Design of Measuring Instrument with Whole Direct Method for Bed Shear Stress Under Two-Dimensional Water-Flow Co-action

The present study aims at the design and making of measuring instrument of whole direct method for bed shear stress under two-dimensional water-flow co-action. The instrument combines the traditional strain gauge with a precise pressure gauge, and adopts the method directly measuring the difference between the lateral hydrodynamic pressure and different head pressures on both sides of the force plate. As a result, such an instrument solves a technical puzzle of the past strain gauge, i.e. the difficulty to set apart shear stress and lateral force. Static force test and sink test both prove that the instrument is precise, stable and applicable to the measurement of rough beds with different shear stresses.

ANALYSIS OF SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN HONEYCOMB AIRCRAFT WING STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO (S.T.) TORQUE

Using the method of elasticity, an analytical approach is developed to analyze the shear stress in a honeycomb wing structure with a large aspect ratio under the condition of free torsion. The formulas of shear stress, warping and angle of twist are derived. These formulas are both useful and convenient from the point of view in the structure design.

COMPUTATION OF SUPER-CONVERGENT NODAL STRESSES OF TIMOSHENKO BEAM ELEMENTS BY EEP METHOD

The newly proposed element energy projection(EEP) method has been applied to the computation of super_convergent nodal stresses of Timoshenko beam elements.General formulas based on element projection theorem were derived and illustrative numerical examples using two typical elements were given.Both the analysis and examples show that EEP method also works very well for the problems with vector function solutions.The EEP method gives super_convergent nodal stresses,which are well comparable to the nodal displacements in terms of both convergence rate and error magnitude.And in addition,it can overcome the “shear locking” difficulty for stresses even when the displacements are badly affected.This research paves the way for application of the EEP method to general one_dimensional systems of ordinary differential equations.

The Effect of Near-Wall Vortices on Wall Shear Stress in Turbulent Boundary Layers

The objective of the present study is to explore the relation between the near-wall vortices and the shear stress on the wall in two-dimensional channel flows. A direct numerical simulation of an incompressible two-dimensional turbulent channel flow is performed with spectral method and the results are used to examine the relation between wall shear stress and near-wall vortices. The two-point correlation results indicate that the wall shear stress is associated with the vortices near the wall and the maximum correlation-value location of the near-wall vortices is obtained. The analysis of the instantaneous diagrams of fluctuation velocity vectors provides a further expression for the above conclusions. The results of this research provide a useful supplement for the control of turbulent boundary layers.

Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method for simulating blood flow in aortic arch

The three-dimensional （3D） lattice Boltzmann models, 3DQ15, 3DQ19 and 3DQ27, under different wall boundary conditions and lattice resolutions have been investigated by simulating Poiseuille flow in a circular cylinder for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The 3DQ19 model with improved Fillippova and Hanel （FH） curved boundary condition represents a good compromise between computational efficiency and reliability. Blood flow in an aortic arch is then simulated as a typical haemodynamic application. Axial and secondary fluid velocity and effective wall shear stress profiles in a 180° bend are obtained, and the results also demonstrate that the lattice Boltzmann method is suitable for simulating the flow in 3D large-curved vessels.

CALCULATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION FOR THE THEORY OF SHALLOW SHELLS CONSIDERING SHEAR DEFORMATION

In this paper, some formulas are derived for the numerical computation of the fundamental solution obtained in ref. [1] and relevant computer methods are also discussed in detail. As an application of the fundamental solution, problems of a concentrated normal force acting on infinite shallow shells having positive, zero and negative Gaussian curvatures are calculated according to the numerical methods given in the paper.

Characteristics of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Tectonic Stress Fields of the Urumqi-Usu Region, Xinjiang

Based on the study of folds and related conjugate shear joints, the tectonic stress fields of the Urumqi-Usu region to the north of the North Tianshan Mountains have been reconstructed. Furthermore the author discussed the tectonic movements and their dynamic features. The early tectonic movement in the investigated region occurred from the end of the Late Jurassic to the initial stage of the Early Cretaceous, with the maximum (tensile) and minimum (compressional) principal stress trajectories in the tectonic stress field being in E-W and S-N directions respectively; the late tectogenesis took place from the end of the Early Pleistocene to the initial Middle Pleistocene, with the maximum and minimum principal stress trajectories in the late stress field striking in WNW and NE-NNE directions respectively. Through computer-aided simulated calculation by the finite element method and analysis of geological structure, it has been ascertained that the early tectogenesis is a nearly N-S compressive movement and the late one a NE to nearly N-S compressive movement with reverse shear. The dynamic force which caused the tectogeneses came from the movement of the southern major fault, i.e. the North Tianshan Mountains.

基于数字图像技术的致密砂岩纯剪裂缝断裂过程实验

纯剪应力状态下致密砂岩断裂过程是理解致密砂岩破坏失效机理的关键,然而在纯剪应力状态下,初始裂缝是发育扩展为I型裂缝或II型裂缝却一直有所争议。本文基于新型光学测量技术数字图像相关法和双切边压缩实验理论方法,开展了双切边压缩实验并通过数字图像相关法得到了位移和应变场。实验结果表明:双边开槽压缩实验能在槽尖(预制裂缝尖端)产生纯剪应力状态;致密砂岩试件起裂过程包含2个阶段的I型裂缝,第一阶段裂缝从槽尖起裂,第二阶段裂缝从试件中心两槽尖相连区域起裂。本文研究成果为数字图像技术应用在岩石断裂力学领域提供了新思路,对分析水力压裂中致密砂岩纯剪裂缝的演化规律有一定参考价值。

残余应力对桥梁波形钢腹板屈曲性能的影响

以一座1200型波形钢腹板桥梁为研究对象,基于有限元软件建立了考虑残余应力的波形钢腹板数值分析模型,以此来研究残余应力对桥梁的波形钢腹板屈曲性能影响。考虑残余应力对波形钢腹板屈曲性能的影响情况,通过分析波形钢腹板的厚度、长高比以及钢材强度变化,提出了考虑残余应力时波形钢腹板极限屈曲荷载的简化计算方法。研究结果表明:残余应力降低了波形钢腹板的极限屈曲荷载,使得波形钢腹板在屈曲后破坏速度加快;随着厚度及钢材强度的增大,波形钢腹板屈曲极限荷载对残余应力的敏感程度呈增大趋势;随着长高比的增加,波形钢腹板屈曲极限荷载对残余应力敏感程度呈减小趋势;可采用折减系数法来计算焊接残余应力对波形钢腹板屈曲性能的影响。

含碎石芯软黏土复合试样大三轴试验研究

以拟建的某水电站碎石桩地基处理为背景,研发了能提高重塑软黏土固结效率、减小试样扰动的含碎石芯软黏土复合试样的室内试验制样方法,开展了不同围压和碎石芯置换率的复合试样室内大三轴试验研究.研究表明,复合试样在较小围压下表现出应变硬化特性,在较高围压下则基本呈现软化特征,且碎石置换率越小,软化特征越明显,相同围压时,复合试样的初始变形模量随试样面积置换率的增大而增大;在高围压和低置换率时,软黏土碎石芯复合试样的剪切破坏面明显,在低围压和高置换率时,复合试样中部出现较明显的鼓胀现象,碎石芯最大鼓胀量总体随着围压和置换率的提高而增大.规范方法高估了复合试样(地基)的内摩擦角,面积置换率越大,规范计算值与试验结果的差值越大.高围压下传统应力叠加法高估了软黏土振冲置换碎石桩复合地基的承载能力,低估了复合地基的沉降,置换率越高,相同轴向应变时与复合试样大三轴试验的偏应力误差越大.

高层建筑剪力墙采用置换法加固技术研究

由于施工不当等原因造成高层建筑剪力墙的混凝土强度不符合设计要求的情况时有发生,目前常用的方法为有支撑卸荷加固法、分段置换加固法。有支撑卸荷加固法存在成本高、风险大、施工工作面要求高等问题,分段置换加固法存在工期长、应力后滞等问题。以某25层剪力墙结构为例,重点介绍了新型剪力墙置换加固卸载装置对该建筑物地上1层部分剪力墙进行加固时采用的加固方法、工作原理。该方法能有效解决常规剪力墙置换法的问题,大幅降低造价、缩短工期,为类似工程提供安全、经济、可靠的加固方法。

剪力滞对CFRP板-钢梁加固界面应力的影响

为了分析工字钢梁弯曲变形产生的剪力滞效应对黏结层法向应力和切应力的影响,基于虚功原理的能量变分法建立考虑剪力滞的碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)加固梁黏结应力计算理论方程.通过与试验和有限元数值模拟结果的对比,验证了理论方程的正确性.开展不同弯矩作用下的工字型钢梁黏结层界面切应力和法向应力参数分析.结果表明,剪力滞引起的翼缘板纵向位移沿横向3次抛物线分布的假定是合理的.剪力滞效应对CFRP加固工字钢梁弯曲变形下的端部界面应力影响不可忽略,影响程度随着截面弯矩和翼缘板宽度的增加而增大.

排水固结堤坝稳定分析新方法

因滑动面上的有效应力难以确定,有效应力法很少应用;而有效固结应力法计算的稳定安全系数偏小,需要研究排水固结堤坝稳定分析新方法。基于软基模型试验位移场中的滑动面,将排水固结堤坝的滑动体分为主动剪切区、直接剪切区、被动剪切区。对主动和被动剪切区,利用斯开普顿公式、摩尔-库仑强度准则推导得到滑动面上的法向有效应力;对直剪区,利用斯开普顿孔压公式计算主应力增量产生的孔压,根据剪切破坏面上的剪应力增量与抗剪强度相等的原则,推导得到滑动面上的法向有效应力;然后,推导得到以竖向有效固结应力为变量、由有效抗剪指标和孔压系数组成强度系数的抗剪强度公式;最后,利用上述抗剪强度公式提出了排水固结堤坝稳定分析方法——强度系数法。计算表明,相对三区摩擦抗剪强度系数的平均值,沈珠江方法的误差为-7%~7%,规范方法偏小20%~25%,十字板试验偏小20%~31%。对运营公路排水固结路堤的稳定分析表明,规范方法计算的稳定安全系数小于1,强度系数法和沈珠江方法计算结果与工程实际情况符合性较好。

浅埋隧道悬臂掘进机施工工艺分析与研究

该文主要分析施工前、后的围岩应力状态和围岩抗剪安全系数指标,施工过程中距离隧道轴线4、8 m处,距离拱腰1、3、4、5 m的最大和最小主应力和围岩抗剪安全系数。并得出最大、最小主应力的影响范围在距拱腰0~4 m内。施工完成后距离拱腰越近,围岩的抗剪安全系数越大,并且距离拱腰0~3 m安全系数降低,在3 m以后安全系数增加。综合比较得出三台阶法施工对围岩的扰动性最小。

A simple method for estimating bed shear stress in smooth and vegetated compound channels

Instead of a large number of measurements of the streamwise velocity, a simple method is proposed to estimate the bed shear stress in smooth and vegetated compound channels, based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation. This method contains a dimension- less parameter Ai, to represent the relationship between the bed shear stress and the velocity close to the channel bed （Ub）, which is determined in each divided domain. This method is verified in two smooth compound channels with different geometries, and in one compound channel with emergent floodplain vegetation. The comparison of predicted and measured bed shear stresses indicates the good predictive capability of this method, particularly in the mixing region. This method is further discussed for a channel with submerged vegetation. Once the values of Ai in the main channel and the floodplain are determined, this method is a practical tool

基于动三轴试验的不同细粒含量尾矿砂地震液化判别研究

对江西德兴某尾矿库的不同细粒含量尾矿砂开展土样的基本物理力学性质试验,得到土样的物理性质指标和颗粒级配曲线,再通过动三轴试验得到土样的时程、动强度和液化应力比曲线。各种关系曲线显示:液化过程中,尾矿砂试样的强度迅速下降,形变和孔压逐渐增大,最终导致液化破坏;在试验中围压越大,细粒含量越少,液化所需要的动应力越大;液化应力比与液化振次之间的归一性良好,近似于线性相关。根据抗液化剪应力法计算出不同条件下土样的液化判别结果可知:在保持单一变量下,35%细粒含量尾矿砂的液化可能性FL和15%、25%细粒含量尾矿砂相比,分别增加了约28.5%、10%;等效振次(烈度)为30(8度区)的液化可能性FL和等效振次(烈度)为8、12(6、7度区)的液化可能性FL相比,分别提高了约160%、73%;深度为12m的液化可能性FL同深度为3m、6m、9m的液化可能性FL相比,分别减少了约14.5%、12%、7%。

考虑边坡渐进破坏特性的新型条分法及其应用

为了分析边坡的渐进破坏过程,以剩余推力法为例,应用剪应力—应变本构模型对传统条分法进行改进。分析了新型条分法的基本原理,提出基于临界状态的滑坡稳定性评价系数。根据稳定系数的变化可以判断滑坡不同阶段的滑体稳定情况。应用新型条分法对西北地区的一个滑坡进行稳定分析,并将分析结果与监测位移对比,证明了新条分法的可行性。

直剪试验的面积校正方法及误差分析

为定量估计不同尺寸试样直剪仪因试样面积减小对剪应力和强度指标的影响,对传统直剪仪和国内近年研发的几种大型直剪仪进行了剪应力面积校正和误差分析.用解析公式研究了不同尺寸试样不考虑面积减小的剪应力近似计算产生的误差随水平位移的变化趋势.结果表明:当位移不超过试样直径7.725%,标准直剪仪(Φ61.8 mm)和大型非标直剪仪的剪应力近似计算相对误差都不会超过10%,试样面积减小对剪应力-位移变化规律影响远大于对强度指标的影响,对后者的影响基本可忽略.

海上筒型风机基础地震荷载下的抗液化性能研究

采用SeedHB等提出的抗液化剪应力法，对地震荷载作用下的筒型基础土体液化情况进行计算判别。通过计算分析可得出，在地震荷载作用下，深度为0～10m土层的部分区域发生了液化，同时得出施加在筒型基础内部和下部土体的竖向静力荷载对筒内土体抗液化能力有显著的提高作用。同时以工程中采用的允许极限位移为判断标准，得出在周围土体大面积液化后筒型基础仍可继续承载。

颈动脉分支的血流动力学数值模拟

采用有限元法数值模拟颈动脉分支的血流动力学。根据在体测量的实际尺寸来构造颈动脉分支的几何模型,以保持模型的解剖精确度;利用在体测量的颈内动脉和颈外动脉流量波形以及主颈动脉的压力波形来确定数值计算的边界条件,以保持数值计算的生理真实性。关注的重点是颈动脉窦内的局部血流形态、二次流和壁面剪应力。在心脏收缩的减速期和舒张期的某些时刻,颈动脉窦中部外侧壁面附近产生了流动分离,形成了一个低速回流区。该流动分离是瞬态的,导致了壁面剪应力的振荡,其振荡范围在-2～6dyn/cm2之间。同时,颈动脉窦中部横截面内的二次流存在于整个心动周期,最大的二次流速度为同时刻轴向速度平均值的1/3左右。