Bending results of graphene origami reinforced doubly curved shell

The present work investigates higher order stress,strain and deformation analyses of a shear deformable doubly curved shell manufactures by a Copper(Cu)core reinforced with graphene origami auxetic metamaterial subjected to mechanical and thermal loads.The effective material properties of the graphene origami auxetic reinforced Cu matrix are developed using micromechanical models cooperate both material properties of graphene and Cu in terms of temperature,volume fraction and folding degree.The principle of virtual work is used to derive governing equations with accounting thermal loading.The numerical results are analytically obtained using Navier's technique to investigate impact of significant parameters such as thermal loading,graphene amount,folding degree and directional coordinate on the stress,strain and deformation responses of the structure.The graphene origami materials may be used in aerospace vehicles and structures and defence technology because of their low weight and high stiffness.A verification study is presented for approving the formulation,solution methodology and numerical results.

Resilient performance of self-centering hybrid rocking walls with curved interface under pseudo-static loading

Frame and rocking wall(FRW)structures have excellent resilient performance during earthquakes.However,the concrete at interfacial corners of rocking walls(RWs)is easily crushed due to local extreme compression during the rocking process.An innovative RW with a curved interface is proposed to prevent interfacial corners from producing local damage,enhancing its earthquake resilient performance(ERP).The precast wall panel with a curved interface is assembled into an integral self-centering hybrid rocking wall(SCRW)by two post-tensioned unbonded prestressed tendons.Moreover,two ordinary energy dissipation steel rebars and two shear reinforcements are arranged to increase the energy dissipation capacity and lateral resistance.Two SCRW specimens and one monolithic reinforced concrete(RC)shear wall(SW)were tested under pseudo-static loading to compare the ERPs of the proposed SCRW and the SW,focusing on studying the effect of the curved interface on the SCRW.The key resilient performance of rocking effects,failure modes,and hysteretic properties of the SCRW were explored.The results show that nonlinear deformations of the SCRW are concentrated along the interface between the SCRW and the foundation,avoiding damage within the SCRW.The restoring force provided by the prestressed tendons can effectively realize self-centering capacity with small residual deformation,and the resilient performance of the SCRW is better than that of monolithic SW.In addition,the curved interface of the SCRW makes the rocking center change and move inward,partially relieving the stress concentration and crush of concrete.The rocking range of the rocking center is about 41.4%of the width of the SCRW.

Unified analytical stressstrain curve for quasibrittle geomaterial in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression

Considering strain localization in the form of a narrow band initiated just at peak stress, three analytical expressions for stressstrain curves of quasibrittle geomaterial (such as rock and concrete) in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression were presented, respectively. The three derived stressstrain curves were generalized as a unified formula. Beyond the onset of strain localization, a linear strain-softening constitutive relation for localized band was assigned. The size of the band was controlled by internal or characteristic length according to gradient-dependent plasticity. Elastic strain within the entire specimen was assumed to be uniform and decreased with the increase of plastic strain in localized band. Total strain of the specimen was decomposed into elastic and plastic parts. Plastic strain of the specimen was the average value of plastic strains in localized band over the entire specimen. For different heights, the predicted softening branches of the relative stressstrain curves in uniaxial compression are consistent with the previously experimental results for normal concrete specimens. The present expressions for the post-peak stressdeformation curves in uniaxial tension and direct shear agree with the previously numerical results based on gradient-dependent plasticity.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

APPROXIMATE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED CURVED PANEL USING HIGHER-ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY

An approximate analysis for free vibration of a laminated curved panel(shell)with four edges simply supported(SS2),is presented in this paper.The transverse shear deformation is considered by using a higher-order shear deformation theory.For solving the highly coupled partial differential governing equations and associated boundary conditions,a set of solution functions in the form of double trigonometric Fourier series,which are required to satisfy the geometry part of the considered boundary conditions,is assumed in advance.By applying the Galerkin procedure both to the governing equations and to the natural boundary conditions not satisfied by the assumed solution functions,an approximate solution,capable of providing a reliable prediction for the global response of the panel,is obtained.Numerical results of antisymmetric angle-ply as well as symmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminated curved panels are presented and discussed.

A Comprehensive Investigation on Shear Performance of Improved Perfobond Connector

This paper presents an easily installed improved perfobond connector (PBL) designed to reduce the shearconcentration of PBL. The improvement of PBL lies in changing the straight penetrating rebar to the Z-typepenetrating rebar. To study the shear performance of improved PBL, two PBL test specimens which containstraight penetrating rebar and six improved PBL test specimens which contain Z-type penetrating rebars weredesigned and fabricated, and push-out tests of these eight test specimens were carried out to investigate andcompare the shear behavior of PBL. Additionally, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models of the PBL specimenswere established and validated against the test results. Through FEA, the effects of concrete grade, perforatedplate’s aperture, Z-type penetrating rebar’s diameter, Z-type penetrating rebar’s bending angle, and bending lengthon shear behaviors were discussed. The results indicate that (1) Compared with PBL specimens with straightpenetrating rebars, Z-type penetrating rebar can significantly improve the shear resistance and shear stiffnessof the specimens. This enhanced performance can be mainly attributed to the increased adhesion of the transverserebar. (2) By comparing the load-slip curve, the slip of PBL test specimens which contain straight penetratingrebar increases rapidly and the bearing capacity decreases rapidly after concrete craking, while the bearingcapacity of Z-type penetrating rebar specimens decreases first and then increases gradually, showing betterductility. (3) The stress of the PBL shear connector with Z-type penetrating rebar is more uniform than thePBL shear connector with straight penetrating rebar, and the overall deformation is more uniform. (4) The higherthe concrete grade, the higher the shear bearing capacity and the better ductility of the new PBL. Increasing theaperture of the perforated plate or the diameter of the rebar has a very limited effect on the improvement of theshear capacity of PBL. Through the systematic analysis of the mechanical properties of Z-type penetrating rebarPBL specimen, the experimental reference is provided for improving the structure and design of new type PBL.

A Method for Elastic Shear Buckling Calculation of Curved Bridge Webs

Curved composite bridges and curved steel bridges have already been constructed around the world;however, the calculation for shear buckling of curved bridge webs generally uses the equations for straight bridge webs or just introduces a modification factor for bridge design. In this paper, the curved bridge web is equivalent to an isotropic cylindrical flat shell, and the double triangular series satisfying four-edge simply supported boundaries are used as the displacement function of the shell. Then by means of the Galerkin method, the analytical formula for elastic shear buckling stress of curved bridge webs is deduced. The parameter studies show that the shear buckling coefficient kc of curved bridge webs is positively correlated with the parameter h2 / (Rt), and negatively correlated with the length-height ratio l/ h. This implies that the elastic shear buckling stress of a curved bridge web is larger than that of an equivalent straight bridge web. For a curved bridge with the parameter h2 / (Rt) less than 2, the amount of increase is less than 4.5%. The elastic shear buckling stress of curved bridge webs can be estimated conservatively as the webs in straight bridges. While for a curved bridge with larger h2 / (Rt), using the equations for straight girders to calculate the elastic shear buckling stress is too conservative. The proposed formulas provide a more accurate estimation for shear buckling stress of curved bridge webs.

EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE SHEAR ON FINITE DEFORMATION OF GENERALLY LAMINATED SHALLOW SHELL WITH DOUBLE CURVATURE

Nonlinear equations of equilibrium for the titled shell of rectangular planform under transverse and inplane edge loads are derived by using the virtual work principle and expressed in terms of a stress function,the transverse displacement and two rotation functions.The sheU is elastically re- strained against rotation.A generalized double Fourier series solution is formulated for nonlinear bending of the shell.The Galerkin technique furnishes an infinite set of simultaneous nonlinear alge- braic equations for the above four variables,which can be truncated to obtain any desired degree of ac- curacy.Numerical results for antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply and cross-ply graphite-epoxy doubly curved panels are presented graphically for the transverse shear effect and various shell parame- ters and boundary conditions.The present results are also compared with available data.

Free-Form Laminated Doubly-Curved Shells and Panels of Revolution Resting on Winkler-Pasternak Elastic Foundations: A 2-D GDQ Solution for Static and Free Vibration Analysis

This work presents the static and dynamic analyses of laminated doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution resting on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations using the Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method. The analyses are worked out considering the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) for the above mentioned moderately thick structural elements. The effect of the shell curvatures is included from the beginning of the theory formulation in the kinematic model. The solutions are given in terms of generalized displacement components of points lying on the middle surface of the shell. Simple Rational Bézier curves are used to define the meridian curve of the revolution structures. The discretization of the system by means of the GDQ technique leads to a standard linear problem for the static analysis and to a standard linear eigenvalue problem for the dynamic analysis. Comparisons between the present formulation and the Reissner-Mindlin theory are presented. Furthermore, GDQ results are compared with those obtained by using commercial programs. Very good agreement is observed. Finally, new results are presented in order to investtigate the effects of the Winkler modulus, the Pasternak modulus and the inertia of the elastic foundation on the behavior of laminated shells of revolution.

Comparative Thermal Performance in SiO_(2)–H_(2)O and (MoS_(2)–SiO_(2))–H_(2)O Over a Curved Stretching Semi-Infinite Region: A Numerical Investigation

The investigation of Thermal performance in nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids over a curved stretching infinite region strengthens its roots in engineering and industry.Therefore,the comparative thermal analysis in SiO_(2)–H_(2)O and(MoS_(2)–SiO_(2))–H_(2)O is conducted over curved stretching surface.The model is reduced in the dimensional version via similarity transformation and then treated numerically.The velocity and thermal behavior for both the fluids is decorated against the preeminent parameters.From the analysis,it is examined that the motion of under consideration fluids declines against Fr and
.The thermal performance enhances for higher volumetric fraction and
.Further,it is noticed that thermal performance prevailed in(MoS_(2)–SiO_(2))–H_(2)O throughout the analysis.Therefore,(MoS_(2)–SiO_(2))–H_(2)O is better for industrial and engineering uses where high heat transfer is required to accomplished different processes of production.

Factors Influencing the Disturbed Flow Patterns Downstream of Curved Atherosclerotic Arteries

Pulsatile blood flows in curved atherosclerotic arteries are studied by com- puter simulations.Computations are carried out with various values of physiological parameters to examine the effects of flow parameters on the disturbed flow patterns downstream of a curved artery with a stenosis at the inner wall.The numerical re- suits indicate a strong dependence of flow pattern on the blood viscosity and inlet flow rate,while the influence of the inlet flow profile to the flow pattem in downstream is negligible.

装配式槽钢组合梁中开孔钢板连接件力学性能

为研究新型装配式双拼槽钢-混凝土组合梁中开孔钢板剪力连接件(PSP剪力连接件)的力学性能,设计7组标准试件并开展推出试验,对比分析不同参数PSP剪力连接件的受剪承载力和破坏模式。利用ABAQUS非线性有限元模型对PSP剪力连接件的破坏模式和受力机制进行数值模拟,并与试验结果对比验证计算结果的可靠性。在此基础上,进一步分析开孔钢板厚度、开孔直径、混凝土强度、穿孔钢筋及连接件间距对PSP剪力连接件力学性能的影响。结果表明:除10 mm厚度的PSP剪力连接件外,所有4 mm与6 mm厚度的PSP剪力连接件均发生明显弯曲变形,试件破坏时连接件周围混凝土均出现斜向裂缝;开孔直径和穿孔钢筋对受剪承载力和抗剪刚度影响较小,而增加开孔钢板厚度、混凝土强度能提高剪力连接件受剪承载力和抗剪刚度;对于双排PSP剪力连接件,增大连接件间距能够显著提高单排PSP剪力连接件平均承载力,当间距为250 mm时,单排平均承载力达到单个PSP剪力连接件的91.2%。根据试验及有限元荷载滑移曲线提出装配式双拼槽钢-混凝土组合梁中单个PSP连接件荷载滑移曲线计算公式,为装配式双拼槽钢混组合梁的设计提供参考。

钢-UHPC轻型组合结构短栓钉抗剪性能试验研究

通过6个钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)轻型组合结构短栓钉推出试验,对其抗剪承载力、破坏形态、栓钉应变及荷载-滑移曲线进行了研究,探讨了栓钉直径、长度、数量以及界面黏结对短栓钉抗剪性能的影响规律.结果表明:所有试件均为栓钉根部剪切破坏,UHPC板除栓钉根部沿承压方向部分UHPC压碎外,其余部分保持完好,UHPC可以抵抗栓钉传递的高压应力;栓钉根部截面屈服后应力强化阶段明显,栓钉发生剪切破坏时,栓钉根部上侧应变超过3500με;长径比为2.0的短栓钉在UHPC中也能发挥全部强度;所有试件的荷载-滑移曲线分为弹性、弹塑性和塑性3个阶段,所有短栓钉的最大滑移量均小于4 mm,工程应用时应按照弹性剪力连接件进行设计;栓钉直径对栓钉抗剪性能提高最显著,直径16 mm的栓钉比直径13 mm的栓钉的抗剪承载力和极限滑移分别提高了46.4%和11%,弹性刚度和塑性刚度分别提高了35.8%和59.1%,增加栓钉长度和界面黏结能有效提高栓钉的剪切刚度,长径比为3.0的栓钉比长径比为2.5的栓钉的弹性刚度提高了12.3%,界面有黏结试件比界面无黏结试件的弹性刚度提高了17.4%;相同间距内,合理增加更多栓钉有利于提高整体抗剪强度,但会降低延性变形能力.最后,结合实验数据和国内外UHPC中栓钉推出试验结果,建立了UHPC中栓钉荷载-滑移曲线和抗剪承载力预测表达式,计算值与试验值吻合良好.

常泰长江大桥组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究

常泰长江大桥索塔锚固结构采用钢箱-核芯混凝土组合结构,为研究该新型组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造的受力特性,进行钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究。制作2个锚固结构足尺节段试验模型,通过压剪试验研究锚固结构的荷载~滑移曲线及应力、应变分布等受力特性,并通过有限元模型分析锚固结构的传力机理和各组件的内力分配比例,推导剪力钉剪力计算方法。结果表明:在2.14倍单索最大索力荷载作用下,锚固结构保持弹性状态,钢壁板未产生明显滑移,钢-混界面最大滑移不超过0.25 mm,该锚固结构中钢-混传剪构造至少具有2.14倍的安全系数;荷载作用下,剪力钉剪力从上至下逐渐增大,锚腹板附近底部3排剪力钉剪力较大,钢-混传剪构造至少存在剪力钉和界面摩擦力2种传剪机制,钢-混传剪构造的承载能力显著提高;钢-混传剪构造受力过程分为粘结力传力阶段和局部滑移阶段,剪力钉剪力分布不仅与沿剪切方向长度分布有关,也与荷载的大小线性相关。

扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段力学性能试验研究

扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段由短剪切型耗能段和剪切扩孔型螺栓连接组成,可有效地提高耗能段的延性和耗能能力,并减小耗能段损伤,由此提高偏心支撑结构震后功能恢复能力。分别设计1个短剪切型耗能段、3个考虑摩擦滑移的扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段、1个普通扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段试件,并进行低周往复加载研究,得到其变形或破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线和力学模型等。试验结果表明,扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段先后经历摩擦滑移和耗能段承载2个过程,且破坏模式和承载力均与纯短剪切型耗能段相同。所得力学模型中,短剪切型耗能段包括弹性、弹塑性和塑性段;考虑摩擦滑移试件包括弹性和滑移段;扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段包括弹性、滑移、弹塑性和塑性段,且在达到相同位移时耗能段变形和损伤将明显减小。最后,对扩孔螺栓连接型耗能段进行有限元分析,可准确模拟其滞回曲线和破坏模式。

带竖向接缝装配式剪力墙易损性研究

竖向接缝是装配式剪力墙结构中的关键部位,对57个足尺带竖向接缝的装配式剪力墙试验数据进行了易损性分析。依据该类剪力墙构件试验过程的破坏模式提出了5个损伤状态;以位移角为工程指标参数,建立了该类剪力墙的易损性曲线和各损伤状态下的易损性参数;并量化评价了设计轴压比和剪跨比2个关键设计参数对其易损性的影响;对比分析了直接拼接和后浇带拼接两种竖向接缝形式对该类试件易损性参数的影响。结果表明:除竖向接缝混凝土出现掉渣,受压区保护层轻微脱落外,其余损伤状态下的易损性曲线基本满足对数正态分布;直接拼接装配式剪力墙和后浇带拼接装配式剪力墙之间的易损性参数在竖向接缝混凝土结合面开裂,边缘纵筋屈服损伤阶段存在差异,该阶段对应的位移角拟合中值绝对差值和相对差值分别达到0.11%和28.2%。

防弹头盔用三维机织预制体的曲面成型性研究

三维机织预制体(Three Dimensional Woven Preforms,3DWP)因其较好的成型性和显著的层间承载能力,有望实现头盔曲面一体化成型,减少裁片与原材料浪费。因防弹头盔多曲面、高曲率的结构特点,研究3DWP在曲面成型时的变形机制对于指导头盔的一体化成型至关重要。一种衬经层层角连锁3DWP在高曲率、大变形时的曲面成型性被系统地研究,从面内与层间维度、宏细观尺度全面地阐述了3DWP的变形机理和褶皱缺陷的形成机制。实验结果表明:3DWP在成型过程中同纬度下沿45°方向的面内剪切变形最明显,凹面的最大面内剪切角为38°,大于凸面的35°;3DWP经纱列和纬纱列的最大层间剪切角分别为34.83°和27.76°;成型后3DWP已达到其面内剪切锁紧角62°,细观上诱发了纱线的屈曲,宏观上形成了脊形的褶皱;在褶皱区域,面内剪切角最大值仅为4.8°,层间剪切角最大值为18°。对实际应用中防弹头盔增强织物结构选择以及成型工艺具有指导意义。

基于能力谱的弯剪复合型金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架性能化抗震设计方法

随着近年来中国对建筑结构的抗震性能要求不断提高,既有混凝土框架难以满足多水准抗震性能标准的要求,采用金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架可显著提高其抗震性能,有利于满足现有抗震性能目标,然而目前对于相应的的性能化抗震设计方法研究尚不充分。该文提出了基于能力谱的金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架抗震性能化设计方法,为了实现不同烈度地震下的多性能水准目标,采用具有多阶屈服特征的弯剪复合型金属阻尼器。基于对既有混凝土框架的静力推覆分析,将框架的推覆曲线转化为等效的双折线能力谱,设定加固后结构在多遇、设防和罕遇地震下的层间位移角性能目标,确定结构能力谱曲线和需求谱曲线的交点。考虑金属阻尼器进入屈服阶段后的附加阻尼比,计算出结构在不同烈度地震下的等效阻尼比,根据性能点计算出金属阻尼器剪切和弯曲芯板的屈服承载力。基于上述设计方法对4层、6层和9层既有混凝土框架进行加固,通过OpenSees软件建立弹塑性分析模型,并通过试验结果验证了模型的准确性,通过时程分析结果表明了加固后的结构满足预定的性能目标,证明了提出的设计方法的可靠性和有效性。该文研究成果将为金属阻尼器加固既有混凝土框架的抗震设计提供理论依据。

装配式剪力墙新型水平连接装置的力学性能数值模拟

为了研究装配式剪力墙新型水平连接装置的力学性能,对两组不同螺栓数量的连接装置试验组进行了动态力学性能试验,并采用ABAQUS有限元软件对其进行相关数值模拟,进一步分析了较大预紧力对装置力学性能的影响.试验结果表明:通过增加螺栓数量和螺栓预紧力,可有效提升水平连接装置的耗能效果,但加载频率对其影响较小.通过分析有限元结果可知:装置最大水平力,耗能能力及割线刚度与螺栓预紧力呈近似线性增长趋势,与试验数据吻合较好;在较大预紧力情况下,各力学性能指标保持上升趋势,但由线性关系逐渐向非线性过渡的范围也随之增大.