Application and evaluation of layering shear method in LADCP data processing

The current velocity observation of LADCP(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)has the advantages of a large vertical range of observation and high operability compared with traditional current measurement methods,and is being widely used in the field of ocean observation.Shear and inverse methods are now commonly used by the international marine community to process LADCP data and calculate ocean current profiles.The two methods have their advantages and shortcomings.The shear method calculates the value of current shear more accurately,while the accuracy in an absolute value of the current is lower.The inverse method calculates the absolute value of the current velocity more accurately,but the current shear is less accurate.Based on the shear method,this paper proposes a layering shear method to calculate the current velocity profile by“layering averaging”,and proposes corresponding current calculation methods according to the different types of problems in several field observation data from the western Pacific,forming an independent LADCP data processing system.The comparison results have shown that the layering shear method can achieve the same effect as the inverse method in the calculation of the absolute value of current velocity,while retaining the advantages of the shear method in the calculation of a value of the current shear.

Simulation of shear layers interaction and unsteady evolution under different double backward-facing steps

High-order accurate schemes are employed to numerically simulate the interaction of a supersonic jet and a co-directional supersonic inflow. A double backward-facing step model is proposed to investigate the interaction between the jet shear layer and the supersonic inflow shear layer. It is found that due to the interaction of the shear layer, a secondary jet is injected into the recirculation zone at the intersection of the two shear layers. The secondary jet produced by the interaction of the two shear layers has a periodicity because of shear layers interaction. The distinction in the shape of double backward-facing steps will induce changes in the period of the secondary jet. The analysis and discussion of the periodicity of the secondary jet are mainly focused in this letter.

Influence of holding time on microstructure and shear strength of Mg alloy/steel joint diffusion bonded with Zn-5Al interlayer

The diffusion bonding of AZ31B Mg alloy and Q235 steel was investigated with a Zn-5Al alloy as interlayer and under different holding time ranging from 3 to 1 200 s. The microstructure and phase compositions of bonded joints were characterized by scanning electron microscopy( SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer( EDS) and X-ray diffraction( XRD)methods. The shear strength of Mg alloy/steel joints was measured by tensile tester. It was found that the microstructure of bonded joints evolved dramatically along with the prolongation of holding time. Under the holding time of 3 s,the main part of joint was composed of MgZn_2 phase and dispersed Al-rich solid solution particles. When increased the holding time more than 60 s,the excessive solution of AZ31B into the interfacial reaction area led to the formation of coarse phase and eutectic microstructure,and also the complex Fe-Al and Mg-Al-Zn IMCs at transition layer closed to Q235 steel side. According to the tensile testing characterizations,the joints obtained under holding time of 3 s exhibited the best shear strength of 84 MPa,and the fracture occurred at the intermediary part of joint where the flexible Al-rich solid solution particles could help to impede the microcrack propagations. With prolonging the holding time to 600 s,the shear strength of joints was deteriorated enormously and the fracture position was shifted to the transition layer part closed to Q235 steel.

Lateral Shear Layer and Its Velocity Distribution of Flow in Rectangular Open Channels

The lateral velocity distribution of flow in the shear layer of open channel is required to many problems in river and eco-environment engineering, e.g. distribution of pollutant dispersion, sediment transport and bank erosion, and aquatic habitat. It is not well understood about how the velocity varies laterally in the wall boundary layer. This paper gives an analytical solution of lateral velocity distribution in a rectangular open channel based on the depth-averaged momentum equation proposed by Shiono & Knight. The obtained lateral velocity distributions in the wall shear layer are related to the two hydraulic parameters of lateral eddy viscosity (λ) and depth-averaged secondary flow (Γ) for given roughened channels. Preliminary relationships between the above two parameters and the aspect ratio of channel, B/H, are obtained from two sets of experimental data. The lateral width (δ) of the shear layer was investigated and found to relate to the λ and the bed friction factor (f), as described by Equation (26). This study indicates that the lateral shear layer near the wall can be very wide (δ/H = 14.6) for the extreme case (λ = 0.6 and f = 0.01).

ON SEPARATED SHEAR LAYER OF BLUNT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Separated shear layer of blunt circular cylinder has been experimentally investigated for the Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter) ranging from 2.8 x 10(3) to 1.0 x 10(5), with emphasis on evolution of separated shear layer, its structure and distribution of Reynolds shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy. The results demonstrate that laminar separated shear layer experiences 2 similar to 3 times vortex merging before it reattaches, and turbulence separated shear layer takes 5 similar to 6 times vortex merging. In addition, relationship between dimensionless initial frequencies of K-H instability and Reynolds numbers is identified, and reasons for the decay of turbulence kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress in reattachment region are discussed.

Contrasting dynamic characteristics of shear turbulence and Langmuir circulation in the surface mixed layer

Large eddy simulation （LES） is used to investigate contrasting dynamic characteristics of shear turbulence （ST） and Langmuir circulation （LC） in the surface mixed layer （SML）. ST is usually induced by wind forcing in SML. LC can be driven by wave-current interaction that includes the roles of wind, wave and vortex forcing. The LES results show that LC suppresses the horizontal velocity and greatly modifies the downwind velocity profile, but increases the vertical velocity. The strong downweUing jets of LC accelerate and increase the downward transport of energy as compared to ST. The vertical eddy viscosity Km of LC is much larger than that of ST. Strong mixing induced by LC has two locations. They are located in the 26s-36s （Stokes depth scale） and the lower layer of the SML, respectively. Its value and position change periodically with time. In contrast, maximum Km induced by ST is located in the middle depth of the SML. The turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） generated by LC is larger than that by ST. The differences in vertical distributions of TKE and Krn are evident. Therefore, the parameterization of LC cannot be solely based on TKE. For deep SML, the convection of large-scale eddies in LC plays a main role in downward transport of energy and LC can induce stronger velocity shear （S2） near the SML base. In addition, the large-scale eddies and Sz induced by LC is changing all the time, which needs to be fully considered in the parameterization of LC.

Analysis on secondary instability of shear layer based on the concept of phase synchronization

A concept of phase synchronization point is proposed, and then a model is built using this concept to explain secondary instabilities. This model has been used to determine the conditions of K- and H-type secondary instabilities, which are coincident with the conditions published in literatures. It also can be used to analyze other secondary instability phenomena. For example, the numerical results validate the analysis results in the case of 1/3rd subharmonic mode secondary instability. Furthermore, the numerical results indicate that the spanwise wave number of 3D disturbance has significant effect on the secondary instability.

THE APPLICATION OF DYNAMICSCHLIEREN-PHOTON CORRELATIONTECHNIQUE TO A SUPERSONIC SHEAR LAYER

By applying the dynamic schlieren-photon correlation technique to a two dimensional separated supersonic shear layer, the convection velocity of large eddies inside the shear layer and the frequency of the self-sustaining oscillation of the shear layer induced by the shedding of large eddies have been obtained. The distribution of the turbulence intensity inside the shear layer can also be estimated. It is shown that the method has its promising potentials in the measurement of high speed complex flows.

THE EFFECTS OF VELOCITY RATIO ON THE LARGE SCALE COHERENT STRUCTURES IN FREE SHEAR LAYERS

The velocity ratio of a free shear layer has an important influence on the spatial development of the large scale coherent structures in the layer. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to get an insight into this problem. The obtained numerical results agree quite well with those of a linear inviscid stability theory and the available experimental data.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FREE MIXING LAYER WITH CROSS SHEAR

A spectrum method is used to simulate the time-developing free mixing layerwith cross shear which is introduced in different stages. The results show that the properties of flow are nearly the same for situations whether the cross shear is introduced in theinitial time or in early stage. If cross shear is introduced in the stage that the roll-up ofmixing layer occurs, the turbulent intensities of now will increase and mixture of now willbe enhanced.

基于Damköhler数的支板稳定器贫油熄火分析方法研究

稳定器的贫油熄火边界预测对于燃烧室的设计具有重要意义。本文开展了支板稳定器的贫油熄火试验,得到了来流温度473~623 K,空气流速在60~130 m/s下的贫油熄火边界。通过数值模拟得到燃烧室的反应场和流场分布,分析了近熄火和稳定燃烧工况时Damköhler数的分布特性。结果表明,流动时间尺度在不同燃油流量下变化不大,化学时间尺度随燃油流量的降低而增大,在近熄火时,Damköhler数大于1的区域为两条明显的带状分布,仅在剪切层保持较高水平,回流区难以加热剪切层的新鲜混气,导致最终熄火;基于CO质量分数确定的关键反应区与实际火焰具有较好的一致性。不同熄火工况下反应区内的平均Damköhler数在1左右波动,最大误差22%,证明基于Damköhler数的贫油熄火分析方法能够揭示贫熄特征,为解决实际熄火预测提供基础。

HYPERSINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR PERIODIC ARRAYS OF PLANAR CRACKS IN A PERIODICALLY-LAYERED ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC SPACE UNDER ANTIPLANE SHEAR STRESS

Hypersingular integral equations are derived for the problem of determining the antiplane shear stress around periodic arrays of planar cracks in a periodically-layered anisotropic elastic space. The unknown functions are directly related to the jump in the displacements across opposite crack faces. Once the integral equations are solved, crack parameters of interest, such as the clack tip stress intensity factors, may be readily computed.For some specific examples of the problem, the integral equations are solved numerically by using a collocation technique, in order to compute the relevant stress intensity factors.

Shear Behavior in Indented Concrete Layers with Different Strengths

This paper investigates the design formula for the shear strength at the concrete-to-concrete interface proposed in Eurocode with regard to concrete layers with different strengths. Based upon the results of the study on the applicability of the design formula, push-off test is conducted on specimens with various indented interfaces to evaluate the actual behavior with respect to the surface roughness. The experimental results reveal that the interfacial shear strength increases with higher compressive strength of the concrete layers presenting different strengths and that the shear strength at the indented interface differs by 20% to 50% compared to the value predicted by the design formula. Especially, the shear strength developed between the concrete layers with different strengths appears to be different from the prediction of the design formula as much as the layers present larger difference in their compressive strengths.

3/4开口试验段汽车风洞的风阻测量误差分析与修正

汽车风洞用3/4开口试验段模拟真实道路气动环境,有限的试验段尺寸、地面边界层及射流剪切层会干扰流场,从而引起风阻测量误差。根据简化势流模型分析,3/4开口试验段存在模型实体阻塞、喷口阻塞、收集口阻塞以及水平压力梯度4项系统误差源,其中模型实体阻塞让风阻测量值偏低,喷口和收集口阻塞让风阻测量值偏高,彼此平衡抵消机制使3/4开口试验段风洞具有能够适应更大尺寸模型的优势。利用Mercker-Wiedemann修正方法,结合同济大学整车气动声学风洞,计算修正了3辆不同尺寸车型的风阻系数。结果显示:设定风阻系数误差不超过1%为标准,3/4开口试验段汽车风洞最大阻塞比为15%;水平压力梯度对风阻系数误差的影响更大,风洞设计和验收标准应保证dC_(p)(x)/dx≤0.001/m。

盐城市城区土层剪切波速与土层深度相关性分析

剪切波速是评价土体力学性质的一个重要参数。为分析盐城市城区土层剪切波速与土层深度之间的相关性。收集了盐城市城区场地地震安评和区域性地震安全性评价工程中384个钻孔29925条剪切波速,对剪切波速度与土层深度数据进行处理,采用线性、多项式及幂函数3种模型对4类土剪切波速随深度变化进行回归分析,给出了4类土剪切波速随深度变化的三种关系式及相应的回归参数。将三种模型计算得到的剪切波速预测值及实测值进行对比分析与检验。结果表明,盐城市城区土层的剪切速度随着土层深度的增加而增加,拟合优度均在0.80以上,Ⅲ类场地粘土的相关性系数达到0.949;给出的各类岩土体的剪切波速与土层深度经验关系模型较为可靠,预测精度均较高。研究结果可供盐城城区无场地剪切波速数据时参考使用。

高摩阻超静定土工格栅在粗粒土夹层中的剪胀作用研究

在加筋土工程中,采用异型格栅和设置粗粒土夹层可以有效增强筋土相互作用。然而粗粒土夹层厚度的确定方法仍有待进一步研究。基于一种带有凸起节点结构的高摩阻超静定土工格栅(high resistance hyperstatic geogrids,简称HRHG)与砾石的直剪试验结果,建立了剪切硬化筋土界面的剪胀本构模型,并进一步研究了筋土剪胀应力在土体内引起附加应力的分布规律。通过开展不同法向压力(30、50、80 kPa)下的直剪试验,研究了不同粗粒土夹层厚度(60、100、140、180 mm)对筋土相互作用的影响,并与筋土界面剪胀应力的分布规律进行了对比分析。结果表明,筋土界面剪胀本构模型可以有效计算剪缩位移和剪胀位移,且最终剪胀位移随法向压力增加而减小。由界面剪胀应力引起的粗粒土中附加应力随着与筋土界面距离的增加而降低,但是剪胀范围逐步增大。粗粒土夹层厚度的增加可以有效提高界面剪切强度,但存在最优夹层厚度使界面剪切强度的增幅迅速降低。最优夹层厚度随着法向压力的增加而减小。通过对比分析最优夹层厚度与剪胀应力比之间的关系,提出了基于筋土界面剪胀本构模型的确定最优夹层厚度的半经验公式,可为HRHG在工程中的设计或应用提供参考。

双层滑带滑坡土环剪试验与稳定性分析

以云南省文山至麻栗坡高速公路K39段复合型双层滑带滑坡为例,采用室内环剪试验探明该滑坡深层、浅层滑带各自的残余强度,分析不同含水率、法向应力和剪切速率对滑带土残余强度的影响;采用FLAC3D软件进行数值模拟,基于滑坡应力-应变历史对滑坡稳定性进行评价。结果表明:滑带土在低含水率情况下力学强度较高,饱和状态抗剪强度参数表现出明显的衰减趋势;在地下水位保持高位时,深层滑带更易发生渐进式蠕动滑移。模拟结果显示:滑坡的深层滑带应力集中现象较为显著,浅层滑坡危险性较小,滑坡在暴雨工况下整体稳定性明显降低,存在一定风险,可通过设置排水洞等降水措施进行治理。

跨声速空腔剪切层动态特征传播特性研究

开式空腔流动发生时,剪切层内旋涡运动与腔内前传声波相互作用,引发空腔自持振荡现象。针对长深比为7的开式空腔,采用脉动压力测试技术,在Ma=0.9来流条件下开展腔内剪切层动态特征试验研究,通过频谱分析和互相关分析,揭示剪切层动态特征发展机制和模态噪声传播规律。结果表明:剪切层内单调增大的宽频噪声和类余弦分布的模态噪声相互叠加,使剪切层整体动态特征呈波浪上升发展;模态噪声逆流向上行传播,其速度同样呈类余弦分布,变化趋势与模态噪声幅值保持一致。结合Rossiter模态预估理论发现:同频率的上行模态声波与下行旋涡相互作用,产生了类驻波现象,导致模态噪声功率谱密度和传播速度沿流向周期性变化。

波形钢-UHPC组合桥面板中栓钉-PBL连接件抗剪性能数值模拟研究

针对波形顶板-超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC)新型组合桥面板结构,提出在波形钢板波峰处布置短栓钉,波谷处布置开孔板(Perfobond Leiste,PBL),形成栓钉-PBL组合连接件协同抗剪。为探究该组合连接件的抗剪力学性能,建立组合连接件推出试验及梁式试验的有限元模型,并基于现有试验对模型的正确性进行验证。在此基础上,讨论了栓钉直径、PBL孔径、栓钉抗拉强度和UHPC抗压强度等设计参数对组合连接件抗剪性能的影响规律。通过分析组合连接件在推出试验全过程中的剪力分配规律,揭示了波形顶板-UHPC组合结构中栓钉与PBL剪力连接件的协同工作机理及破坏机理,并基于此提出组合连接件的设计理论和抗剪承载力计算方法。研究结果表明:组合连接件受到的剪力由栓钉和PBL共同承担,增加短栓钉直径、PBL孔径和UHPC强度均可有效提高组合连接件抗剪承载力;栓钉与无贯穿钢筋的PBL连接件抗剪承载力相近时,后者在加载初期承担的荷载较大,并会早于栓钉发生破坏;二者抗剪承载力之比在1.5左右时,大致同时进入破坏阶段,组合效果最佳;提出的栓钉-PBL组合连接件抗剪承载力计算公式的计算结果与有限元及试验结果吻合度较高;抗剪连接程度相同时,采用组合连接件的桥面板受力性能最佳,钢板与UHPC层之间的相对滑移和间隙均最小。

上硬下软层状土中锚板抗拔承载特性研究

锚板基础是一类在海工系泊系统中广泛应用的锚固基础,其特点是具有较高的承载力和稳定性。锚板的承载能力是基础设计的重要参考因素,而承载能力与土体的性质密切相关。现有关于锚板承载力的研究多集中在单一均质土层中,而对层状土尤其是上硬下软这类层状土体中的承载特性认识不足。基于数值分析,综合考虑层状土的分层性质,对锚板基础在硬黏-软黏层状土体及砂土-软黏土复合土体中的承载特性展开研究,分析锚板埋深、土层抗剪强度比、层厚比及土体性质等关键因素对锚板周围土体破坏模式和承载力的影响。结果表明:在硬黏-软黏土体中,随着抗剪强度比、层厚比的增加,极限承载力均显著增加;在砂土-软黏土体中,极限承载力同样随着层厚比的增加而增加,当下层软黏土中的锚板破坏进入局部破坏后,层厚比对承载力的影响逐渐减弱。研究可以为上硬下软层状土中锚板基础的承载力确定提供计算方法和理论参考。