From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe（Yellow River）Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicab...From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe（Yellow River）Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener Index（H′）,AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index（AMBI） and multivariate AMBI（MAMBI） for assessing benthic habitat quality was compared.The results showed a total of 203 macrobenthos in the study area.The macrobenthos were dominated by polychaetes,followed by mollusks and crustaceans.The macrobenthic ecological groups were dominated by EGI,EGII and EGIII,which respectively accounted for 31.5%,36.0% and 21.2% of the total.There were significant differences between the evaluation results of the three indices.The ecological quality status（EQS） levels given by the AMBI were greater than those given by the H′ and M-AMBI.The AMBI could not reflect the differences between 11 sites but the H′ and M-AMBI could do.Moreover,the three indices responded well to the variations in salinity（S） and dissolved oxygen（DO） in the waters.The H′ and MAMBI also responded sensitively to the differences in physical parameters,such as water depth and sediment texture.The correlation between M-AMBI and environmental pressure gradient data was the strongest.The MAMBI could effectively distinguish degraded conditions from undegraded but the H′ and AMBI could not.Therefore,the M-AMBI reflected benthic habitat health well in the study areas.However,the objectivity of evaluation results of M-AMBI needs further verification by physical,chemical and biological methods.The thresholds also need further discussion.展开更多
The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index was implemented for Zooplankton Diversity (BDI) in Lake Kinneret (1970-2001). It was computed based on monthly mean densities in relation to Epilimnetic temperatures. 4, 5 and 9 s...The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index was implemented for Zooplankton Diversity (BDI) in Lake Kinneret (1970-2001). It was computed based on monthly mean densities in relation to Epilimnetic temperatures. 4, 5 and 9 species of Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera, respectively, were included. Direct relations between Epilimnetic temperatures and Zooplankton Bio-Diversity Indexes (BDI) were indicated: Matching was found between low BDI and the high summer temperature and between higher BDI and the low winter temperature as well. Similar correspondence did not indicate annual means of BDI values. Zooplankton density and temperature probably resulted from smoothed confound of the averaged temperature changes. Conclusively, in themonomicticLakeKinneret located in the temperate zone with a high degree of temperature fluctuation, causation of seasonal BDI fluctuations is possible. The consistence of global warming trend might, therefore, enhance the seasonality of BDI values changes with implications for water quality.展开更多
The three most common variations of Fitts’ index of difficulty are the Fitts formulation, the Welford formulation, and the Shannon formulation. A recent paper by Hoffmann [1] critiqued the three and concluded that th...The three most common variations of Fitts’ index of difficulty are the Fitts formulation, the Welford formulation, and the Shannon formulation. A recent paper by Hoffmann [1] critiqued the three and concluded that the Fitts and Welford formulations are valid and that the Shannon formulation is invalid. In this paper, we challenge Hoffmann’s position regarding the Shannon formulation. It is argued that the issue of validity vs. invalidity is ill-conceived, given that Fitts’ law is a “model by analogy” with no basis in human motor control. The relevant questions are of utility: Does a model work? How well? Is it useful? Where alternative formulations exist, they may be critiqued and compared for strengths and weaknesses, but validity is an irrelevant construct. In a reanalysis of data from Fitts’ law experiments, models built using the Shannon formulation are (re)affirmed to be as good as, and generally better than, those built using the Fitts or Welford formulation.展开更多
Habitat quality is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of ecosystem.The Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin plays an important role in the ecological protection of the upper reaches of the...Habitat quality is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of ecosystem.The Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin plays an important role in the ecological protection of the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin.To comprehensively analysis the alterations of habitat quality in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin,this study utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to calculate the habitat quality index and analyze the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of habitat quality in the study area from 2000 to 2022,and calculated seven landscape pattern indices(number of patches,patch density,largest patch index(LPI),landscape shape index(LSI),contagion index(CONTAG),Shannon diversity index,and Shannon evenness index)to research the variation of landscape pattern in the study area.The results showed that the number of patches,patch density,LPI,LSI,Shannon diversity index,and Shannon evenness index increased from 2000 to 2022,while the CONTAG decreased,indicating that the landscape pattern in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin changed in the direction of distribution fragmentation,shape complexity,and heterogeneity.The average value of the habitat quality index in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022 was 0.90.Based on the value of habitat quality index,we divided the level of habitat quality into five categories:lower(0.00-0.20),low(0.20-0.40),moderate(0.40-0.60),high(0.60-0.80),and higher(0.80-1.00).Most areas were at the higher habitat quality level.The lower habitat quality patches were mainly distributed in Longyang Gorge and Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley.From 2000 to 2022,the habitat quality in most areas was stable;the increase areas were mainly distributed in Guinan County,while the decrease areas were mainly distributed in Xining City,Maqen County,Xinghai County,Qumarleb County,and Darlag County.To show the extent of habitat quality variation,we calculated Sen index.The results showed that the higher habitat quality area had a decrease trending,while other categories had an increasing tendency,and the decreasing was faster than increasing.The research results provide scientific guidance for promoting ecological protection and high-quality development in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin.展开更多
目的观察电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学和肠道菌群每孔颜色平均变化率(Average well color development,AWCD)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的影响,探讨电针治疗抑郁症的作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、调神畅情组和...目的观察电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学和肠道菌群每孔颜色平均变化率(Average well color development,AWCD)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的影响,探讨电针治疗抑郁症的作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、调神畅情组和普通电针组,建立温和不可预见性应激抑郁模型,造模成功后予不同干预方法,观察各组大鼠行为学及肠道微生物AWCD、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变化。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠呈抑郁样表现,AWCD、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著降低。与模型组比较,调神畅情组和普通电针组大鼠抑郁样症状明显改善,AWCD、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均明显升高。结论电针能够改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学表现,并提高其肠道微生物群落AWCD和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,这可能是电针治疗抑郁症的作用机制之一。展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No.U1406403the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project of China under contract No.201405007the Environmental Assessment Projects of State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China under contract No.DOMEP(MEA)-01-01
文摘From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe（Yellow River）Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener Index（H′）,AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index（AMBI） and multivariate AMBI（MAMBI） for assessing benthic habitat quality was compared.The results showed a total of 203 macrobenthos in the study area.The macrobenthos were dominated by polychaetes,followed by mollusks and crustaceans.The macrobenthic ecological groups were dominated by EGI,EGII and EGIII,which respectively accounted for 31.5%,36.0% and 21.2% of the total.There were significant differences between the evaluation results of the three indices.The ecological quality status（EQS） levels given by the AMBI were greater than those given by the H′ and M-AMBI.The AMBI could not reflect the differences between 11 sites but the H′ and M-AMBI could do.Moreover,the three indices responded well to the variations in salinity（S） and dissolved oxygen（DO） in the waters.The H′ and MAMBI also responded sensitively to the differences in physical parameters,such as water depth and sediment texture.The correlation between M-AMBI and environmental pressure gradient data was the strongest.The MAMBI could effectively distinguish degraded conditions from undegraded but the H′ and AMBI could not.Therefore,the M-AMBI reflected benthic habitat health well in the study areas.However,the objectivity of evaluation results of M-AMBI needs further verification by physical,chemical and biological methods.The thresholds also need further discussion.
文摘The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index was implemented for Zooplankton Diversity (BDI) in Lake Kinneret (1970-2001). It was computed based on monthly mean densities in relation to Epilimnetic temperatures. 4, 5 and 9 species of Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera, respectively, were included. Direct relations between Epilimnetic temperatures and Zooplankton Bio-Diversity Indexes (BDI) were indicated: Matching was found between low BDI and the high summer temperature and between higher BDI and the low winter temperature as well. Similar correspondence did not indicate annual means of BDI values. Zooplankton density and temperature probably resulted from smoothed confound of the averaged temperature changes. Conclusively, in themonomicticLakeKinneret located in the temperate zone with a high degree of temperature fluctuation, causation of seasonal BDI fluctuations is possible. The consistence of global warming trend might, therefore, enhance the seasonality of BDI values changes with implications for water quality.
文摘The three most common variations of Fitts’ index of difficulty are the Fitts formulation, the Welford formulation, and the Shannon formulation. A recent paper by Hoffmann [1] critiqued the three and concluded that the Fitts and Welford formulations are valid and that the Shannon formulation is invalid. In this paper, we challenge Hoffmann’s position regarding the Shannon formulation. It is argued that the issue of validity vs. invalidity is ill-conceived, given that Fitts’ law is a “model by analogy” with no basis in human motor control. The relevant questions are of utility: Does a model work? How well? Is it useful? Where alternative formulations exist, they may be critiqued and compared for strengths and weaknesses, but validity is an irrelevant construct. In a reanalysis of data from Fitts’ law experiments, models built using the Shannon formulation are (re)affirmed to be as good as, and generally better than, those built using the Fitts or Welford formulation.
基金supported by the Demonstration Project of Integrated Ecological Rehabilitation Technology for Key Soil and Water Erosion Areas in the Yellow River Valley(2021-SF-134).
文摘Habitat quality is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of ecosystem.The Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin plays an important role in the ecological protection of the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin.To comprehensively analysis the alterations of habitat quality in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin,this study utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to calculate the habitat quality index and analyze the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of habitat quality in the study area from 2000 to 2022,and calculated seven landscape pattern indices(number of patches,patch density,largest patch index(LPI),landscape shape index(LSI),contagion index(CONTAG),Shannon diversity index,and Shannon evenness index)to research the variation of landscape pattern in the study area.The results showed that the number of patches,patch density,LPI,LSI,Shannon diversity index,and Shannon evenness index increased from 2000 to 2022,while the CONTAG decreased,indicating that the landscape pattern in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin changed in the direction of distribution fragmentation,shape complexity,and heterogeneity.The average value of the habitat quality index in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022 was 0.90.Based on the value of habitat quality index,we divided the level of habitat quality into five categories:lower(0.00-0.20),low(0.20-0.40),moderate(0.40-0.60),high(0.60-0.80),and higher(0.80-1.00).Most areas were at the higher habitat quality level.The lower habitat quality patches were mainly distributed in Longyang Gorge and Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley.From 2000 to 2022,the habitat quality in most areas was stable;the increase areas were mainly distributed in Guinan County,while the decrease areas were mainly distributed in Xining City,Maqen County,Xinghai County,Qumarleb County,and Darlag County.To show the extent of habitat quality variation,we calculated Sen index.The results showed that the higher habitat quality area had a decrease trending,while other categories had an increasing tendency,and the decreasing was faster than increasing.The research results provide scientific guidance for promoting ecological protection and high-quality development in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin.
文摘目的观察电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学和肠道菌群每孔颜色平均变化率(Average well color development,AWCD)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的影响,探讨电针治疗抑郁症的作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、调神畅情组和普通电针组,建立温和不可预见性应激抑郁模型,造模成功后予不同干预方法,观察各组大鼠行为学及肠道微生物AWCD、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变化。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠呈抑郁样表现,AWCD、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著降低。与模型组比较,调神畅情组和普通电针组大鼠抑郁样症状明显改善,AWCD、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均明显升高。结论电针能够改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学表现,并提高其肠道微生物群落AWCD和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,这可能是电针治疗抑郁症的作用机制之一。
