A Shape-Memory Deployable Subsystem with a Large Folding Ratio in China’s Tianwen-1 Mars Exploration Mission

Once China’s Tianwen-1 Mars probe arrived in a Mars orbit after a seven-month flight in the deep cold space environment,it would be urgently necessary to monitor its state and the surrounding environment.To address this issue,we developed a flexible deployable subsystem based on shape memory polymer composites(SMPC-FDS)with a large folding ratio,which incorporates a camera and two temperature telemetry points for monitoring the local state of the Mars orbiter and the deep space environment.Here,we report on the development,testing,and successful application of the SMPC-FDS.Before reaching its Mars remote-sensing orbit,the SMPC-FDS is designed to be in a folded state with high stiffness;after reaching orbit,it is in a deployed state with a large envelope.The transition from the folded state to the deployed state is achieved by electrically heating the shape memory polymer composites(SMPCs);during this process,the camera on the SMPC-FDS can capture the local state of the orbiter from multiple angles.Moreover,temperature telemetry points on the SMPC-FDS provide feedback on the environment temperature and the temperature change of the SMPCs during the energization process.By simulating a Mars on-orbit space environment,the engineering reliability of the SMPC-FDS was comprehensively verified in terms of the material properties,structural dynamic performance,and thermal vacuum deployment feasibility.Since the launch of Tianwen-1 on 23 July 2020,scientific data on the temperature environment around Tianwen-1 has been successfully acquired from the telemetry points on the SMPCFDS,and the local state of the orbiter has been photographed in orbit,showing the national flag of China fixed on the orbiter.

MESO-MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY REINFORCED SMART STRUCTURE WITH DAMAGE

The mechanical behaviors of shape memory alloy （SMA） wires reinforced smart structure with damage were analyzed through the variational principle, a governing equation for the structure was derived, mathematical expressions for the meso-displacement field, stressstrain field of typical element with damage were presented, and a failure criterion for interface failure between SMA wires and matrix was established under two kinds of actuation which are dead-load and temperature, where the temperature is included in effective free restoring strain. In addition, there are some other composing factors in the failure criterion such as the interface properties, dynamical properties of SMA, initial debonding length L - l etc. The results are significant to understand structural strength self-adapted control and failure mechanism of SMA wires reinforced smart structure with damage.

Advances in 4D printed shape memory composites and structures:Actuation and application

Shape memory polymer composites(SMPCs)are a type of smart material that can change shapes under the stimulation of the external environment,and they have great potential in aerospace,biomedical,robotics,and electronic devices due to their advantages of high strength and toughness,lightweight,impact resistance,corrosion resistance,and aging resistance.4D printing technology has provided new opportunities for the further development of smart materials.The addition of various fillers enriches the variety of printable materials and provides composites with different properties and functions.The combination of SMPCs and printing technologies realizes the structure-function integration.This paper introduces the emergence and development of 4D printing technologies,the preparation methods and properties of SMPCs for 4D printing;as well as the research progress and potential application of 4D printable SMPCs in recent years in terms of thermal,electrical,magnetic,and optical driving.Finally,the existing problems and future development of 4D printable SMPCs are discussed.

Mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of 4D printed functionally graded cellular structures

The properties of functionally graded(FG) cellular structures vary spatially, and the varying properties can meet the requirements of different working environments. In this study, we fabricated FG cellular structures with shape memory effect by 4D printing and evaluated the compressive performance and shape memory behavior of these structures with temperature through experimental analysis and finite element simulations. The results show that the maximum energy absorption gradually decreases but the compressive modulus gradually increases with increasing gradient parameters. Moreover, the finite element simulations also show that the compressive deformation mode of the structure shifts from uniform to non-uniform deformation with increasing gradient parameters. The compressive modulus and compressive strength of 4D printed FG structures decrease with increasing temperature due to the influence of the shape memory polymer, and they exhibit outstanding shape recovery capability under high-temperature stimulus. The proposed 4D printed FG structures with such responsiveness to stimulus shed light on the design of intelligent energy-absorbing devices that meet specific functional requirements.

4D printed shape memory polymers and their structures for biomedical applications

Shape memory polymers are smart materials that produce shape changes under external stimulus conditions.Four-dimensional(4D)printing is a comprehensive technology originate from deformable materials and three-dimensional(3D)printing technology.At present,4D printed shape memory polymers and shape-changing structures have been applied in various fields,especially in the field of biomedical science.4D printing technology has made a breakthrough of personalized customization in the traditional medical field,providing a new direction for the further development of the biomedical field.In this review,the recent research and development of shape memory polymer,3D printing technology,4D printed shape memory polymers and shape-changing structures in biomedical area are present.The examples and applications of 4D printed shape memory polymers and their structures in the area of biomedical are also introduced.Based on 4D printing,stimulated by different conditions,3D printed objects can be fabricated into various biomedical applications such as cell scaffolds,vascular stents,bone scaffolds,tracheal stents and cardiac stents by different 3D printing techniques.Finally,the application prospects,existing technical restriction and future development directions of 4D printed shape memory polymers and their structures in the biomedical field are summarized.

Preliminary design and analysis of a cubic deployable support structure based on shape memory polymer composite

The deployable structures based on shape memory polymer com-posites(SMPCs)have been developed for its unique properties,such as high reliability,low-cost,lightweight,and self-deployment without complex mechanical devices compared with traditional deployable structures.In order to increase the inflatable structure system’s robustness and light the weight of it,a cubic deployable support structure based on SMPC is designed and analyzed pre-liminarily.The cubic deployable support structure based on SMPC consists of four dependent spatial cages,each spatial cage is composed of 12 three-longeron SMPC truss booms and end con-nections.The shape recovery of arc-shaped deployable laminates drive the three-longeron SMPC truss booms to unfold,thus realize the expansion of the deployable support structure.The concept and operation of the cubic deployable support structure are described in detail.A series of experiments are performed on the three-longeron deployable laminates unit and the simplified cubic deployable support structure to investigate the shape recovery behavior in the deployment process.Results indicate that the cubic deployable support structure has a high deployment-tgo-stowage volume ratio and can achieve self-deployment,package,and deploy without complex mechanical devices.

Control of Surface Wrinkles on Shape Memory PLA/PPDO Micro‑nanofibers and Their Applications in Drug Release and Anti‑scarring

Micro-and nano-fibers of shape memory polymers(SMP)offer multiple advantages like high specific surface area,poros-ity,and intelligence,and are suitable for biomedical applications.In this study,biodegradable poly(p-dioxanone)(PPDO)materials were incorporated to improve the brittleness of shape memory polylactic acid(PLA),and plasticizers were used to reduce the transition temperature of SMP composites such that their transitions could be induced close to body temperature.Furthermore,an electrostatic spinning technology was applied to prepare SMP fibers with wrinkled structures and regulate their microstructures and morphologies such that the intelligent transition of wrinkled and smooth morphologies can be achieved on the fiber surface.The application of this controllable-morphology fiber membrane in intelligent controlled drug release and scar inhibition after Ahmed Glaucoma Valve(AGV)implantation was also studied.The drug release from the stretched and deformed drug-loaded fiber membranes was faster than those from membranes with the original shape.This membrane with micro-and nano-fibers had good anti-scarring effects that improved after drug loading.The achievement of intelligent controlled drug release and the evident anti-scarring effects of the membrane broaden the application of SMP fibers in the biomedical field.

Design of a Light, Foldable and Flexibility Lunar Base

In this paper, to meet the environmental requirements for the lunar surface, we outline the design of an intelligent shape memory polymer(SMP) capsule structure of lightweight using a flexible composite skin. Key breakthrough technology for manufacturing the high-performance multilayer composite is utilized to realize the requirements for folding and compressing during launching, and unfolding on the lunar surface, taking into account the current opposing requirements for launching and the space transportation mission of large equipment. Based upon the reduced constraints, better expansibility and easy assembly, this lunar base is suited to the initial and interim phases of a moon construction, and provides a national solution in the construction of lunar base on moon.

基于DFAD-FBS的自适应前臂骨折外固定护具设计

目的 针对前臂骨折外固定护具实时贴合性差的问题,进行自适应前臂骨折外固定护具产品设计研究。方法 将自适应设计方法(DFAD)与功能-行为-结构模型(FBS)相结合,构建自适应前臂骨折外固定护具设计方法,并基于形状记忆聚合物的仿生设计研究,进行自适应前臂骨折外固定护具产品设计。结果 基于DFAD-FBS设计方法对前臂骨折外固定护具进行分析,将仿生蜂窝结构的形状记忆聚合物应用于自适应前臂骨折外固定护具产品设计,并通过有限元分析和贴合度试验验证了产品设计的可行性。结论 DFAD-FBS设计方法为解决前臂骨折外固定护具的实时贴合问题提供了新的方向,并验证了形状记忆聚合物用于解决前臂骨折外固定护具贴合性的可行性,对产品的适应性设计问题提供了有意义的参考。

Preparation of Polylactide/Poly(ether)urethane Blends with Excellent Electro-actuated Shape Memory via Incorporating Carbon Black and Carbon Nanotubes Hybrids Fillers

In this work, hybrid conductive fillers of carbon black （CB） and carbon nanotubes （CNTs） were introduced into polylactide （PLA）/thermoplastic poly（ether）urethane （TPU） blend （70/30 by weight） to tune the phase morphology and realize rapid electrically actuated shape memory effect （SME）. Particularly, the dispersion of conductive fillers, the phase morphology, the electrical conductivities and the shape memory properties of the composites containing CB or CB/CNTs were comparatively investigated. The results suggested that both CB and CNTs were selectively localized in TPU phase, and induced the morphological change from the sea-island structure to the co-continuous structure. The presence of CNTs resulted in a denser CB/CNTs network, which enhanced the continuity of TPU phase. Because the formed continuous TPU phase provided stronger recovery driving force, the PLA/TPU/CB/CNTs composites showed better shape recovery properties compared with the PLA/TPU/CB composites at the same CB content. Moreover, the CB and CNTs exerted a synergistic effect on enhancing the electrical conduetivities of the composites. As a result, the prepared composites exhibited excellent electrically actuated SME and the shape recovery speed was also greatly enhanced. This work demonstrated a promising strategy to achieve rapid electrically actuated SME via the addition of hybrid nanoparticles with self-networking ability in binary PLA/TPU blends over a much larger composition range.

多臂形状记忆聚氨酯的合成及其形状记忆性能研究

将丙三醇与己内酯通过开环聚合得到多臂形聚己内酯(MPCL),并将MPCL、HDI与Azoba通过溶液聚合的方法合成具有光-热双重响应的多臂形状记忆聚氨酯(MAPU)。合成的MAPU具有明确的支化结构,刺激方式多样、定点性和可远程操作等特点,既增加了形状记忆材料的功能性,又增强了其形状记忆响应性能。

形状记忆效应对水合物开采井防砂用聚合物性能的影响

形状记忆聚合物防砂筛管在日本第二轮天然气水合物试采中成功应用,但形状记忆效应对聚合物孔渗特征和防砂性能等影响的研究较少。基于此,本文研发了一种以聚氨酯作为基质的形状记忆聚合物防砂材料,探究了聚合物形状记忆特性、形状记忆前后的孔渗特性和力学强度等的变化规律,并评价了防砂性能。实验结果表明:研制的多孔聚氨酯具有良好的形状记忆特性和孔渗特性,形状固定率>98%,形状恢复率为100%,形状记忆温度为59.8℃;回弹前后渗透率均维持在10 D左右,且回弹前后抗压强度均维持在1 MPa左右;压汞测试表明形状记忆是一个对材料内部大孔的压缩-回弹过程,会导致材料内部结构发生变化,造成抗压强度略有降低,但完全回弹后,渗透性会小幅度增加;防砂性能测试表明仅在实验初期会有少量砂产出,砂粒的产出会对聚氨酯渗透性有一定的损伤,但对完全回弹的聚氨酯的渗透率仍可保持在10 D左右。综合材料性能分析认为,研制的形状记忆聚氨酯材料可配合机械防砂筛管使用,能满足水合物开采井防砂的需求。

形状记忆聚合物复合材料及其在空间可展开结构中的应用

综述了形状记忆聚合物复合材料及其在空间可展开结构中的应用。形状记忆聚合物是一种智能主动变形的高分子材料,该材料在外界激励作用下能够产生较大的可回复变形,可应用于智能主动变形结构。首先简述了形状记忆聚合物的研究现状,然后分别介绍了颗粒、短纤维和连续纤维增强的形状记忆聚合物复合材料的研究现状,并重点评述了三种复合材料的电-热致驱动变形性能。此外,本文还介绍了纤维增强形状记忆复合材料在空间可展开结构上的应用,主要包括可展开铰链、可伸缩梁和可展开天线等。

形状记忆聚合物及其在航空航天领域中的应用

介绍了形状记忆聚合物的最新研究进展,从结构角度分析和探讨了不同聚合物产生形状记忆效应的原理,其中,聚烯烃类形状记忆聚合物都具有化学交联和半结晶的结构;相反,形状记忆聚氨酯则具有物理交联和相分离的结构。而液晶弹性体的形状记忆效应则是由于液晶态的相转变而实现的。文中还对聚氨酯、交联聚乙烯、液晶弹性体等形状记忆高分子材料的特性及其在变形机翼、自展开结构等航空航天领域的应用进行了介绍和评价。

形状记忆聚合物及其复合材料在航天领域的应用进展

首先介绍了形状记忆聚合物及其复合材料,概述了该类材料的形状记忆机理。然后重点评述了基于形状记忆聚合物复合材料的可展开铰链、可展开桁架、可展开太阳能电池阵列、锁紧释放机构的结构和性能特点,指出了各类应用的优缺点及适用条件。最后,总结并展望了基于该类材料的空间可展开结构的未来研究重点和发展趋势。

智能热敏形状记忆聚合物及其应用

智能热敏聚合物是一种能够对外界温度的变化发生预定响应,从而使聚合物特定的宏观性能随之发生相应变化的高分子材料,形状记忆聚合物为智能热敏聚合物的一种.聚氨酯、聚降冰片烯、反式1,4-聚异戊二烯等均具有形状记忆特性.与形状记忆金属合金相比,形状记忆高分子材料具有质量轻、成本低、形状记忆温度易于调节、易于着色,形变量大、赋形容易,且易于在预定温度下被激发等特点,特别是形状记忆聚氨酯,具有结构-性能易于控制,形状记忆温度选择范围宽(-30～70℃)等优点,因而在生物医学、纺织服饰、玩具、包装、国防军工等诸多领域显示了广阔的应用前景.在纺织领域,具有形状记忆的领带、腹带、服装衬里、胸罩、绷带、运动服、军用作战服、登山服、帐篷等以其抗皱、免烫、防水、透湿、保温、定型等多种功能可通过体温或温度自动调节等智能特性,深受消费者青睐.本文对智能热敏高分子材料的研究和发展进行了回顾,重点介绍了该类材料的结构特征,形状记忆机理及其在纺织、生物医用材料、国防军工等领域的应用前景,并对该类材料的发展前景进行了展望.

LDPE/SEBS共混型形状记忆聚合物的结构与性能

以苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)热塑性弹性体和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)为主要原料,采用硫化工艺制备了LDPE/SEBS共混型形状记忆聚合物(SMP)。通过DSC、SEM、WXRD分析,测试了试样记忆性能和凝胶度,研究了固定相LDPE/可逆相SEBS配比与共混型SMP结构和性能的关系。结果表明,LDPE/SEBS配比是影响SMP互穿网络相尺寸和形状、SMP结晶度、玻璃化温度、以及SMP形状回复率、形状固定率等记忆特性的重要因素。

形状记忆聚合物复合材料在空间可展结构中的应用研究

传统的机械式可展开结构往往存在机械结构较复杂、质量较大、展开过程易产生振动的缺点,而形状记忆聚合物复合材料具有低成本、低密度、比强度大,展开过程平缓,振动小的特点,这些特点使其成为解决空间可展开结构现在面临问题的一种可能手段。介绍了基于形状记忆聚合物复合材料的空间可展开结构的发展近况,其结构简单、振动小等特点有望使其在未来的航天领域得到更多的应用。

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/星形聚乙二醇半互穿聚合物网络的形状记忆性能和分子机理

采用非共价复合方法,设计并合成了具有星形结构的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/星形聚乙二醇半互穿聚合物网络(PMMA/SPEG)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/线性聚乙二醇半互穿聚合物网络(PMMA/LPEG).研究了PEG分子量对PMMA/SPEG和PMMA/LPEG的热性能、机械性能、动态机械性能和形状记忆性能的影响.结果表明,与PMMA/LPEG相比,星形结构的嵌入显著提高了PMMA/SPEG复合物的机械性能、形状回复率和回复速度.采用Edwards管道模型理论对其形状记忆效应的分子机理进行了阐释,利用材料的应力松弛特性对机理分析进行了验证.

形状记忆聚合物在生物医学领域的研究进展

形状记忆高分子材料已经成为一种新型的生物医用智能材料,它能够根据不同应用进行性能设计,以满足生物医学领域对材料多功能的要求。基于不同的应用,形状记忆聚合物材料可以提供适合的功能,例如:形状展开功能、形状固定及回复功能、形变回复率及回复力可控性能等。形状记忆高分子材料可以通过多种刺激,例如:热、光、电、磁等方式被激发,实现其生物医学功能。这些刺激可以通过直接接触或遥控的方式激发材料的性能。形状记忆高分子材料也可以经过设计,具有生物降解性能、生物相容性等。首先介绍了形状记忆聚合物材料的结构原理、性能及分类,并在此基础上根据不同生物医学领域的应用进行总结,同时针对不同的形状记忆性能在生物医学领域的应用进行探讨。最后对形状记忆聚合物材料的生物力学性能、灭菌方式对材料性能的影响等进行了总结。