Recovery Stress in a Ni-Ti-Nb Shape Memory Alloy with Wide Transformation Hysteresis

The effect of deformation on recovery stress of Ni144.7Ti46.3Nb9 alloy has been studjed using tensile test at various temperatures and TEM observation. It ls shown that the recovery stress increases with jncreasing total strain ET and reaches a maximum value (max) as ET= 9% but the maximum recov erV strain of the alloy is only about 4.6%. This is different from that of Ti-Ni binary alloy in which is obtained usually at maximum recovery strain and the reason of the difference is dis Cussed. Deformation temperature Td has a little effect on recovery stress when Td is less than Ms However, recovery stress decreases sharply when Td is higher than M, and lowers approximately down to zero near Msσ

Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of NiTi shape memory alloy under hot compression deformation

Mechanical behavior of nickel？titanium shape memory alloy（NiTi SMA） under hot deformation was investigated according to the true stress—strain curves of NiTi samples under compression at the strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1 and at the temperatures of 600？1000℃.Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of NiTi SMA were systematically investigated by microstructural evolution.The influence of the strain rates,the deformation temperatures and the deformation degree on the dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of NiTi SMA was obtained as well.NiTi SMA was characterized by the combination of dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization at 600℃ and 700℃,but the complete dynamic recrystallization occurred at other deformation temperatures.Increasing the deformation temperatures or decreasing the stain rates leads to larger equiaxed grains.The deformation degree has an important influence on the dynamic recrystallization of NiTi SMA.There exists the critical deformation degree during the dynamic recrystallization of NiTi SMA,beyond which the larger deformation degree contributes to obtaining the finer equiaxed grains.

Characteristics of Deformation and Recovery in Shape Memory Alloy

The mechanical behavior and the effect of pre-strain on recovery behavior of Ti50Ni47Fe3 (at. pct) alloy were investigated systematically by tensile and recovered tests accompanied by electrical resistance measurement. Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy has different deformation behaviors at different temperature ranges, the deformation curves in different temperature range can be classified into four kinds. The start temperature of recovery increases with the increase of pre-strain. There exists an optimal deformation condition, at which the specimen exhibits maximum free recovery strain. With increasing pre-strain the recovery stress increases and reaches the maximum at 8% pre-strain. R-phase to parent transition offered about 0.2% recovery strain. With pre-strain increasing the recovery stress increases and reaches to the maximum at 8% pre-strain. The recovery stress is corresponding with the critical stress of stress-induced martensitic transformation.

QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF STRESS-STRAIN HYSTERESIS LOOPS OF Cu-Zn-Al SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

A six-parameter mathematical model was introduced to simulate the stress-strain hysteresis and the sinner hysteresis of polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMAs). By the comparison with experiments of Cu-Zn-Al SMA, it was shown that the model could be used to calculate the stress-strain relations with rather good accuracy. Moreover, it was found that the six parameters introduced in this paper represented the characteristics of the stress-strain hysteresis of polycrystalline SMAs and could be used to characterize the hysteresis quantitatively.

Effect of heat treatment on shape memory properties of ductile CuAlMn alloys

The effect of heat treatment on shape memory properties of the ductile CuAlMn alloys was studied. The results show that the heating temperature for the solution treatment should be around 100 ℃ above the transformation temperature in order to obtain good shape memory properties, heating for 10 min at this temperature doesn’t have much influence on the shape memory properties, faster cooling rate helps to obtain good shape memory properties and the shape recovery rate(SRR) decreases with raising ageing temperatures. For Cu 16Al 10Mn alloy, the heat treatment process to acquire higher recovery rate is heating at 800 ℃ for 15 min, quenching into ice water and ageing below 150 ℃ for 15 min. For Cu 17Al 10Mn alloy, the process is the same except heating at 700 ℃.[

Effect of Pre-strain on the Transformation and Recovery Behaviours of a Ti_(44)Ni_(47)Nb_9 Shape Memory Alloy

The recovery strain, stress and transformation temperature of different pre-strained specimens of Ti44Ni47Nb9 were investigated by tensile test and electrical resistance measurement. The results indicated that pre-strain increases the reverse martensitic transformation temperature (A ' (s)) and hysteresis (A(s) - M-s). The recovery strain and stress are higher if the specimens are pre-strained between M-s and A(s) temperature than outside this temperature range. There exists an optimal pre-strain value, about 10%, at which the specimen exhibits maximum recovery strain and stress.

Phase transformation behaviors and shape memory effects of TiNiFeAl shape memory alloys

Measurements of electrical resistivity, X-ray diffraction, and tensile test at room temperature and ？196°C were performed to investigate the effects of Al addition substituting Ni on the phase transformation behaviors, the mechanical properties, and the shape memory effects of Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 alloys. It is found that 1at% Al addition dramatically decreases the martensitic start transformation temperature and expands the transformation temperature range of R-phase for TiNiFeAl alloys. The results of tensile test indicate that 1at% Al improves the yield strength of Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 alloys by 40% and 64%, but de- creases the plasticity to 11% and 12% from 26% and 27% respectively. Moreover, excellent shape memory effect of 6.6% and 7.5% were found in Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 alloys, which results from the stress-induced martensite transformation from the R-phase.

Reverse Transformation Behavior of Martensite Formed during Cooling Proce under Constant Stress in TiNi Alloys

The reverse transformation temperature and recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress in TiNi shape memory alloy wires are studied in this paper. Results show that a higher level of the applied constant stress during the cooling process will induce martensite with a higher reverse martensitic transformation start temperature As and a smaller recovery strain ratio. Similarly, a prestrain at the room temperature elevates the As temperature and decreases the recovery strain ratio. However, the As temperature and the recovery strain ratio of the martensite formed during the cooling process under a constant stress are lower than those of the martensite formed by prestrain at the room temperature.

Effects of thermomechanical cycling on the shape memory behavior and transformation temperatures of a Ni50.2Ti49.8 alloy

The effects of thermomechanical cycling on the shape memory behavior and transformation temperatures of a Ni50.2Ti49.8 alloy under a constant applied stress of 300 MPa were investigated, k is believed that thermomechanical cycling induces defects such as dislocations, which evidently affect the shape memory behavior and transformation temperatures. The recovery strain decreases with increasing number of thermomechanical cycles, whereas the irreversible plastic strain increases, especially in the initial few cycles. The stored elastic strain energy has an important influence on transformation temperatures, the A5^σ decreases and the M5^σ increases with increasing number of thermomechanical cycles. The recovery strain, irreversible plastic strain, A5^σ , and M5^σ reach a saturation value after several cycles.

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON RECOVERY STRESS OF Fe-18Mn-5Si-8Cr-4Ni ALLOY

The effect of quenching temperature on the recovery stress of Fe 18Mn 5Si 8Cr 4Ni shape memory alloy has been studied. The results show that both the maximum recovery stress σ h in heating and the recovery stress σ c at room temperature after heating increased as increasing quenching temperature increased, both σ h and σ c reached maximum at 650℃, and then decreased rapidly with the further increase in quenching temperature,but the descent degree of σ c was far bigger than that of σ h; When the quenching temperature is higher than 850℃, the further increase in quenching temperature had little effect on them; At random quenching temperature, σ c was far bigger than σ h.

INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING ON SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT OF Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

Effect of carbon, compound RE, quenching temperature, pre-strain and recovery temperature on shape memory effect (SME) of Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE shape memory alloy was studied by bent measurement, thermal cycle training, SEM etc. It was shown that the grains of alloys addition with compound RE became finer and SME increased evidently. SME of the alloy was weakening gradually as carbon content increased under small strain (3%). But in the condition of large strain (more than 6%), SME of the alloy whose carbon content range from 0.1% to 0.12% showed small decreasing range, especially of alloy with the addition of compound RE. Results were also indicated that SME was improved by increasing quenching temperature (>1000℃). The amount of thermal induced martensite increased and the relative shape recovery ratio could be increased to more than 40% after 3-4 times thermal training. The relative shape recovery ratio decreased evidently depending on rising of pre-strain. Furthermore, because speed of martensite transition was extremely great under higher tempering temperature (more than 450℃, ε → γ transition completed in 10s meanwhile the relative shape recovery ratio of the alloy increased rapidly.

HYSTERESIS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE IN NiTi SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

The relationship between structure and hysteresis of phase transformation temperature in NiTi shape memory alloy has been investigated by means of TEM observation,positron an- nihilation and electrical resistivity measurement.The sequence of hysteresis for the alloy aged under different regimes was found to be:plate martensite>R-phase>tie-like martensite. The reversible displaeement of phase boundaries of these transformations is blocked by the co- herent stress field around Ti_(11)Ni_(14)phase particles.A linear relationship between S paramet- er of positron annihilation and maximum values of temperature hysteresis showed that the mismatch dislocation and elastic stress field established by Ti_(11)Ni_(14)phase precipitation are the main factor to determine the temperature hysteresis of phase transformation in NiTi shape memory alloy.

EFFECT OF QUENCHING TEMPERATURE ON SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT OF Fe-18Mn -5Si-8Cr-4Ni ALLOY

The effects of quenching temperature on shape memory effect and microstructure of Fe 18Mn 5Si 8Cr 4Ni shape memory alloy have been studied. The results show that both the shape recovery ratio and the recovery strain increased as quenching temperature increased, the amount of stress induced ε martensite in the process of cold work decreased with the increase of quenching temperature, the shape recovery ratio and the recovery strain reached maximum at 650℃, and then decreased rapidly with the further increase of quenching temperature,the stress induced ε martensite wholly disappeared at 1023K. But when the quenching temperature is higher than 1023K, the further increase of quenching temperature had little effect on shape recovery ratio, the amount and size of thermal induced ε martensite would increased with the further increase in quenching temperature. The shape memory effect can be improved by the moderate amount of pre exist ε martensite in the matrix before deforming.

The Deformation Behavior of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy under Axial Dynamic Compression

The deformation behavior of Ti-50.9at%Ni shape memory alloy under axial compression dynamic loads was investigated by an MTS 858Mini Bionix test machine. The alloy were aged at 500℃ for an hour before being machined into specimens. The compression experiments were conducted at 20℃ and the variety of dynamic loads were controlled by the strain rate, which was 3mm/min, 15mm/min, 30mm/min and 50mm/min, respectively. The experimental results indicate that in the case of 3mm/min, stress-induced martensitic transformation occurs at about 350MPa when loading and reverse transformation at about 200MPa when unloading, during which the aged Ti-50.9at%Ni alloy shows the recoverable nonlinear pseudoelastic strain of 4.3% with the residual strain of 1.2% reserved. With the strain rate increasing, the area encloses by loading-curve and unloading-curve, i.e stress (strain) hysteresis becomes smaller and smaller and the residual strain also decreases, while critical stress for inducing martensitic transformation rises. At a higher strain rate the alloy exhibits linear-like pseudoelasticity, which is up to 4.5%.

Fracture Behavior of TiNi Based Shape Memory Alloy Cold-rolled Tube

The microstructures and interracial characteristics of matrices at the inwalls and the out-walls of the cold-rolled tube with different amounts of deformation were investigated by the scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, the optical microscope （OM）, and the transmission electronic microscope （TEM） techniques. It was observed that as the amount of deformation increases, the flaws nucleate at the out-walls of the cold rolled tube, the stress-induced martensites change from （111 ） type Ⅰ twins to （011） type Ⅱ twins and then to （100） compound twins, nanocrystals and bulk amorphisation happen, the high density dislocation causes stress concentration at the out-walls of the Ti50Ni50 cold-rolled tube, and then precipitates its fracture, and the Ti2Ni particles strengthen the grain boundaries and curb the dislocation movements during plastic deformation. The inhomogeneity level of the grains in the Ti50Ni50 alloy plays an important role on the fracture of the Ti50Ni50 cold rolled tube.

Combined stress waves with phase transition in thin-walled tubes

The incremental constitutive relation and governing equations with combined stresses for phase transition wave propagation in a thin-walled tube are established based on the phase transition criterion considering both the hydrostatic pressure and the deviatoric stress. It is found that the centers of the initial and subsequent phase transition ellipses are shifted along the sigma-axis in the sigma tau-plane due to the tension-compression asymmetry induced by the hydrostatic pressure. The wave solution offers the 'fast' and 'slow' phase transition waves under combined longitudinal and torsional stresses in the phase transition region. The results show some new stress paths and wave structures in a thin-walled tube with phase transition, differing from those of conventional elastic-plastic materials.

EFFECT OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION OF SPUTTER-DEPOSITED SMA THIN FILMS

TiNi thin films were sputter-deposited on circular single-crystal silicon substrates un-der various sputtering parameters. The crystal structure and residual stress of the as-deposited films were determined by X-ray diffraction and substrate-curvature method. The phenomenon of stress-suppressed martensitic transformation was observed. R is considered that the residual stresses in SMA thin films based on circular substrates act as balanced biaxial tensile stresses. The status of equilibrant delays the align-ment of self-accommodated variants and the volume shrinkage during the martensitic transformation.

Tailoring the microstructure,martensitic transformation and strain recovery characteristics of Ti-Ta shape memory alloys by changing Hf content

In the present work,the microstructure features,martensitic transformation,mechanical properties and strain recovery characteristics of Ti-Ta based shape memory alloys were tailored by changing Hf contents.The singleα"martensite phase was dominated in Ti-Ta alloy with 2 at.%H f.Upon Hf content exceeded2 at.%,βphase started to appear.Moreover,the amount ofβphase gradually increased with Hf content increasing.The martensitic transformation temperatures continuously decreased with the increased Hf content,which was attributed to the rising of valence electron concentration.Meanwhile,Hf addition improved the thermal cycling stability of Ti-Ta alloys due to the suppression ofωprecipitation.The yield stress of Ti-Ta based alloys firstly decreased and then increased with Hf content increasing.In addition,the completely recoverable strain of 4%can be obtained in Ti-Ta alloy with 6 at.%Hf as a consequence of the higher critical stress for dislocation slip.Besieds,the Ti-Ta based alloy containing 8 at.%Hf had the superior superelasticity behavior with the fully recoverable strain of 2%at room temperature.

A Detailed Observation on Successive Stress-Induced Martensite Transformation in CuAlMnZnZr Alloy Poly crystalline Above A_(f)

The successive stress-induced martensite morphologies and mechanisms in polycrystalline CuAlMnZnZr samples have been examined. By applying stress to the uniform P ] matrix, two or more orientation plates of M18R martensite are stress-induced in a grain. With further increasing stress, one orientation plate depletes the other and coalesces into a single region in some view field. The mechanisms by which these are developed have been ascertained, and include variant-variant coalescence, stress-induced martensite to martensite transformation and the complicated cross-like stress-induced martensite formation.

Effect of Two-times Annealing on Characteristics of TiNi Shapc-memory Alloy

The thermo- induced and stress- induced transformations of a TiNi SMA after two times annealing werestudied by resistivity measurement and X-ray diffraction. The effect of heat treatment craft on characteristicsof SMA was discussed by contrast between two sorts of TiNi SMA wires.