Excitation and Detection of Shear Horizontal Waves with Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Nondestructive Testing of Plates

The fundamental shear horizontal（SH0） wave has several unique features that are attractive for long-range nondestructive testing（NDT）. By a careful design of the geometric configuration, electromagnetic acoustic transducers（EMATs） have the capability to generate a wide range of guided wave modes, such as Lamb waves and shear-horizontal（SH） waves in plates. However, the performance of EMATs is influenced by their parameters. To evaluate the performance of periodic permanent magnet（PPM） EMATs, a distributed-line-source model is developed to calculate the angular acoustic field cross-section in the far-field. Numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the performance of such EMATs with different geometric parameters, such as period and number of magnet arrays, and inner and outer coil widths. Such parameters have a great influence on the directivity of the generated SH0 waves that arises mainly in the amplitude and width of both main and side lobes. According to the numerical analysis, these parameters are optimized to obtain better directivity. Optimized PPM EMATs are designed and used for NDT of strip plates. Experimental results show that the lateral boundary of the strip plate has no perceivable influence on SHO-wave propagation, thus validating their used in NDT. The proposed model predicts the radiation pattern ofPPM EMATs, and can be used for their parameter optimization.

New Interfacial Shear-Horizontal Waves in Piezoelectric Cubic Crystals

This theoretical study reports results on acoustic wave propagation along the interface of two half-spaces representing cubic crystals of both piezoelectric classes ?43m and 23 with strong piezoelectric effect. In similar configurations, the interfacial Maerfeld-Tournois waves can propagate along the interface of two transversely-isotropic materials of class 6 mm, in which the shear-horizontal surface acoustic waves (SH-SAWs) called the Bleustein-Gulyaev (BG) waves can also exist. Cubic piezoelectrics cannot support existence of the surface BG-waves, according to the recent report by Gulyaev and Hickernell. Hence, new interfacial SH-waves are studied in this paper concerning unique direction [101] of wave propagation in cubic crystals using different electrical boundary conditions (EBCs) of both metallized and non-metallized interfaces. The new interfacial SH-waves can always propagate along the interface of two identical piezoelectric crystals with opposite polarization. In this case, the calculated velocities for both EBCs coincide with the velocity of the ultrasonic surface Zakharenko wave (USZW) propagating in direction [101] on the metallized surface of a cubic piezoelectrics. It was also found that the new interfacial SH-waves can exist when wave propagation is along the interface of two dissimilar half-spaces, for instance, the piezoelectric cubic crystals Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20. Several calculations are also carried out as examples. PACS: 51.40.+p, 62.65.+k, 68.35.Gy, 68.35.Iv, 68.60.Bs, 74.25.Ld.

Three-Dimensional Scattering of an Incident Plane Shear Horizontal Guided Wave by a Partly through-Thickness Hole in a Plate

We investigate the three-dimensional （3D） scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate, in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to the mode conversions by the scattering obstacle in the 3D problem. An analytical model is presented such that the wave fields are expanded in all of propagating and evanescent SH modes and Lamb modes, and the scattered far-fields of three fundamental guided wave modes are analyzed numerically for different sizes of the holes and frequencies. The numerical results are verified by comparing with those obtained by using the approximate Poisson/Mindlin plate model for small hole radius and low frequency. It is also found that the scattering patterns are different from those of the SO wave incidence. Our work is useful for quantitative evaluation of the plate-like structure by ultrasonic guided waves.

四分之一空间内椭圆孔对SH(shearing horizontal,反平面剪切)波的散射

利用保角变换和多极坐标移动技术,求解四分之一空间内含有椭圆孔时椭圆孔对入射平面SH(shearing hori-zontal)波的稳态散射问题。首先利用四分之一空间两垂直边界处的应力自由条件,写出不含椭圆孔时空间介质内的反射波场;其次,通过保角映射技术考虑空间介质内含有任意主轴方向的椭圆孔时,由于椭圆孔对入射和反射波场的散射作用而产生的散射波场,并预先使得该散射波场满足四分之一空间介质两垂直边界处的应力自由条件,利用叠加原理,将入射波场、反射波场和散射波场叠加起来,即可得到问题的总位移波场。最后借助于椭圆孔边界处的应力自由条件和傅里叶级数展开列出求解散射波解中未知系数的无穷代数方程组,在满足计算精度的前提下将方程组进行有限项截断,得到一个有限线性方程组并求解。通过算例具体讨论四分之一空间内椭圆孔边界处的环向动应力集中系数随入射波入射角、无量纲波数、椭圆孔方位参数的变化情况。

Science Letters:New solutions of shear waves in piezoelectric cubic crystals

Acoustic wave propagation in piezoelectric crystals of classes?43m and 23 is studied. The crystals Tl3VS4 and Tl3TaSe4 (43m) of the Chalcogenide family and the crystal Bi12TiO20 (23) possess strong piezoelectric effect. Because the surface Bleustein-Gulyaev waves cannot exist in piezoelectric cubic crystals, it was concluded that new solutions for shear-horizontal surface acoustic waves (SH-SAWs) are found in the monocrystals using different electrical boundary conditions such as electri- cally “short” and “open” free-surfaces for the unique [101] direction of wave propagation. For the crystal Tl3TaSe4 with coefficient of electromechanical coupling (CEMC) Ke2=e2/(C×g)～1/3, the phase velocity Vph for the new SH-SAWs can be calculated with the following formula: Vph=(Va+Vt)/2, where Vt is the speed of bulk SH-wave, Vt=Vt4(1+Ke2)1/2, Va=aKVt4, aK=2[Ke(1+Ke2)1/2-Ke2]1/2, and Vt4=(C44/ρ)1/2. It was found that the CEMC K2 evaluation for Tl3TaSe4 gave the value of K2=2(Vf–Vm)/Vf～0.047 (～4.7%), where Vf～848 m/s and Vm^828 m/s are the new-SAW velocities for the free and metallized surfaces, respectively. This high value of K2(Tl3TaSe4) is significantly greater than K2(Tl3VS4)～3% and about five times that of K2(Bi12TiO20).

非饱和土地基中端承桩对SH波的水平地震响应

为探讨非饱和土地基中SH波作用下端承桩的水平地震响应,先基于一维波动理论得出SH波引起的土层自由场水平振动解,然后考虑非饱和土体动剪切模量随其饱和度的变化特性,采用三维连续介质力学和Euler梁模型建立轴向静荷载下非饱和土-端承桩水平耦合振动模型,进而通过引入势函数和分离变量法推导出桩顶水平位移相互作用因子、桩顶水平位移放大因子和桩身曲率比的表达式,经与已有成果对比验证后再经参数分析,获得土体饱和度、桩身长径比和土体黏滞阻尼对桩身水平抗震特性的影响规律:土体饱和度和桩身长径比仅在高频范围对相互作用因子和放大因子有显著影响;土体黏滞阻尼仅在共振频率使得相互作用因子和放大因子分别逐渐增大和减小。

The Frequency Selection of SH0 Waves for Total Transmission and Its Application in the Damage Detection of Aircrafts

Based on wave interference,a methodology to realize the total transmission phenomenon of SH0 waves is proposed in this paper.After a systematical theoretical investigation,an exact frequency of a flat plate consisting of another medium with finite length,is obtained,which is furthermore exemplified by the finite element method.This frequency is the same as the classical Fabry-Perot condition and dependent on the thickness of the material.It has been revealed that an SH0 wave,with its wavelength equal to twice of the length of another medium,can totally transmit across the medium without reflection.Especially when the impedance changes in a specific range,the energy of transmitted waves can keep in a high level,which is frequency-independent.Not limited by a flat plate,the Fabry-Perot condition is also suitable for a scraggy plate when the thickness variation is relatively small.Finally,using the transfer matrix method,the wave propagation in a plate with multiple layers is quantitatively investigated,and the frequency analysis for total transmission is carried out.The methodology,as well as the design scheme proposed,is achievable and artificially controllable,which opens a new prospect for the wave control and final applications in aeronautics and astronautics.

用于厚壁结构中激励低频SH导波的换能器

零阶水平剪切波(SH_(0)波)因其独特的非频散(即波速不随频率改变)特性在厚壁板壳结构的智能监测中具有可观的应用前景。然而,当前能够在厚壁板壳结构中激励单模态低频SH_(0)波的换能器十分匮乏。鉴于此,本研究设计了一种低频SH_(0)波压电换能器,该换能器由两个反对称布置的厚度剪切压电晶片和一个含有微结构的基底构成。有限元仿真和实验结果表明,该压电换能器可以在45~65 kHz频率范围内激励高信噪比的SH_(0)波,且能够将SH_(0)波的能量聚焦在两个相反的主方向。此外,基底中的微结构设计可以提高换能器激励的SH_(0)波的信噪比,基底有微结构的换能器所激励的SH_(0)波的信噪比比基底无微结构的换能器提高了277%。本研究所提出的压电换能器可为在厚壁板壳结构中激励单模态的低频SH_(0)波提供一个可行的途径。

Propagation behavior of SH waves in a piezomagnetic substrate with an orthorhombic piezoelectric layer

The dispersion behavior of the shear horizontal （SH） waves in the coupled structure consisting of a piezomagnetic substrate and an orthorhombic piezoelectric layer is investigated with different cut orientations. The surface of the piezoelectric layer is mechanically free, electrically shorted, or open, while the surface of the piezomagnetic substrate is mechanically free, magnetically open, or shorted. The dispersion relations are derived for four electromagnetic boundary conditions. The dispersion characteristics are graphically illustrated for the layered structure with the PMN-PT layer perfectly bonded on the CoFe2O4 substrate. The effects of the PMN-PT cut orientations, the electromagnetic boundary conditions, and the thickness ratio of the layer to the substrate on the dispersion behavior are analyzed and discussed in detail. The results show that, （i） the effect of the cut orientation on the dispersion curves is very obvious, （ii） the electrical boundary conditions of the PMN-PT layer dominate the propagation feature of the SH waves, and （iii） the thickness ratio has a significant effect on the phase velocity when the wave number is small. The results of the present paper can provide valuable theoretical references to the applications of piezoelectric/piezomagnectic structure in acoustic wave devices.

A unidirectional SH wave transducer based on phase-controlled antiparallel thickness-shear(d15)piezoelectric strips

In recent years,shear horizontal(SH)waves are being paid more and more attention to in structural health monitoring as it has only one displacement component.In this paper,a unidirectional SH wave transducer based on phase-controlled antiparallel thickness-shear(d15)piezoelectric strips(APS)is proposed.Here two pairs of identical APS were used each of which is a bidirectional SH wave transducer.By setting the interval between the two pairs of APS as 1/4 wavelength and the excitation delay between them as 1/4 period of the central operating frequency,unidirectional SH waves can be excited.Both finite element simulations and experiments were performed to validate the proposed design.Results show that SH0 waves were successfully excited only along one direction and those along the unwanted directions were suppressed very well.The proposed unidirectional SH wave transducer is very helpful to study the fundamentals and applications of SH waves.

VTI介质SH-SH波地震反演方法研究

近年来,随着横波可控震源技术的发展,国内外已经实现了纯横波地震勘探.相较于地震纵波,地震横波对横波阻抗、横波速度尤其是各向异性参数变化更为敏感,因此地震横波能够用来更好地估算上述地层参数.VTI(具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性)是地层介质中广泛存在的一种各向异性形式,对振幅随偏移距变化(AVO)影响显著.本文提出了一种改进的VTI介质SH-SH波反射系数近似公式,新公式具有较高的精度且仅包含两项待求参数:横波阻抗和水平横波(SH波)速度.基于新方程建立了VTI介质SH-SH波反演方法,该方法相比VTI介质的PP波反演不确定性明显下降,同时降低了常规PP波各向异性反演对大角度数据的要求.为了获得独立的横波各向异性参数,进一步地提出了一种基于岩石物理关系的横波各向异性参数估算方法.合成地震数据测试和柴达木盆地九分量地震勘探实际地震数据应用结果表明,新方法能够准确地预测地层的横波阻抗、水平横波(SH波)速度、各向异性参数,为各向异性地层的岩性解释和油气储层预测提供了可靠的解决方案,从而深化了横波地震勘探的应用潜力.

脉冲压缩在钢板腐蚀电磁超声SH导波检测中的应用

将Barker码脉冲压缩技术应用于水平剪切(SH)导波电磁超声换能器(EMAT),对提高在役钢板腐蚀检测回波的信噪比(SNR)和空间分辨率,以及实现大范围在线快速扫查具有重要的工程应用价值。建立基于Barker码信号激励的钢板SH导波传播有限元模型,结合实验分析与数值计算,分析了Barker码序列长度、码元长度、EMAT设计参数、提离等因素对脉冲压缩后缺陷回波的信噪比和波包宽度的影响,并与传统单一频率脉冲串激励方式进行对比实验。结果表明:与单一频率脉冲串激励方式相比,采用Barker码脉冲压缩技术,可以将缺陷波的SNR提高5.8 dB;当EMAT提离为3.0 mm时,经过脉冲压缩后的缺陷回波SNR>8.7 dB,而采用单一频率脉冲串激励方式对应的SNR接近于0 dB;当Barker码信号序列长度为13位、码元长度为15μs时,能检测深度为1 mm、直径为20 mm的圆孔,且SNR>25.4 dB。

柱面SH波作用下管道的动力响应

在地下空间开发建设过程中,钻爆法开挖诱发的爆破地震波对地下管道安全至关重要。当爆源距离管道较近时,波阵面的曲率会对管道的爆破动力响应特性产生显著影响。采用波函数展开法研究了柱面SH波爆破作用下管道的动应力集中问题,首先讨论了混凝土管道和PVC管道的动应力集中系数分布规律,进而探讨了一般情况下波源到管道轴线距离、入射波频率以及管道与土层剪切模量比η对管道内壁动应力集中系数的影响。结果表明:相较于PVC管道,混凝土管道内壁的动应力集中系数分布形状对柱面SH波频率较敏感;η是影响管道动应力集中系数的重要指标,当入射波频率一定时,随着η的增大,管道最大动应力集中系数也逐渐增大;η一定时,随着入射波频率增大,管道最大动应力集中系数逐渐减小;波源到管道轴线距离会因波阵面曲率对管道破坏位置产生影响,而其对最大动应力集中系数的影响较小。

基于多方向的SH横波震源装置的设计与实验

在当前的地震勘探中,纵波的应用更加广泛。但是它存在重锤激发方向单一的问题。相比纵波,SH横波波速低,波长短。在勘探精度和分辨率上都有着明显优势。为此,根据震源的激振,运动以及动力要求,研制出一种基于多方向的SH横波震源装置。该装置主要包括重锤提升释放,导向以及反力机构。在机构设计完成后,对震源各模块中关键零部件进行校核分析,验证各零部件结构设计及材料选取是否满足震源工作实际受力条件。最后经过试验验证,此震源装置冲击能量大,能量损失小,探测深度达到200 m。使其在地质勘探中有良好的推广价值和应用前景。

Infragravity waves with internal wave characteristics in the south of the Bohai Sea of China

The measurements by using ADCP (500 KH) and CTD were made during August 2000in the south (37?5'N, 120?5'E) of the Bohai Sea, where the water depth was about 16.5 m. The data of horizontal velocity with sampling interval of 2 min in 7 layers were obtained. The power spectrum analysis of these data indicates that there are very energetic infragravity waves with a period of about 6 min. The coherence spectrum analysis and the analysis of temporal variation of shear show that these infragravity waves are mainly the free wave model (properties of edge waves), in the meantime they possess some characteristics of internal waves, which are likely due to the distinctive marine environment in this area. It is speculated on that the instability processes (chiefly shear instability) of sheared stratified tidal flow owing to the effect of sea-floor slope in the coastal area might be the main mechanism generating these infragravity waves.

基于同步提取变换的钢轨踏面裂纹电磁超声表面SH波B扫成像检测研究

钢轨踏面在车轮的重复载荷作用下,极易产生滚动接触疲劳裂纹,并从轨头向下扩展,甚至导致断轨等重大安全事故,因此开展钢轨踏面裂纹高效准确的无损检测方法研究具有重要意义。对于钢轨轨头有限截面非规则几何体,无法采用解析法求解其频散曲线,采用Floquet-Bloch边界的有限元特征频率法,求解钢轨轨头类水平剪切导波频散曲线,在频散曲线的基础上,分析并确定电磁超声表面水平剪切波换能器的最佳检测频率。建立表面水平剪切波在含踏面裂纹钢轨轨头的传播有限元模型,研究表面水平剪切波在不同角度、深度的踏面裂纹上的反射及透射规律。为实现快速的钢轨踏面裂纹B扫成像检测且得到高信噪比的检测结果,实验对比同步提取变换和同步压缩变换对钢轨踏面检测回波的噪声滤除能力。结果表明:对单次检测回波应用同步提取变换消噪处理后,信噪比提高13.73 dB,比单次采集信号经同步压缩变换处理后的信噪比高4 dB。将同步提取变换用于钢轨踏面导波B扫成像检测,可以减小同步平均次数以满足快速检测的要求。

基于SH波的埋地管道泄漏监测方法

埋地管道在服役过程中受到工作载荷波动、周围环境变化等复杂因素的影响,易发生泄漏等事故,建立一种泄漏定量在线监测技术是提升埋地管道运行安全性的有效手段。为此探索了黏性媒质对矩形横截面杆中SH波传播的影响规律,研究了SH波衰减与粘滞系数和波导杆结构的相互影响规律。研究发现粘滞系数和波导杆表面积分别与SH波衰减呈现单调对应关系,推导了波导杆中的SH波衰减粘滞阻尼方程,设计了一种基于SH波衰减的埋地管道泄漏在线监测湿度传感器,建立了基于SH波的埋地管道泄漏监测方法。搭建试验台,开展SH波湿度传感器监测埋地管道泄漏可行性试验。试验发现,当湿度传感器选定并且埋入深度固定时,SH波衰减公式可以定量地表征土壤的湿度,根据SH波衰减公式测量土壤湿度相对误差不大于8%,即基于湿度传感器建立的埋地管道泄漏监测方法能定量地判断管道泄漏情况。

直角域中角点凹陷与浅埋孔洞对SH波的散射

为得到直角域中角点凹陷与浅埋孔洞的动态响应解析解,基于波函数展开法结合“镜像”思想构造角点凹陷和浅埋孔洞处的散射波场,采用傅里叶积分变换和坐标移动技术求解散射波场中的未知系数。通过参数化分析讨论入射波角度、频率及孔洞位置变化时,直角域中角点凹陷与浅埋孔洞对水平剪切(SH)波散射的影响。结果表明:SH波高频入射时,角点凹陷与浅埋孔洞之间的距离越近,孔洞处动应力的集中现象越明显,且要特别关注垂直和水平入射的情况,此时孔洞处动应力集中系数(DSCF)最大。

受载结构中SH_(0)波与裂纹作用的非线性散射场的数值研究

超声导波因具有传播距离远、能量衰减小等优点在结构健康监测领域中被广泛关注.厘清结构中导波与损伤作用后的散射规律,对于传感器阵列的设计和信号分析均具有重要意义.通过发展的数值方法,研究了受载结构中零阶水平剪切波(SH 0波)与微裂纹作用的接触声非线性作用规律.在双势谱方法的基础上,进一步通过mortar方法将谱单元和有限单元进行了耦合,以充分利用谱元法计算导波传播效率高的优点和有限元在离散复杂结构中的优势.利用该方法计算了板壳结构在自由状态和受载状态下SH 0波与不同角度微裂纹作用的非线性散射场.结果表明,SH 0波与裂纹作用后的二次谐波散射场关于裂纹面近似对称分布,并且单轴预应力不会改变二次谐波散射场的对称性,仍可以通过散射场的分布来确定微裂纹的取向.

弹性约束半空间内浅埋圆孔对SH波的散射

利用复变函数法和多极坐标移动技术求解讨论弹性约束边界半空间内浅埋圆孔对稳态入射平面SH(shearing horizontal,反平面剪切)波的散射问题。为了克服直接构造波函数场的困难,采用一个半径很大的圆孔边界来拟合半空间的直边界,因而原来问题即转化为无限大空间内大圆孔和小圆孔对入射平面SH波的散射问题。文中具体讨论小圆孔边界处的动应力集中系数随无量纲波数、入射波入射角的变化情况,算例结果表明文中处理方法是合理的。