Ground fissure development regularity and formation mechanism of shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform in Jiaozi coal mine: a case study

A comprehensive study was undertaken at Jiaozi coal mine to investigate the development regularity of ground fissures in shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform,shedding light on the development type,geographical distribution,dynamic development process,and failure mechanism of these ground fissures by employing field monitoring,numerical simulation,and theoretical analysis.The findings demonstrate that ground fissure development has an obvious feature of subregion,and its geographical distribution is significantly affected by topography.Tensile type,open type,and stepped type are three different categories of ground fissure.Ground fissures emerge dynamically as the panel advances,and they typically develop with a distance of less than periodic weighting step distance in advance of panel advancing position.Ground fissures present the dynamic development feature,temporary fissure has the ability of self-healing.The dynamic development process of ground fissure with closed-distance coal seam repeated mining is expounded,and the development scale is a dynamic development stage of“closure→expansion→stabilized”on the basis of the original development scale.From the perspective of topsoil deformation,the computation model considering two points movement vectors towards two directions of the gob and the ground surface is established,the development criterion considering the critical deformation value of topsoil is obtained.The mechanical model of hinged structure of inclined body is proposed to clarify the ground fissure development,and the interaction between slope activity and ground fissure development is expounded.These research results fulfill the gap of ground fissures about development regularity and formation mechanism,and can contribute to ground fissure prevention and treatment with Karst landform.

Mechanism of Mining-induced Slope Movement for Gullies Overlaying Shallow Coal Seams

This paper provides an improved understanding of the movement mechanisms of both bed-rock gully and sandy soil gully when underground mining occurs underneath,followed by systematic analysis of the contributing factors such as mining advance direction,gully slope angle,gully erosion coefficient and mining height.This paper presents the results from monitoring,theoretical analyses and up to date modeling based on the geological features in the gully affected area,and the implications of these results to the success of roof support trial.It was observed that when mining occurred towards the gully,sliding of slope block along the fracture surface occurred,which resulted in unstable roof condition;when mining progressed away from the gully,polygon blocks developed in the gully slope and rotated in reversed direction forming hinged structure;within the bed-rock slope,the hinged structure was unstable due to shear failure of the polygon block;however,within the sandy soil slope,the structure was relatively stable due to the gradual rotating and subsiding of the polygon block.The increase of the value of slope angle and mining height lead to a faster and more intensive fracture development within the gully slope,which had a pronounced effect on gully slope stability and underground pressure.Various remediation approaches are hence proposed in this paper including introducing more powerful support and reasonable mining height,setting up working face along or away from gullies,using room and pillar,strip mining and backfill instead of longwall mining.

Simulation research on the influence of eroded primary key strata on dynamic strata pressure of shallow coal seams in gully terrain

In Huojitu Coal Mine of Shendong mining area, the dynamic strata pressure (DSP) accidents occurred when the working faces passed the gully terrain. Focusing on this problem, we used physical simulation experimental method to thoroughly study the influence of eroded overlying primary key strata (PKS) in the gully terrain on DSP of shallow coal seams in this paper. The result show that when mining activities took place in the uphill section of shallow coal seams in gully terrain and the PKS were eroded, the blocks could not form stable bond-beam structures since the horizontal force of PKS blocks in adjacent sloping surfaces were relatively small. The sliding instability of blocks caused rapid increase of the load on the sub-key strata (SKS) blocks, which resulted into coal slide and roof fall as well as sharp drop of active columns. This led to DSP phenomenon. When the PKS blocks were intact, there was no DSP phenomenon to enable blocks provide certain horizontal force to maintain stable bond-beam structure. The simulation results were verified by the mining practices of working face 21306 crossing the gully terrain in the Huojitu Coal Mine.

Fracture mechanics model of fully mechanized top coal caving of shallow coal seams and its application

Based on break characteristics of roofs in fully mechanized top-coal mining of thick shallow coal seams, a fracture mechanics model was built, and the criterion of crack propagation in the main roof was derived using the fracture mechanics theory. The relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were discovered, and the correlations between the load on the overlying strata and the ratio of the crack's length to the thickness of the roof were obtained. Using a working face of Jindi Coal Mine, Xing county Shanxi province as an example, the relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were analysed in detail. The results give a design basis in hydraulic top coal caving supports, which could provide useful references in the practical application. On-site experiment proves that the periodic weighting step interval of the caving face is 15–16 m, which is basically consistent with the theoretical analysis results, and indicates that the mechanized caving hydraulic support is capable of meeting the support requirements in the mining of a super-thick but shallowly buried coal seam.

Characteristics and stability of slope movement response to underground mining of shallow coal seams away from gullies

Underground pressure is abnormal during mining of shallow coal seams under gullies. We studied gully slope movements, subject to underground mining, with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The rules disclose that the slope rock slides horizontally in response to mining in the direction of gullies and rotates reversely with the appearance of a polygon block in mining away from gullies. We focused our attention on the case of mining away from a gully. We built a mechanical model in terms of a polygon block hinged structure and investigated the variation of horizontal thrust and shear force at the hinged point in relation to the rotation angle under different fragmentations. The Sliding-Rotation instability conditions of the polygon block hinged structure are presented based on the analyses of sliding instability and rotation instability. These results can serve as a theoretical guide for roof control during mining away from gullies in a coalfield defined by gullies.

Underground pressure characteristics analysis in back-gully mining of shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope

We studied underground pressure and its mechanism during back-gully mining in a shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope,by means of physical simulation,numerical modeling and field monitoring.The results show that the intensity of underground pressure is related to its relative position at the coalface.The underground pressure is intensive and the support resistance reaches a maximum when the coalface is at the bottom of the gully,whereas the underground pressure is moderate and decreases gradually when the coalface passes the gully.The mechanism of these changes is analyzed when the slope rotated in a reversed direction to the slope dip during back-gully mining and form an unstable,multilateral block hinged structure,due to slipping.The subsidence of multilateral blocks is considerable when the block fragmentation is small,resulting in enormous changes in the underground pressure.With an increase in the mass of the block body,the block displacement will be reduced in conjunction with an increased clamp effect by both the unbroken rocks and broken rocks in the goaf,resulting in a decrease of the underground pressure.

Research on downward crack closing of clay aquiclude in shallow coal seam safety mining

The water resisting property of aquiclude is the key factor of water conservation and safety mining, and the mining induced cracks in aquiclude is major factor of water resisting property. The aquiclude is composed by loess layer and red clay layer in Yushuwan Coal Mine, and the water reaction property of clay and loess of aquiclude was tested by soil mechanics method. The permeability coefficient of the loess is 0.856 m/d and the clay is 0.434 m/d. The dilatability coefficient of the loess is 16.1% and the clay is 14.6%. Through physical solid-liquid simulation with whole stress-stain similarity, the distribution of ＂downward crack zone＂ and ＂upward crack zone＂ was found to be the major factor of aquiclude stability. The downward crack closing length is about 30% of the downward crack length. The expanding of clay and loess with water are principal factors of downward crack closing. At last, the mechanical model of downward crack closing was constructed, and the criterion of crack closing was put forward at all. This work will provides the theoretical base for aquiclude stability research and safety mining in shallow seam.

富水沟谷区浅埋煤层导水裂隙演化特征

富水沟谷区域下浅埋煤层赋存条件特殊,采场上覆岩层导水裂隙发育演化特征复杂。为了揭示沟谷区浅埋煤层在回采扰动作用下覆岩裂隙演化规律,以朱家峁煤矿1305-2工作面过沟谷区回采阶段为工程背景,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟与现场效果验证的方法,建立了覆岩裂隙−渗流场概念模型,开展了覆岩结构发育与微震能量演化研究,分析了覆岩变形与塑性破坏分布特征,提出了针对沟谷区下浅埋煤层导水裂隙防治措施,并应用于现场工程实践。结果表明:开采扰动下裂隙−渗流场模型呈“梯台”结构,并依次划分为初渗区域、稳渗区域、紊渗区域3个区域;将所研究矿井的工况数据代入模型结构,计算出各个渗透区域范围,并根据计算结果对矿井的稳渗区域采取注浆措施。工作面回采至沟谷区段,覆岩裂隙域形态呈现“拱形-梯形-复合梯形”的扩展演化特征,裂隙纵向发育高度达到163 m,并与沟谷区地表贯通。随工作面推进,地表裂隙依次经历“滑移-挤压-撕裂”过程;沟谷区域位移云图呈现出滞后开采“高位梯形”破断形态,在沟底处下沉位移最大,达3.47 m。针对开采导致的裂隙大范围扩展贯通,提出在地面进行采动裂缝注浆处理,在工作面上覆岩层进行注浆封堵,实现过沟谷区开采“井上−井下”联合防治,保证安全开采。该研究结果可为浅埋煤层的过沟谷区开采、采动裂隙防治及富水区“保水采煤”提供新的科学依据。

近浅埋多层厚硬顶板大采高综放工作面矿压显现规律研究

针对榆神矿区近浅埋多层厚硬顶板条件下,“大周期”来压支架立柱下缩量大、煤柱应力集中系数高、稳定性差等强矿压问题,采用了数值计算、微震和煤体应力监测等技术手段,对覆岩破断运动及工作面来压规律进行了分析研究,结果表明:覆岩破断运动上,多层厚硬顶板较大的“垂向离层空间”和“自下而上”的顺次交替垮落孕育了顶板“高+低层位组合破断”的时空基础;“高低层位顶板组合破断”是“大周期”来压增强的关键诱因;同时,煤柱应力的时空演化受控于多层厚硬顶板的破断垮落。矿压显现上,工作面“大周期”立柱下缩量平均可达945 mm,持续距离12.10 m,并可由2~5次连续强来压组成;巷道煤柱应力集中系数达到1.80~2.30,影响范围为工作面前方126 m至后方471.3 m,具有明显的“高强度、大范围、长上升期”特点。针对该条件下的强矿压防治,分别提出了“弱化低位顶板、优化破断结构”和“弱化高位顶板、改变破断次序”的技术思路,并取得的了较好的应用效果。

浅埋极薄煤层无煤柱开采覆岩运移与地表损伤特征研究

为了探究浅埋极薄煤层切顶卸压无煤柱开采与常规留煤柱开采覆岩运移与地表损伤区别,以子长矿区浅埋极薄煤层为背景,基于关键层理论,得到了硬岩破断距及覆岩的垮落高度临界值的计算公式,结合3DEC数值模拟及现场试验,对比分析了无煤柱开采与留煤柱开采条件下浅埋极薄煤层覆岩运移破断及地表损伤特征,确定了极薄煤层覆岩两带高度。结果表明:当工作面回采达到60 m时,两带发育高度基本稳定,当大于60 m时,工作面后方覆岩裂隙由开裂逐渐闭合,裂隙区随工作面回采向前方移动,两带高度稳定在24.6~27.7 m;相较于常规留煤柱开采,切顶留巷无煤柱开采方式下覆岩呈连续移动变形,可有效修复煤层开采工作面两侧非连续移动变形导致的覆岩裂隙及地表损伤裂缝,消除了常规留煤柱开采方式下相邻工作面间区段煤柱两侧覆岩裂隙,现场观测较好地验证了该结果。

鸡西矿区浅埋煤层矿井地应力分布规律研究

为探究鸡西矿区浅埋煤层矿井地应力分布规律,采用水压致裂法在4座代表性矿井的23个测点开展地应力测试,分析了岩性对矿区地应力场分布规律的影响。结果表明:测试矿井垂直主应力比最大水平主应力要小,水平应力占地应力主要部分,构造应力场特征显著;无超高地应力场区,低、中及高地应力场区均有分布,以低及中等地应力场区为主;水平主应力总体上与埋深呈正相关关系,最小水平主应力与埋深相关性相较最大水平主应力要差;侧压比处于1.16~5.28范围且全部超过1,随埋深增加,侧压比整体逐渐减小,但离散性加强;随着埋深增加,最大、最小主应力相对差值有增大趋势,水平主应力差比逐渐接近0.5,矿井不同开采水平水平主应力差均较大。该研究成果对于鸡西矿区浅埋煤层矿井采掘工程设计及围岩控制具有重要的指导意义。

浅埋煤层房采破坏区充填复采技术研究与应用

针对浅埋煤层前期开采遗留的大量房采破坏区严重影响现阶段工作面正常开采的问题,以五家沟煤矿5-1号煤层15301工作面的赋存情况和开采条件为研究背景,采用煤矿探巷机器人和机载三维激光扫描系统,探查出靠近15301辅运巷道三个房采区的情况,对房采破坏区失稳机理进行研究,确定了破坏区支护强度,通过对充填材料不同配比实验,同时结合填充效果的探查结果,提出了安全快速通过充填区技术。研究与实践表明:当破坏区支护强度P_(k)≥2.1 MPa时,可避免房采破坏区失稳;确定了满足五家沟煤矿充填的主体材料为充填料Ⅰ,其中,水泥、粉煤灰掺入比例为3∶7,水灰比为1∶(0.8~1.2);对房采区进行充填后,利用安全快速通过充填区技术,顺利完成了15301工作面房采破坏区充填复采,取得了良好的技术与经济效益,为类似条件下的浅埋煤层开采提供技术借鉴。

浅埋近煤层群采动“三区”漏风裂隙场时空演化规律数值模拟

浅埋近煤层群采动下,地面采空区工作面“三区”之间易形成连通的漏气通道引发工作面低氧和采空区煤自燃,如何厘清采动效应下浅埋煤层群“三区”漏气通道的时空分布演化规律是有效防控煤自燃和低氧的关键。以陕煤柠条塔煤矿S1232工作面为研究背景,采用理论与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了单一煤层、复合煤层重复开采下覆岩破坏特征,分析了煤层间距与采厚对裂隙二次发育的影响规律。结果表明:浅埋近煤层群开采下上覆岩层裂隙仅存在垮落带与裂缝带,主关键层破断后裂缝带快速发育至地表,关键层周期破断控制地表裂隙周期生成与下沉;上煤层裂隙密度发育由原始阶段先后经历快速增长、稳定和二次增长3个阶段;随采厚增大,各区间裂隙密度增大,大裂隙发育更充分,裂隙宽度整体增大;随煤层间距增大,小于0.2 m的裂隙宽度随采厚增大,且增加的速度逐渐加快,大于0.2 m的裂隙宽度随采厚增大,但增加速度逐渐变缓;采厚相同时,裂隙宽度大于0.2 m的裂隙密度随着煤层间距的增大逐渐减小。

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采强矿压显现规律

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采容易发生强矿压压架事故,严重影响工作面安全高效开采。以榆家梁煤矿43207工作面和石圪台煤矿2^(-2上)102及2^(-2上)103工作面为背景,采用理论分析、物理模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,根据间隔岩层厚度和煤柱应力传递影响角,提出了过煤柱阶段划分判据,重点分析了不同间采比G、水力压裂程度条件下,过平行煤柱不同阶段的矿压显现特征。结果表明:由于上覆遗留煤柱及倒梯形覆岩结构的作用,导致煤柱影响阶段来压时支架平均载荷最大,进煤柱阶段次之,出煤柱阶段最小,强矿压位置主要集中在出煤柱影响阶段范围;间采比越小,工作面过煤柱采动期间来压时支架平均载荷越大,间采比G=5.5较G=10在进煤柱阶段、煤柱影响阶段和出煤柱阶段分别增大14.6%、14.2%和23.5%,动载效应越明显;间采比对周期来压步距影响不大,总体上煤柱影响阶段的周期来压步距是进出煤柱阶段的1.6~2倍,周期来压步距越大造成顶板悬伸长度增大,导致工作面来压时支架载荷明显。根据过煤柱阶段不同水力压裂范围的矿压规律分析,压裂后的支架平均载荷较未压裂减小11.2%~15%,来压步距减小7.8%~20.3%,水力压裂效果较明显,可有效地降低工作面过煤柱采动的强矿压风险,为类似开采条件的强矿压控制提供借鉴意义。

浅埋近距离煤层群工作面支架选型技术研究

为了确保浅埋近距离煤层群工作面的安全高效开采,以陕西神木矿区锟源煤矿近距离2-2煤采空区下,3-1煤工作面开采作为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和相似模拟的研究方法,分析近距离煤层上层煤开采后,下分层3-1煤工作面开采时工作面支架的合理支护强度。理论计算工作面支架支护强度为0.695 MPa,数值模拟3-1煤工作面支架支护强度为0.4~0.77 MPa,相似模拟3-1煤工作面支架支护强度为0.45~0.78 MPa,该工作面工作阻力大于7 435 kN,与现场实测数据相吻合。由此表明,现有支架选型不满足支护要求,选用支护阻力为8 200 kN的液压支架可满足工作面支护要求。该研究补充了在浅埋近距离煤层群开采情况下工作面支架选项技术研究,为神木地区浅埋近距离煤层群的安全高效回采提供了理论依据。

浅埋煤层工作面回采巷道支护设计及参数优化

针对浅埋煤层支护强度不合理的问题,以某矿浅埋煤层工作面地质条件为工程背景,通过理论计算获得巷道初步支护方案,进一步运用数值模拟技术进行巷道支护参数优化,并验证了巷道的稳定性。结果表明,锚杆为∅18 mm×2100 mm,间排距1100 mm×1200 mm,锚索为∅15.24 mm×6500 mm,沿巷道中线布置1列,排距为3300 mm时,在保证支护效果的情况下,回采巷道整体上围岩变形和破坏范围较小,更有利于保障矿井生产安全,提高经济效益。研究成果可为合理设计浅埋巷道支护方案提供经验借鉴。

浅埋近距离煤层开采覆岩裂隙发育规律与影响因素

通过统计浅埋近距离煤层开采实例,研究顶部单一煤层及下煤层重复采动的覆岩裂隙发育规律及其影响因素。单一煤层开采裂采比为8.61~32.50,主要在15.00~30.00之间,覆岩裂隙发育高度与煤层采高呈正相关。下煤层重复采动,间隔岩层完全破断后,上覆岩层裂隙活化发育更为剧烈,裂采比与单一煤层开采相比减小,覆岩裂隙发育高度受埋深影响不明显,主要随2煤层综合采厚的增大而增大。此外,随煤层间距增加,覆岩裂隙发育高度呈降速增大。

浅埋近距煤层群开采覆岩三带发育特征分析

研究浅埋近距离煤层群开采的覆岩三带规律对于指导矿井下行安全开采有着至关重要的作用。为了研究上、下煤层开采过程中覆岩层的破坏规律,根据韩家湾煤矿现场实际情况,通过物理相似模拟实验研究浅埋近距离煤层过上层煤的采空区时上覆岩层结构失稳特征。研究浅埋近距离煤层群条件下开采4-2煤层后的覆岩移动变形规律、裂隙发育规律、矿压变化规律及其随工作面推进的变化情况及地表岩层的运移规律,发现浅埋近距离煤层下组煤层回采过程中,上覆岩层下沉量呈现三阶段变化,即下沉量上升阶段、下沉量恒定不变阶段、下沉量减小阶段。距离下组煤层越近,覆岩下沉量越大,距离下组煤层越远,覆岩下沉量越小。明确覆岩三带发育特征,能够为浅埋近距离煤层群开采水害防治提供依据,为榆神府矿区类似重复采动时工作面的安全回采提供指导和借鉴。

基于三维曲面积分的矿压实测数据分析模型及应用

针对影响综采面正常推进的异常矿压显现进行预测与防控是减少工作面顶板事故隐患的有效措施,合理有效的矿压实测数据分析方法是关键技术之一。基于三维曲面积分理论,引入Kriging插值算法,提出一种“寻找大显现、关注异常点”的矿压数据分析模型。以顶板压力与底板比压组建三维曲顶柱体,以液压支架与累计进尺组建二维坐标面,从而建立基于三维曲面积分的矿压实测数据分析模型,并以压力曲面向割平面投影算法实现对矿压实测数据的解析与预测分析。开展神东矿区补连塔煤矿12514工作面的矿压监测数据分析,获得了矿压显现明显区域、矿压三维曲面投影模型以及实时矿压云图,提取显著来压区域8次,指向62号支架~98号支架区域6次,其中,显著来压区域持续平均距离11.9m,表明基于三维曲面积分分析模型可选取顶板运动比较剧烈的区域,相对于传统统计分析方法具有更强的针对性,验证了所提出分析模型的合理可靠性。

浅埋厚煤层高强度开采强矿压分布特征与控制对策

浅埋厚煤层高强度开采时,回采工作面矿压显现强烈,对煤矿安全生产造成较大影响。以五家沟煤矿5302综放工作面为工程背景,理论分析了浅埋厚煤层顶板及上覆岩层破断失稳机理,利用数值软件对工作面上方覆岩断裂特征和工作面的超前应力分布规律进行模拟分析,得出浅埋坚硬顶板综放工作面强矿压显现规律,并提出了水力压裂来破碎顶板以减低超前压力的控制对策。研究结果表明,浅埋厚煤层综放开采时,煤层覆岩中的关键层对整个工作面上覆岩层的垮落、断裂和移动起主要控制作用,与普通工作面相比,回采时工作面上覆岩层运移更加强烈,导致工作面矿压显现强烈且两带发育高度偏高,分段水力压裂通过破碎顶板能够使得顶板垮落更加充分,能够有效减低工作面超前压力,采空区垮落充填程度更高,采动影响稳定速度更快。