Practice and adaptable conditions classification of aquifer-protective mining in longwall coalface for shallow seam with thin bedrock

A set of adaptable conditions classification of aquifer-protective mining in the Iongwall coalface for shallow coal seams with thin bedrock was put forward to deal with the conflict between water protection and high efficiency for the mining field in west China. This classification was suitable for shallow coal seams with different thickness and was beneficial to the local environmental protection. Using the 3-Universal Distinct Element Code （3DEC） numerical software, the height of the fractured zones for shallow coal seams with thin bedrock was calculated and analyzed, and its predicting formula was achieved. Meanwhile, according to the lithology and the weathering degree of the shallow coal seam the thickness of the protective layer was determined as 10 m and the overlying water body of loose water-bearing sand for shallow coal seams with thin bedrock was divided into three types, namely, weak, medium and strong. Based on these, the necessary bedrock thickness of the Iongwall coalface for shallow coal seams with thin bedrock was confined according to the different mining height and water yield nature of the overlying loose water-bearing sand. Combined with the present mining status, a set of new methods of adaptable conditions classification of aquifer-protective mining technology in the Iongwall coalface for shallow coal seams with thin bedrock was put forward.

Ground fissure development regularity and formation mechanism of shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform in Jiaozi coal mine: a case study

A comprehensive study was undertaken at Jiaozi coal mine to investigate the development regularity of ground fissures in shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform,shedding light on the development type,geographical distribution,dynamic development process,and failure mechanism of these ground fissures by employing field monitoring,numerical simulation,and theoretical analysis.The findings demonstrate that ground fissure development has an obvious feature of subregion,and its geographical distribution is significantly affected by topography.Tensile type,open type,and stepped type are three different categories of ground fissure.Ground fissures emerge dynamically as the panel advances,and they typically develop with a distance of less than periodic weighting step distance in advance of panel advancing position.Ground fissures present the dynamic development feature,temporary fissure has the ability of self-healing.The dynamic development process of ground fissure with closed-distance coal seam repeated mining is expounded,and the development scale is a dynamic development stage of“closure→expansion→stabilized”on the basis of the original development scale.From the perspective of topsoil deformation,the computation model considering two points movement vectors towards two directions of the gob and the ground surface is established,the development criterion considering the critical deformation value of topsoil is obtained.The mechanical model of hinged structure of inclined body is proposed to clarify the ground fissure development,and the interaction between slope activity and ground fissure development is expounded.These research results fulfill the gap of ground fissures about development regularity and formation mechanism,and can contribute to ground fissure prevention and treatment with Karst landform.

Underground pressure characteristics analysis in back-gully mining of shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope

We studied underground pressure and its mechanism during back-gully mining in a shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope,by means of physical simulation,numerical modeling and field monitoring.The results show that the intensity of underground pressure is related to its relative position at the coalface.The underground pressure is intensive and the support resistance reaches a maximum when the coalface is at the bottom of the gully,whereas the underground pressure is moderate and decreases gradually when the coalface passes the gully.The mechanism of these changes is analyzed when the slope rotated in a reversed direction to the slope dip during back-gully mining and form an unstable,multilateral block hinged structure,due to slipping.The subsidence of multilateral blocks is considerable when the block fragmentation is small,resulting in enormous changes in the underground pressure.With an increase in the mass of the block body,the block displacement will be reduced in conjunction with an increased clamp effect by both the unbroken rocks and broken rocks in the goaf,resulting in a decrease of the underground pressure.

Mechanism of Mining-induced Slope Movement for Gullies Overlaying Shallow Coal Seams

This paper provides an improved understanding of the movement mechanisms of both bed-rock gully and sandy soil gully when underground mining occurs underneath,followed by systematic analysis of the contributing factors such as mining advance direction,gully slope angle,gully erosion coefficient and mining height.This paper presents the results from monitoring,theoretical analyses and up to date modeling based on the geological features in the gully affected area,and the implications of these results to the success of roof support trial.It was observed that when mining occurred towards the gully,sliding of slope block along the fracture surface occurred,which resulted in unstable roof condition;when mining progressed away from the gully,polygon blocks developed in the gully slope and rotated in reversed direction forming hinged structure;within the bed-rock slope,the hinged structure was unstable due to shear failure of the polygon block;however,within the sandy soil slope,the structure was relatively stable due to the gradual rotating and subsiding of the polygon block.The increase of the value of slope angle and mining height lead to a faster and more intensive fracture development within the gully slope,which had a pronounced effect on gully slope stability and underground pressure.Various remediation approaches are hence proposed in this paper including introducing more powerful support and reasonable mining height,setting up working face along or away from gullies,using room and pillar,strip mining and backfill instead of longwall mining.

Simulation research on the influence of eroded primary key strata on dynamic strata pressure of shallow coal seams in gully terrain

In Huojitu Coal Mine of Shendong mining area, the dynamic strata pressure (DSP) accidents occurred when the working faces passed the gully terrain. Focusing on this problem, we used physical simulation experimental method to thoroughly study the influence of eroded overlying primary key strata (PKS) in the gully terrain on DSP of shallow coal seams in this paper. The result show that when mining activities took place in the uphill section of shallow coal seams in gully terrain and the PKS were eroded, the blocks could not form stable bond-beam structures since the horizontal force of PKS blocks in adjacent sloping surfaces were relatively small. The sliding instability of blocks caused rapid increase of the load on the sub-key strata (SKS) blocks, which resulted into coal slide and roof fall as well as sharp drop of active columns. This led to DSP phenomenon. When the PKS blocks were intact, there was no DSP phenomenon to enable blocks provide certain horizontal force to maintain stable bond-beam structure. The simulation results were verified by the mining practices of working face 21306 crossing the gully terrain in the Huojitu Coal Mine.

Fracture mechanics model of fully mechanized top coal caving of shallow coal seams and its application

Based on break characteristics of roofs in fully mechanized top-coal mining of thick shallow coal seams, a fracture mechanics model was built, and the criterion of crack propagation in the main roof was derived using the fracture mechanics theory. The relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were discovered, and the correlations between the load on the overlying strata and the ratio of the crack's length to the thickness of the roof were obtained. Using a working face of Jindi Coal Mine, Xing county Shanxi province as an example, the relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were analysed in detail. The results give a design basis in hydraulic top coal caving supports, which could provide useful references in the practical application. On-site experiment proves that the periodic weighting step interval of the caving face is 15–16 m, which is basically consistent with the theoretical analysis results, and indicates that the mechanized caving hydraulic support is capable of meeting the support requirements in the mining of a super-thick but shallowly buried coal seam.

Characteristics and stability of slope movement response to underground mining of shallow coal seams away from gullies

Underground pressure is abnormal during mining of shallow coal seams under gullies. We studied gully slope movements, subject to underground mining, with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The rules disclose that the slope rock slides horizontally in response to mining in the direction of gullies and rotates reversely with the appearance of a polygon block in mining away from gullies. We focused our attention on the case of mining away from a gully. We built a mechanical model in terms of a polygon block hinged structure and investigated the variation of horizontal thrust and shear force at the hinged point in relation to the rotation angle under different fragmentations. The Sliding-Rotation instability conditions of the polygon block hinged structure are presented based on the analyses of sliding instability and rotation instability. These results can serve as a theoretical guide for roof control during mining away from gullies in a coalfield defined by gullies.

Research on downward crack closing of clay aquiclude in shallow coal seam safety mining

The water resisting property of aquiclude is the key factor of water conservation and safety mining, and the mining induced cracks in aquiclude is major factor of water resisting property. The aquiclude is composed by loess layer and red clay layer in Yushuwan Coal Mine, and the water reaction property of clay and loess of aquiclude was tested by soil mechanics method. The permeability coefficient of the loess is 0.856 m/d and the clay is 0.434 m/d. The dilatability coefficient of the loess is 16.1% and the clay is 14.6%. Through physical solid-liquid simulation with whole stress-stain similarity, the distribution of ＂downward crack zone＂ and ＂upward crack zone＂ was found to be the major factor of aquiclude stability. The downward crack closing length is about 30% of the downward crack length. The expanding of clay and loess with water are principal factors of downward crack closing. At last, the mechanical model of downward crack closing was constructed, and the criterion of crack closing was put forward at all. This work will provides the theoretical base for aquiclude stability research and safety mining in shallow seam.

STUDY ON FRACTURE AND MOVEMENT OF OVERLYING BEDROCK IN SHALLOW SEAM UNDER THICK SAND

Based on the field observation results of ground pressure in shallow seam, the movement characteristics of overlying strata in front and behind and the subsidence of the earth’s surface are studied. Also, the paper analyzes the stability of overlying bedrock according to the theory of voussoir beam’s "S-R" stability and the hypothesis of step subsidence. It points out that slide instability is the fundamental form of overlying bedrock movement.

Plastic zone analysis and support optimization of shallow roadway with weakly cemented soft strata

Based on a shallow roadway with weakly cemented soft strata in western China, this paper studies the range and degree of plastic zones in soft strata roadways with weak cementation. Geological radars were used to monitor the loose range and level of surrounding rocks. A mechanical model of weakly cemented roadway was established, including granular material based on the measured results. The model was then used to determine the plastic zone radium. The predicted results agree well with measured results which provide valuable theoretical references for the analysis of surrounding rock stability and support reinforcing design of weakly cemented roadways. Finally, a combined supporting scheme of whole section bolting and grouting was proposed based on the original supporting scheme. It is proved that this support plan can effectively control the deformation and plastic zone expansion of the roadway surrounding rock and thus ensure the long-term stable and safe mining.

富水沟谷区浅埋煤层导水裂隙演化特征

富水沟谷区域下浅埋煤层赋存条件特殊,采场上覆岩层导水裂隙发育演化特征复杂。为了揭示沟谷区浅埋煤层在回采扰动作用下覆岩裂隙演化规律,以朱家峁煤矿1305-2工作面过沟谷区回采阶段为工程背景,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟与现场效果验证的方法,建立了覆岩裂隙−渗流场概念模型,开展了覆岩结构发育与微震能量演化研究,分析了覆岩变形与塑性破坏分布特征,提出了针对沟谷区下浅埋煤层导水裂隙防治措施,并应用于现场工程实践。结果表明:开采扰动下裂隙−渗流场模型呈“梯台”结构,并依次划分为初渗区域、稳渗区域、紊渗区域3个区域;将所研究矿井的工况数据代入模型结构,计算出各个渗透区域范围,并根据计算结果对矿井的稳渗区域采取注浆措施。工作面回采至沟谷区段,覆岩裂隙域形态呈现“拱形-梯形-复合梯形”的扩展演化特征,裂隙纵向发育高度达到163 m,并与沟谷区地表贯通。随工作面推进,地表裂隙依次经历“滑移-挤压-撕裂”过程;沟谷区域位移云图呈现出滞后开采“高位梯形”破断形态,在沟底处下沉位移最大,达3.47 m。针对开采导致的裂隙大范围扩展贯通,提出在地面进行采动裂缝注浆处理,在工作面上覆岩层进行注浆封堵,实现过沟谷区开采“井上−井下”联合防治,保证安全开采。该研究结果可为浅埋煤层的过沟谷区开采、采动裂隙防治及富水区“保水采煤”提供新的科学依据。

近浅埋多层厚硬顶板大采高综放工作面矿压显现规律研究

针对榆神矿区近浅埋多层厚硬顶板条件下,“大周期”来压支架立柱下缩量大、煤柱应力集中系数高、稳定性差等强矿压问题,采用了数值计算、微震和煤体应力监测等技术手段,对覆岩破断运动及工作面来压规律进行了分析研究,结果表明:覆岩破断运动上,多层厚硬顶板较大的“垂向离层空间”和“自下而上”的顺次交替垮落孕育了顶板“高+低层位组合破断”的时空基础;“高低层位顶板组合破断”是“大周期”来压增强的关键诱因;同时,煤柱应力的时空演化受控于多层厚硬顶板的破断垮落。矿压显现上,工作面“大周期”立柱下缩量平均可达945 mm,持续距离12.10 m,并可由2~5次连续强来压组成;巷道煤柱应力集中系数达到1.80~2.30,影响范围为工作面前方126 m至后方471.3 m,具有明显的“高强度、大范围、长上升期”特点。针对该条件下的强矿压防治,分别提出了“弱化低位顶板、优化破断结构”和“弱化高位顶板、改变破断次序”的技术思路,并取得的了较好的应用效果。

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采强矿压显现规律

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采容易发生强矿压压架事故,严重影响工作面安全高效开采。以榆家梁煤矿43207工作面和石圪台煤矿2^(-2上)102及2^(-2上)103工作面为背景,采用理论分析、物理模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,根据间隔岩层厚度和煤柱应力传递影响角,提出了过煤柱阶段划分判据,重点分析了不同间采比G、水力压裂程度条件下,过平行煤柱不同阶段的矿压显现特征。结果表明:由于上覆遗留煤柱及倒梯形覆岩结构的作用,导致煤柱影响阶段来压时支架平均载荷最大,进煤柱阶段次之,出煤柱阶段最小,强矿压位置主要集中在出煤柱影响阶段范围;间采比越小,工作面过煤柱采动期间来压时支架平均载荷越大,间采比G=5.5较G=10在进煤柱阶段、煤柱影响阶段和出煤柱阶段分别增大14.6%、14.2%和23.5%,动载效应越明显;间采比对周期来压步距影响不大,总体上煤柱影响阶段的周期来压步距是进出煤柱阶段的1.6~2倍,周期来压步距越大造成顶板悬伸长度增大,导致工作面来压时支架载荷明显。根据过煤柱阶段不同水力压裂范围的矿压规律分析,压裂后的支架平均载荷较未压裂减小11.2%~15%,来压步距减小7.8%~20.3%,水力压裂效果较明显,可有效地降低工作面过煤柱采动的强矿压风险,为类似开采条件的强矿压控制提供借鉴意义。

神东矿区浅埋煤层开采地表裂隙分布及动态演化特征研究

神东矿区浅埋煤层群开采导致地表裂隙发育良好,立体漏风复杂。为研究神东矿区地表裂隙分布特征及动态演化规律,以大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井和补连塔煤矿浅埋藏开采为工程背景,采用现场无人机定点观测、红外、地质雷达等技术相结合的方法,研究地表宏观裂隙、隐蔽裂隙分布特征,并对裂隙动态演化规律进行分析。结果表明:神东矿区浅埋煤层开采工作面采空区对地表走向裂隙的影响相比于倾向裂隙较大,其中活鸡兔井12下206工作面101条裂隙有效影响范围35 m,补连塔煤矿22310工作面122条裂隙为62 m,走向裂隙最大裂隙宽度达到80 cm,倾向裂隙普遍在10 cm以下;随工作面的推进,裂隙宽度逐渐变大,直至发育完全,裂缝位置不连续断面间距变大,落差增大;宽度较大的裂隙(裂隙宽度大于10 cm),如果距离工作面较近,随着工作面的推进,裂隙宽度会逐渐缩小,甚至可能闭合。

浅埋煤层开采覆岩“梯形”破断参数与裂隙演化分析

目的为了探究浅埋煤层开采覆岩“梯形”破断参数与裂隙演化规律间的关联机制,并量化表征覆岩垮落、裂隙分布特征,方法以崖窑峁煤矿为研究对象,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟、现场实测相结合的方法,分析覆岩垮落空间分布形态,并量化表征上覆岩层垮落“梯形”的分布参数。结果结果表明:上覆岩层受煤层开采扰动影响,沿两侧破断线整体呈“梯形”形态,由于破断角φ,γ不同,故覆岩采动裂隙在空间上呈非对称“斜四边形”裂隙发育体的展布形态,结论基于理论计算得出崖窑峁矿业30204工作面覆岩垮落分布形态,覆岩垮落两侧破断角开切巷处破断角φ∈[58.7°,68.7°],采煤机机头处破断角γ∈[60.8°,67.8°],并根据破断角公式进一步计算,得出开切巷处覆岩垮落长度Lφj=11.5 m;采煤机机头处覆岩垮落长度Lγj=10.4 m。依据现场30204工作面3-1煤层顶板垮落实际监测数据,得出上覆岩层垮落的最佳高度为11~30 m,裂隙发育最佳宽度在距离工作面开切巷5 m和采煤机机头5 m范围内。

转龙湾矿浅埋薄基岩厚煤层双巷掘进巷间煤柱合理尺寸研究

鄂尔多斯矿区浅埋薄基岩厚煤层工作面双巷掘进普遍采用19~30 m大煤柱护巷,煤炭资源损失严重。为确定转龙湾矿厚煤层23205工作面双巷掘进巷间煤柱合理尺寸,通过极限平衡理论分析得出合理最小煤柱宽度为11.38~20.94 m;采用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟分析了不同巷间煤柱宽度双巷掘进围岩应力、塑性区及位移分布演化规律。研究表明,转龙湾矿23205工作面巷间煤柱宽度最小合理尺寸为14 m左右,实际采用13.8 m巷间煤柱,实践表明巷道维护效果良好。

覆岩应力-漏风综合影响下浅埋煤层群下煤层开采巷道布置研究

针对浅埋近距离煤层群上部遗留煤柱影响下的下部工作面巷道合理布置位置确定问题,以活鸡兔井为例,采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟研究了遗留煤柱底板应力分布与上、下煤层开采采空区裂隙发育特征。结果表明:12号煤层开采过后,22号煤层水平距上覆煤柱20 m内为垂向应力与主应力差增高区,22号煤层水平应力在区段煤柱内侧较低;下煤层巷道布置采用外错式与重叠式时,巷道两侧围岩主应力差较大,且外错式与重叠式布置方式下22号煤层工作面开采时夹层与上部老空区覆岩二次运移剧烈,采空区两侧斜向裂缝带发育与贯通较好;采用内错式,巷道两侧围岩主应力差随与煤柱距离增大先降低、后升高,在距煤柱25~35 m处主应力差达到最低,且该布置方式下上部采空区覆岩沉降均衡,裂缝带闭合性较好,极大阻止了地表与层间贯通漏风通道的发育。

浅埋近距离煤层过斜交区段煤柱开采矿压规律研究

为了探究浅埋近距离煤层工作面开采过不同斜交角度煤柱的矿压规律,保障工作面安全高效回采,采用现场实测和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析了11°、30°、45°、60°和75°斜交角度的采动应力演化特征,揭示了工作面过不同斜交角度煤柱的应力变化规律。结果表明:根据过11°斜交煤柱矿压规律实测,工作面来压位置随煤壁与斜交煤柱叠加区而移动,在工作面中部压力最大,机尾次之,机头最小;工作面机尾过煤柱时应力集中最明显;中部过斜交煤柱时,随着斜交角的增大,超前煤壁峰值应力自30°以内为中部宽缓单峰,45°~75°为中部斜交区和机尾双峰,且机尾峰值较大;机尾最大超前应力峰值随斜交角的减小而增大,峰值越靠近机尾;斜交角超过45°时工作面中部出现应力峰值,表现为双峰,该研究可为类似工作面过斜交煤柱开采提供借鉴意义。

浅埋极薄煤层无煤柱开采覆岩运移与地表损伤特征研究

为了探究浅埋极薄煤层切顶卸压无煤柱开采与常规留煤柱开采覆岩运移与地表损伤区别,以子长矿区浅埋极薄煤层为背景,基于关键层理论,得到了硬岩破断距及覆岩的垮落高度临界值的计算公式,结合3DEC数值模拟及现场试验,对比分析了无煤柱开采与留煤柱开采条件下浅埋极薄煤层覆岩运移破断及地表损伤特征,确定了极薄煤层覆岩两带高度。结果表明:当工作面回采达到60 m时,两带发育高度基本稳定,当大于60 m时,工作面后方覆岩裂隙由开裂逐渐闭合,裂隙区随工作面回采向前方移动,两带高度稳定在24.6~27.7 m;相较于常规留煤柱开采,切顶留巷无煤柱开采方式下覆岩呈连续移动变形,可有效修复煤层开采工作面两侧非连续移动变形导致的覆岩裂隙及地表损伤裂缝,消除了常规留煤柱开采方式下相邻工作面间区段煤柱两侧覆岩裂隙,现场观测较好地验证了该结果。

浅埋近煤层群采动“三区”漏风裂隙场时空演化规律数值模拟

浅埋近煤层群采动下,地面采空区工作面“三区”之间易形成连通的漏气通道引发工作面低氧和采空区煤自燃,如何厘清采动效应下浅埋煤层群“三区”漏气通道的时空分布演化规律是有效防控煤自燃和低氧的关键。以陕煤柠条塔煤矿S1232工作面为研究背景,采用理论与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了单一煤层、复合煤层重复开采下覆岩破坏特征,分析了煤层间距与采厚对裂隙二次发育的影响规律。结果表明:浅埋近煤层群开采下上覆岩层裂隙仅存在垮落带与裂缝带,主关键层破断后裂缝带快速发育至地表,关键层周期破断控制地表裂隙周期生成与下沉;上煤层裂隙密度发育由原始阶段先后经历快速增长、稳定和二次增长3个阶段;随采厚增大,各区间裂隙密度增大,大裂隙发育更充分,裂隙宽度整体增大;随煤层间距增大,小于0.2 m的裂隙宽度随采厚增大,且增加的速度逐渐加快,大于0.2 m的裂隙宽度随采厚增大,但增加速度逐渐变缓;采厚相同时,裂隙宽度大于0.2 m的裂隙密度随着煤层间距的增大逐渐减小。