This paper makes in-depth reflections on the writer＇s first year experience as an ESL writing teacher at a Chinese college. In this paper, the author reflects on four popular presumptions about ESL writing teaching h...This paper makes in-depth reflections on the writer＇s first year experience as an ESL writing teacher at a Chinese college. In this paper, the author reflects on four popular presumptions about ESL writing teaching he held at the outset of the course and the problems he encountered during the course, and critically points out fallacies and dangers rooted in the presumptions, arguing that without conscious understanding of them, inexperienced writing teachers could be trapped and end up in a failure of teaching. The author therefore highlights some new developments of ESL writing and their significance for the situation in China, and proposes an integrated approach for the green ESL teachers to create leaner-centered L2 writing ：classes in their own classroom practice.展开更多
In the criminological system, passive euthanasia is an act that meets the constitutive elements. We should discard the traditional view of distinguishing between acts and omissions, but use genuine consent or presumpt...In the criminological system, passive euthanasia is an act that meets the constitutive elements. We should discard the traditional view of distinguishing between acts and omissions, but use genuine consent or presumptive consent under the patient’s right to self-determination as the basis for its justification. In general, the patient’s genuine consent takes precedence, but in case of the unavail-ability of the patient’s genuine consent, his or her presumptive consent should be applied as a substitute. The judgment of presumptive con-sent should follow the subsequence, with the living will of the patient applied first and then the substitute decision-making. If the patient’s personal will cannot be inferred after exhausting all available possi-bilities, the principle of prioritizing the interests of life should prevail, and the ongoing life-sustaining medical care should not be interrupted or terminated.展开更多
To describe and analyze the factors affecting the referral of presumptive tuberculosis patients between health-care facilities that are not affiliated with the National TB Control Program （NTP） and NTP-designated me...To describe and analyze the factors affecting the referral of presumptive tuberculosis patients between health-care facilities that are not affiliated with the National TB Control Program （NTP） and NTP-designated medical facilities in China, we carried out a retrospective study based on data collected in the Tuberculosis Information Management System in 2015. Out of 324,221 presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB） cases reported by non-NTP health-care facilities, 302,006 （93.1%） reported cases successfully arrived at designated medical facilities and 22,215 cases （6.9%） were lost to follow-up. The arrival rate of presumptive cases among male patients （92.9%） was slightly lower than that among female ones （93.7%）, and this difference is statistically significant. The majority （73.3%） of reported cases were local permanent residents. Migrants have a higher risk of being lost to follow-up compared with local residents （adjusted odds ratios 4.126 and 5.003, respectively）. Compared with farmers and herdsmen, pre-school children, unemployed laborers, retirees, and people with other occupations （adjusted odds ratios 2.361, 1.274, 1.068, and 1.993, respectively） had higher rates of loss to follow-up during the referral and tracing processes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the high referral rate of presumptive TB cases from non-NTP health-care facilities to designated medical facilities in China is due to implementation of effective active case identification strategies. In addition, migrant populations, pre-school children, unemployed laborers, and retirees were identified as high-risk groups that contribute to the loss to follow-up.展开更多
文摘This paper makes in-depth reflections on the writer＇s first year experience as an ESL writing teacher at a Chinese college. In this paper, the author reflects on four popular presumptions about ESL writing teaching he held at the outset of the course and the problems he encountered during the course, and critically points out fallacies and dangers rooted in the presumptions, arguing that without conscious understanding of them, inexperienced writing teachers could be trapped and end up in a failure of teaching. The author therefore highlights some new developments of ESL writing and their significance for the situation in China, and proposes an integrated approach for the green ESL teachers to create leaner-centered L2 writing ：classes in their own classroom practice.
基金the Beijing Social Science Foundation Project (Project Number 20221BS0009).
文摘In the criminological system, passive euthanasia is an act that meets the constitutive elements. We should discard the traditional view of distinguishing between acts and omissions, but use genuine consent or presumptive consent under the patient’s right to self-determination as the basis for its justification. In general, the patient’s genuine consent takes precedence, but in case of the unavail-ability of the patient’s genuine consent, his or her presumptive consent should be applied as a substitute. The judgment of presumptive con-sent should follow the subsequence, with the living will of the patient applied first and then the substitute decision-making. If the patient’s personal will cannot be inferred after exhausting all available possi-bilities, the principle of prioritizing the interests of life should prevail, and the ongoing life-sustaining medical care should not be interrupted or terminated.
基金supported by the World Health Organization Western Pacific TB Operational Research Grant(WPDCC1408653)
文摘To describe and analyze the factors affecting the referral of presumptive tuberculosis patients between health-care facilities that are not affiliated with the National TB Control Program （NTP） and NTP-designated medical facilities in China, we carried out a retrospective study based on data collected in the Tuberculosis Information Management System in 2015. Out of 324,221 presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB） cases reported by non-NTP health-care facilities, 302,006 （93.1%） reported cases successfully arrived at designated medical facilities and 22,215 cases （6.9%） were lost to follow-up. The arrival rate of presumptive cases among male patients （92.9%） was slightly lower than that among female ones （93.7%）, and this difference is statistically significant. The majority （73.3%） of reported cases were local permanent residents. Migrants have a higher risk of being lost to follow-up compared with local residents （adjusted odds ratios 4.126 and 5.003, respectively）. Compared with farmers and herdsmen, pre-school children, unemployed laborers, retirees, and people with other occupations （adjusted odds ratios 2.361, 1.274, 1.068, and 1.993, respectively） had higher rates of loss to follow-up during the referral and tracing processes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the high referral rate of presumptive TB cases from non-NTP health-care facilities to designated medical facilities in China is due to implementation of effective active case identification strategies. In addition, migrant populations, pre-school children, unemployed laborers, and retirees were identified as high-risk groups that contribute to the loss to follow-up.
