A THIRD GENERATION SHALLOW WATER WAVE NUMERICAL MODEL-YE-WAM

This paper pnesents a third gneration shallow Whter disode spedtal wave nbotal medeIYE-WAM based on the spedtal action balance equation. The mode accounts for all edevan effectsof currents on waves, incuding tmpotally and spatialy varying depth and current inded refraction,sttalning and fequency shift and also explidtly takeS into aanunt all source terms, speclally adePth-limited breaking dheipation. In addition, an energy forcing scheme is propond and applied to themode’s open boundaries to areUn for the propagution of sedIs into the study spstem The upwinddiffeIenng scheme and a standard hybrid diffdrencing scheme for the propagaion terrn and a simpleEuler method for the source teme are employed.

Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China

A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones.

Wave Numerical Model for Shallow Water

The history of forecasting wind waves by wave energy conservation equation Is briefly described. Several currently used wave numerical models for shallow water based on different wave theories are discussed. Wave energy conservation models for the simulation of shallow water waves are introduced, with emphasis placed on the SWAN model, which takes use of the most advanced wave research achievements and has been applied to several theoretical and field conditions. The characteristics and applicability of the model, the finite difference numerical scheme of the action balance equation and its source terms computing methods are described in detail. The model has been verified with the propagation refraction numerical experiments for waves propagating in following and opposing currents; finally, the model is applied to the Haian Gulf area to simulate the wave height and wave period field there, and the results are compared with observed data.

Evaluation of flow regime of turbidity currents entering Dez Reservoir using extended shallow water model

In this study, the performance of the extended shallow water model （ESWM） in evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir was investigated. The continuity equations for fluid and particles and the Navier-Stokes equations govern the entire flow of turbidity currents. The shallow water equations governing the flow of the depositing phase of turbidity currents are derived from these equations. A case study was conducted on the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir in Iran from January 2002 to July 2003. Facing a serious sedimentation problem, the dead storage of the Dez Reservoir will be full in the coming 10 years, and the inflowing water in the hydropower conduit system is now becoming turbid. Based on the values of the dimensionless friction number （ Nf ≤1 ） and dimensionless entrainment number （ NE≤ 1 ） of turbidity currents, and the coefficient of determination between the observed and predicted deposit depths （R2 = 0.86） for the flow regime of negligible friction and negligible entrainment （NFNE）, the flow regime of turbidity currents coming into the Dez Reservoir is considered to be NFNE. The results suggest that the ESWM is an appropriate approach for evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents in dam reservoirs where the characteristics of turbidity currents, such as the deposit depth, must be evaluated.

Applications of sediment sudden deposition model based on the third-generation numerical model for shallow water wave

The existing numerical models for nearshore waves are briefly introduced, and the third-generation numerical model for shallow water wave, which makes use of the most advanced productions of wave research and has been adapted well to be used in the environment of seacoast, lake and estuary area, is particularly discussed. The applied model realizes the significant wave height distribution at different wind directions. To integrate the model into the coastal area sediment, sudden deposition mechanism, the distribution of average silt content and the change of sediment sudden deposition thickness over time in the nearshore area are simulated. The academic productions can give some theoretical guidance to the applications of sediment sudden deposition mechanism for stormy waves in the coastal area. And the advancing directions of sediment sudden deposition model are prospected.

A Regional Spectral Nested Shallow Water Equation Model

A method to expand meteorological elements in terms of finite double Fourier series in a limited-region and a spectral nested shallow water equation model based upon the method with conformal map projection in rectangular coordinates, have been proposed, and computational stability and efficiency of time integration have been discussed.

Application of the Characteristic CIP Method to a Shallow Water Model on the Sphere

Semi-implicit algorithms are popularly used to deal with the gravitational term in numerical models. In this paper, we adopt the method of characteristics to compute the solutions for gravity waves on a sphere directly using a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme instead of the semi-implicit method in a shallow water model, to avoid expensive matrix inversions. Adoption of the semi-Lagrangian scheme renders the numerical model always stable for any Courant number, and which saves CPU time. To illustrate the effciency of the characteristic constrained interpolation profile （CIP） method, some numerical results are shown for idealized test cases on a sphere in the Yin-Yang grid system.

The three-layer model of the thermohaline structure in the shallow seas

A three-layer model of the thermohaline structure is developed on the basis of the two -layer model of thermocline. The model is able to simulate the depth,thickness and intensity of both thermocline and halocline, and the temperature and salinity of both upper layer and lower layer in the shallow seas.Camparison of simulation with data is favorable.Detailed analysis is made on a variety of factors affecting the intensity of the thermocline.

Numerical Modelling of Geochemical Behaviour of Fluoride in the Shallow Groundwater Systems

The Xingtai piedmont plain in Hebei Province is a representative area in northern China where endemic fluorosis is serious and shallow high-F ground water is distributed. In this paper, the area is selected as a typical study area, and on the basis of large amounts of field work and the experiments, through groundwater geochemical modelling and by applying the theory and method of the coupled model of hydrodynamic transport and chemical reactions in a multicomponent system, the author performed numerical modelling of the geochemical behaviour of fluoride in a shallow groundwater system, quantitatively studied the hydrodynamic transport and chemical reaction of fluorine migration, transformation and concentration in a water-heterogeneous unsaturated soil system under the conditions of meteoric water infiltration and quantitatively determined the speciation of fluorine and the saturation state and dissolution/precipitation trend of various solid precipitates in shallow high-F groundwater, thus deepening the understanding of the geochemical behavious of fluorine in shallow groundwater and revealing the essence of some environmental problems at a higher level.

Modeling of Tsunami Generation and Propagation by a Spreading Curvilinear Seismic Faulting in Linearized Shallow-Water Wave Theory

The processes of tsunami evolution during its generation in search for possible amplification mechanisms resulting from unilateral spreading of the sea floor uplift is investigated. We study the nature of the tsunami build up and propagation during and after realistic curvilinear source models represented by a slowly uplift faulting and a spreading slip-fault model. The models are used to study the tsunami amplitude amplification as a function of the spreading velocity and rise time. Tsunami waveforms within the frame of the linearized shallow water theory for constant water depth are analyzed analytically by transform methods (Laplace in time and Fourier in space) for the movable source models. We analyzed the normalized peak amplitude as a function of the propagated uplift length, width and the average depth of the ocean along the propagation path.

Numerical Analysis and Centrifuge Modeling of Shallow Foundations

The influence of non-coaxial constitutive model on predictions of dense sand behavior is investigated in this paper. The non-coaxial model with strain softening plasticity is applied into finite-element program ABAQUS, which is first used to predict the stress-strain behavior and the non-coaxial characteristic between the orientations of the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate in simple shear tests. The model is also used to predict load settlement responses and bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations. A series of centrifuge tests for shallow foundations on saturated dense sand are performed under drained conditions and the test results are compared with the corresponding numerical results. Various footing dimensions, depths of embedment, and footing shapes are considered in these tests. In view of the load settlement relationships, the stiffness of the load-displacement curves is significantly affected by the non-coaxial model compared with those predicted by the coaxial model, and a lower value of non-coaxial modulus gives a softer response. Considering the soil behavior at failure, the coaxial model predictions of bearing capacity factors are more advanced than those of centrifuge test results and the non-coaxial model results;besides, the non-coaxial model gives better predictions. The non-coaxial model predictions are closer to those of the centrifuge results when a proper non-coaxial plastic modulus is chosen.

干旱型浅水三角洲沉积特征及沉积模式——以准噶尔盆地腹部永进地区侏罗系齐古组为例

浅水三角洲是沉积学研究领域的热点,但是干旱气候背景、水体间歇振荡、沉积特征与沉积过程较为复杂的浅水三角洲研究报道较少。综合利用岩心、测井、分析化验和地震等资料,根据现代沉积分析与沉积数值模拟,对准噶尔盆地腹部永进地区侏罗系齐古组开展系统的沉积相研究,建立了齐古组沉积模式。研究表明:(1)中-晚侏罗世准噶尔盆地气候转为干旱,齐古组沉积水体变浅且频繁振荡,1砂组—3砂组发育浅水辫状河三角洲沉积,4砂组物源供给减弱、气候持续干旱,沉积相转变为曲流河三角洲。(2)与湿润气候背景下的浅水三角洲相比干旱型浅水三角洲,水下分流河道变化较快,随着河道延伸逐渐分叉、改道出多种类型的河道砂。三角洲砂体颜色呈红灰间互的变化规律,砂岩岩性较细、成熟度低、分布规模不大。持续干旱的气候条件导致湖盆可容空间不断减小,三角洲朵叶体中几乎不发育河口砂坝,沉积砂体主要为多种形态类型的水下分流河道砂。(3)单一供给河道控制的沉积体规模有限且顺水流方向分异明显,发育高能水下主干河道、中-高能网状分流河道和低能改造型分流河道3种沉积微相。单砂体间连通性较差、储集空间非均质性强,油气勘探开发难度大。

浅埋暗挖交叉相贯隧道施工力学行为试验研究

为完善浅埋暗挖交叉相贯隧道在施工过程中的受力形式及变形特征,依托青岛某地铁工程,根据所选地铁车站的地质条件及衬砌结构特点浇筑衬砌模型并配制围岩相似材料,利用模型试验对采用全断面法在Ⅴ级围岩环境下进行的风道和车站主体开挖过程的力学行为展开研究,并从隧道衬砌结构变形及地层内部位移变化规律两方面分析了浅埋暗挖交叉相贯隧道全断面开挖施工的力学行为。结果表明:对于交叉相贯位置处的隧道结构,已有隧道结构将改变后续施工隧道衬砌结构应变最大值及其出现位置;位于交叉相贯隧道结构附近不同象限内的围岩分别处于水平变形累加区和往复区;地表竖向变形最大点位于后续施工的车站上方且与交叉相贯位置存在一定距离,而在交叉相贯位置处的地表竖向变形值稍小;模型试验明确了交叉相贯隧道在施工过程中围岩及衬砌结构的变形特征,给出了隧道结构地表最大变形与施工步序间的时空关系;研究结果可为相关交叉相贯隧道结构的施工及设计提供依据。

浅海海底浅层微小目标体高精度探测技术研究

浅海海底浅层微小目标体一般体积小、埋深较浅,且由于其材料制作上的特殊性,目前应用水声探测方法达不到较好的探测效果。本文从地声数值模拟角度出发,研究如何通过多道地震这一地声探测手段来实现对海底浅层微小目标体的高精度探测。首先,基于波动理论的高阶交错网格有限差分法实现对于微小目标体的正演模拟,探索不同激发主频、不同海底形态、不同掩埋深度情况下浅海微小目标体的地声传播响应特征,总结微小目标体在不同条件下的地声传播规律;其次,通过成像精度更高的逆时偏移技术,实现对于微小目标体的位置、形态的高精度成像。不同浅海微小目标体模型的试算结果表明,采用多道地震的地声探测手段,能够实现对于浅海微小目标体的高精度探测,探测的微小目标体成像位置准确、形态表征良好。

耦合浅海声信道目标回波建模与检测性能分析

为提高浅海扩展目标回波检测性能,基于浅海声信道模型和多亮点模型,建立了耦合浅海声信道扩展目标回波模型,并基于副本相关积分(RCI)检测理论对浅海多亮点目标回波RCI检测进行了理论推导。采用带宽分别为50 Hz,100 Hz,500 Hz,1000 Hz的线性调频信号,仿真分析了不同浅海环境下的RCI检测性能。结果表明,海深、声呐深度、目标位置和波形带宽都会影响浅海目标回波扩展特性和RCI检测性能,合适的声呐深度和波形带宽有利于提高浅海扩展目标检测性能。

基于不同遥感影像的无控水深反演精度比较

为检验无控制点的遥感水深反演在不同空间分辨率遥感影像下的适用性和测深精度,介绍并推导了无实测控制点的双波段对数线性分析算法,基于空间分辨率为2 m的WorldView-2影像、10 m的Sentinel-2影像和16 m的GF-1 WFV4影像,以赵述岛和甘泉岛为研究区域,反演水深值,并将反演结果与实测水深进行对比及精度评价分析。结果显示:两个研究区域WorldView-2影像的无实测控制点水深反演模型精度最高,Sentinel-2影像的水深反演精度较好,GF-1 WFV4影像的水深反演精度最低,且遥感影像的空间分辨率、辐射分辨率和无控制点几何定位精度对无实测控制点的双波段对数线性分析模型的水深反演结果存在影响。

浅水波方程模型与奇非线性行波方程解的动力学行为及精确的参数表示:动力系统方法

首先,介绍在重力作用下,无旋、无黏性和不可压缩的流体的表面波传播的一维(或两维单向)浅水波运动的各种不同模型(PDE),这些模型对应的行波系统一般是奇平面动力系统.其次,用著名的广义Camassa-Holm方程作为例子,通过对应的行波系统的精确解来研究该方程的尖孤子、周期尖波、伪尖孤子、伪周期尖波及有界破缺波解的存在性.第三,应用动力系统分支理论和奇摄动几何理论相结合的方法,建立了奇非线性行波方程研究的理论和方法,介绍奇非线性行波动力学行为的2个主要定理,完整地解决了波的光滑性与非光滑性、完整性和破缺性的判定问题.第四,介绍当伴随正则系统直线解上的奇点是结点时,如何用相轨道识别对应的波形,并研究一个非线性水波方程,获得该系统的各型光滑的孤立波和周期波在不同参数条件下的存在性和精确的参数表示.

基于数据驱动的降雨型浅层滑坡易发性时空建模方法

传统滑坡易发性方法在计算空间概率时,通常忽视了影响因子的动态变化特征及地形单元之间的空间依赖关系。为了解决该难题,提出一种联合时空关系的广义加性模型,在江西省南部区域开展降雨型浅层滑坡易发性时空建模,预测给定时间范围内特定地形单元发生滑坡灾害的概率。首先,利用皮尔逊相关系数和基于赤池信息准则的序列前向特征选择方法对滑坡易发性影响因子进行评价与筛选;随后,联合时空关系构建伯努利广义加性时空模型开展易发性动态预测;最后,通过时空交叉验证方法评估模型的时空预测性能。结果表明,该模型具备优异的拟合性能和预测能力,在不同训练数据百分比下的预测性能非常稳定,其平均预测精度能够达到0.881。

浅层滑坡和沟谷型泥石流的关系研究:以福建省宝庄村2010年6月18日灾害为例

2010年6月14—18日,福建省顺昌县发生连续强降雨事件,致使多处地区发生滑坡、泥石流等群发性地质灾害,宝庄村是重灾区之一。在群发性滑坡灾区,往往很容易导致沟谷泥石流地发生。为了探索泥石流发生与滑坡物源之间的关系,选择了宝庄村43个流域,通过卫星遥感解译获取滑坡面积和流域面积的数据集,进而分析浅层滑坡诱发沟谷型泥石流的物源临界值,提出了一个经验模型来分析群发性滑坡引起的沟谷型泥石流的触发条件。结果表明,所提出的模型适用于福建省浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷型泥石流的物源分析。经验模型简单,输入的数据是容易测量的流域面积(A)和滑坡划痕面积(A_(0))。因此,该方法可以用于分析其他地区浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷型泥石流。

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷三叠系百口泉组沉积相展布特征及沉积模式

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷三叠系百口泉组主要发育扇三角洲沉积,准确识别扇三角洲各沉积相的展布特征对多类型油气藏的勘探开发具有重要意义。结合高精度三维开发地震和大量钻井、测井资料,采用沉积相研究、地震属性分析和古地貌恢复等方法,对沙湾凹陷百口泉组沉积相展布特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:①沙湾凹陷百口泉组可划分出3个四级层序和数个五级层序,且3个四级层序分别对应百口泉组的3个层段,五级层序受短期沉积旋回控制,分别对应不同的沉积微相。②均方根振幅属性对岩性变化更为敏感,能量高值区对应扇三角洲平原亚相,中值区对应扇三角洲前缘亚相,低能量区对应滨浅湖亚相。③百一段和百二段沉积时期,研究区湖盆面积小,主要发育扇三角洲平原和前缘亚相;百三段沉积时期湖盆面积增大,主要发育扇三角洲前缘和滨浅湖亚相,为典型的水进退积型扇三角洲。扇三角洲前缘亚相物性较好,被滨浅湖亚相的泥质岩所覆盖,形成良好的储盖组合。④研究区百口泉组扇体规模大、物源近,岩性以砂砾岩为主,为缓坡浅水扇三角洲沉积模式,扇三角洲前缘亚相为潜在的有利成藏区,是油气资源规模发现的重点勘探区。