质页岩层系,主要为湖相沉积的页岩夹粉砂岩、介壳灰岩。基于页岩、介壳灰岩和粉砂岩之间的组合特征,自流井组共识别出3类7种岩相组合类型。页岩有机质丰度中等,有机质类型以Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2型为主,热演化程度中等,油气共存。页岩储集空间既有无机孔,也有有机质孔,局部发育微裂缝。自流井组页岩中无机矿物与有机质、有机质与有机质孔的配置关系控制着页岩源—储配置的有效性,在较高的演化程度下,随着TOC的增大有机质孔隙度增大,页岩的源—储配置关系变好。刚性矿物稳定支撑格架下保存的固体沥青个体大,内部有机质孔数量多、孔径大;黏土矿物不稳定支撑格架下保存的沥青呈长条形,内部的有机质孔孔径较小。基于页岩层系不同岩性源—储耦合条件评价结果,页岩的源—储耦合条件明显优于夹层,源—储耦合条件好的优质页岩层段是页岩油气的甜点层段,其中黏土质页岩最好,(含)介壳灰质页岩、(含)粉砂质页岩为次;介壳灰岩和粉(细)砂岩夹层不具备烃源条件且储集条件差,只能与相邻的富有机质页岩形成近源聚集体系。

柴达木盆地英雄岭页岩岩相特征及有利源储组合

柴达木盆地英雄岭页岩油具有良好的形成与富集条件,石油资源量可达44.5×10^(8) t,但英雄岭页岩油纵向分布厚度大(>1000m),页岩岩相及岩相组合变化较大,给页岩油的有效勘探开发带来了巨大挑战。以英雄岭页岩典型井柴2-4、柴906、柴12等12口井578m岩心为研究对象,开展岩石学、有机地球化学和储层特征分析。研究表明,英雄岭页岩混积特征明显,矿物组成以方解石、白云石和黏土矿物为主;沉积构造以厚度小于1cm的纹层为主。根据“二元”命名原则,可将研究区内页岩岩相划分为5类,包括纹层状灰云岩、纹层状云灰岩、层状灰云岩、层状云灰岩、纹层状黏土质页岩。通过对各类岩相有机地球化学和储集性能综合评价,认为纹层状云灰岩为最优烃源岩相类型,层状灰云岩为最优储层相类型,储集空间主要为白云石晶间孔。甜点综合评价结果和生产实践证实,层状灰云岩与纹层状云灰岩互层为最有利的源储组合模式,各甜点段平面上连通性较好,纵向上具有较强的非均质性。

松辽盆地古龙凹陷白垩系青山口组页岩油储层中微米孔缝特征及油气意义

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、电子背散射、二次成像及能谱分析等多种实验手段,对松辽盆地古龙凹陷白垩系青山口组页岩油储层中的微米孔和微米缝进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)古龙凹陷页岩油储层岩性为以页岩为主的细粒碎屑岩,矿物成分以黏土和长英质为主,在结构上显示出泥岩或页岩的特点,整体为长英质页岩;储层中微米孔、缝发育,类型多样。(2)研究区微米孔直径一般为1~2μm,最大可达70μm,多呈近圆形、扁圆形、多角形和不规则形,按成因可分为压实应力屏蔽孔、成岩自生孔、溶蚀孔、生排烃扩张孔、有机质孔和硅藻残留孔6类;压实应力屏蔽孔多发育在刚性矿物的两侧;成岩自生孔常发育在白云石、绿泥石、伊利石等成岩自生矿物中,以晶间孔为主;溶蚀孔多发育在碳酸盐矿物中,内部可见次生菌丝状絮凝体;生排烃扩张孔多呈垂直或近垂直成列产出,与轻质油形成的二次生烃和排烃有关;有机质孔发育在有机质内部,与植物的残留细胞及轻质油和天然气的充填有关;硅藻残留孔主要发育在硅藻内部和边缘,孔径较大,一般为数微米至数十微米。(3)研究区微米缝以顺层为主,宽一般为1~10μm,最大可达100μm,长主要为数微米至数十微米,可见毫米级;可分为成岩收缩缝、溶蚀缝、生排烃扩张缝和构造/剪切缝4类,成岩收缩缝以张性缝为主,缝弯曲,缝壁参差不齐;溶蚀缝宽度可达60~70μm,裂缝内可见自生黏土,缝两侧有黄铁矿、磷灰石和白云石等自生矿物;生排烃扩张缝两侧多锯齿状参差不齐,绕过刚性矿物;构造/剪切微米缝一般平直,有与剪切相关的其他裂缝伴生。(4)研究区不同尺度的孔、缝之间连通性较好,形成了“纳米孔+纳米缝、微米孔+微米缝、毫米孔+毫米缝”三级储集和输导体系。