Experimental study on the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints

Quasi-NPR(negative Poisson’s ratio)steel is a new type of super bolt material with high strength,high ductility,and a micro-negative Poisson’s effect.This material overcomes the contrasting characteristics of the high strength and high ductility of steel and it has significant energy-absorbing characteristics,which is of high value in deep rock and soil support engineering.However,research on the shear resistance of quasi-NPR steel has not been carried out.To study the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints,indoor shear tests of bolted rock joints under different normal stress conditions were carried out.Q235 steel and#45 steel,two representative ordinary bolt steels,were set up as a control group for comparative tests to compare and analyze the shear strength,deformation and instability mode,shear energy absorption characteristics,and bolting contribution of different types of bolts.The results show that the jointed rock masses without bolt reinforcement undergo brittle failure under shear load,while the bolted jointed rock masses show obvious ductile failure characteristics.The shear deformation ca-pacity of quasi-NPR steel is more than 3.5 times that of Q235 steel and#45 steel.No fracture occurs in the quasi-NPR steel during large shear deformation and it can provide stable shear resistance.However,the other two types of control bolts become fractured under the same conditions.Quasi-NPR steel has significant energy-absorbing characteristics under shear load and has obvious advantages in terms of absorbing the energy released by shear deformation of jointed rock masses as compared with ordinary steel.In particular,the shear force plays a major role in resisting the shear deformation of Q235 steel and#45 steel,therefore,fracture failure occurs under small bolt deformation.However,the axial force of quasi-NPR steel can be fully exerted when resisting joint shear deformation;the steel itself does not break when large shear deformation occurs,and the supporting effect of the jointed rock mass is effectively guaranteed.

Shear wave splitting analysis of local earthquakes from dense arrays in Shimian,Sichuan

The Shimian area of Sichuan sits at the junction of the Bayan Har block.Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block,and Yangtze block,where several faults intersect.This region features intense tectonic activity and frequent earthquakes.In this study,we used local seismic waveform data recorded using dense arrays deployed in the Shimian area to obtain the shear wave splitting parameters at 55 seismic stations and thereby determine the crustal anisotropic characteristics of the region.We then analyzed the crustal stress pattern and tectonic setting and explored their relationship in the study area.Although some stations returned a polarization direction of NNW-SSE.a dominant polarization direction of NW-SE was obtained for the fast shear wave at most seismic stations in the study area.The polarization directions of the fast shear wave were highly consistent throughout the study-area.This orientation was in accordance with the direction of the regional principal compressive stress and parallel to the trend of the Xianshuihe and Daliangshan faults.The distribution of crustal anisotropy in this area was affected by the regional tectonic stress field and the fault structures.The mean delay time between fast and slow shear waves was 3.83 ms/km.slightly greater than the values obtained in other regions of Sichuan.This indicates that the crustal media in our study area had a high anisotropic strength and also reveals the influence of tectonic complexity resulting from the intersection of multiple faults on the strength of seismic anisotropy.

Effects of bottom shear stresses on the wave-induced dynamic response in a porous seabed:PORO-WSSI (shear) model

When ocean waves propagate over the sea floor,dynamic wave pressures and bottom shear stresses exert on the surface of seabed.The bottom shear stresses provide a horizontal loading in the wave-seabed interaction system,while dynamic wave pressures provide a vertical loading in the system.However,the bottom shear stresses have been ignored in most previous studies in the past.In this study,the effects of the bottom shear stresses on the dynamic response in a seabed of finite thickness under wave loading will be examined,based on Biot＇s dynamic poro-elastic theory.In the model,an ＂u-p＂ approximation will be adopted instead of quasi-static model that have been used in most previous studies.Numerical results indicate that the bottom shear stresses has certain influences on the wave-induced seabed dynamic response.Furthermore,wave and soil characteristics have considerable influences on the relative difference of seabed response between the previous model（without shear stresses） and the present model（with shear stresses）.As shown in the parametric study,the relative differences between two models could up to 10% of p0,depending on the amplitude of bottom shear stresses.

Risk of shear failure and extensional failure around over-stressed excavations in brittle rock

The authors investigate the failure modes surrounding over-stressed tunnels in rock.Three lines of investigation are employed:failure in over-stressed three-dimensional(3D) models of tunnels bored under 3D stress,failure modes in two-dimensional(2D) numerical simulations of 1000 m and 2000 m deep tunnels using FRACOD,both in intact rock and in rock masses with one or two joint sets,and finally,observations in TBM(tunnel boring machine) tunnels in hard and medium hard massive rocks.The reason for 'stress-induced' failure to initiate,when the assumed maximum tangential stress is approximately(0.4-0.5)σ_c(UCS,uniaxial compressive strength) in massive rock,is now known to be due to exceedance of a critical extensional strain which is generated by a Poisson's ratio effect.However,because similar 'stress/strength' failure limits are found in mining,nuclear waste research excavations,and deep road tunnels in Norway,one is easily misled into thinking of compressive stress induced failure.Because of this,the empirical SRF(stress reduction factor in the Q-system) is set to accelerate as the estimated ratio σ_(θmax)/σ_c >> 0.4.In mining,similar 'stress/strength' ratios are used to suggest depth of break-out.The reality behind the fracture initiation stress/strength ratio of '0.4' is actually because of combinations of familiar tensile and compressive strength ratios(such as 10) with Poisson's ratio(say0.25).We exceed the extensional strain limits and start to see acoustic emission(AE) when tangential stress σθ ≈ 0.4σc,due to simple arithmetic.The combination of 2D theoretical FRACOD models and actual tunnelling suggests frequent initiation of failure by 'stable' extensional strain fracturing,but propagation in 'unstable' and therefore dynamic shearing.In the case of very deep tunnels(and 3D physical simulations),compressive stresses may be too high for extensional strain fracturing,and shearing will dominate,both ahead of the face and following the face.When shallower,the concept of 'extensional strain initiation but propagation' in shear is suggested.The various failure modes are richly illustrated,and the inability of conventional continuum modelling is emphasized,unless cohesion weakening and friction mobilization at different strain levels are used to reach a pseudo state of yield,but still considering a continuum.

Tunnel effect of fractal fault and transient S-wave velocity rupture (TSVR) of in-plane shear fault

Transient S wave velocity rupture (TSVR) means the velocity of fault rupture propagation is between S wave velocity α and P wave velocity β . Its existing in the rupture of in plane ( i.e . strike slip) fault has been proved, but in 2 dimensional classical model, there are two difficulties in transient S wave velocity rupture, i.e ., initialization difficulty and divergence difficulty in interpreting the realization of TSVR. The initialization difficulty means, when v ↑ v R (Rayleigh wave velocity), the dynamic stress strength factor K 2(t) →+0, and changes from positive into negative in the interval ( v R, β ). How v transit the forbidden of ( v R, β )? The divergence difficulty means K 2(t) →+∞ when v ↓ β . Here we introduce the concept of fractal and tunnel effect that exist everywhere in fault. The structure of all the faults is fractal with multiple cracks. The velocity of fault rupture is differentiate of the length of the fault respect to time, so the rupture velocity is also fractal. The tunnel effect means the dynamic rupture crosses over the interval of the cracks, and the coalescence of the intervals is slower than the propagation of disturbance. Suppose the area of earthquake nucleation is critical or sub critical propagation everywhere, the arriving of disturbance triggers or accelerates the propagation of cracks tip at once, and the observation system cannot distinguish the front of disturbance and the tip of fracture. Then the speed of disturbance may be identified as fracture velocity, and the phenomenon of TSVR appears, which is an apparent velocity. The real reason of apparent velocity is that the mathematics model of shear rupture is simplified of complex process originally. The dual character of rupture velocity means that the apparent velocity of fault and the real velocity of micro crack extending, which are different in physics, but are unified in rupture criterion. Introducing the above mentioned concept to the calculation of K 2 (t) , the difficulty of initialization can be overcome, and the integral equation of triggering the initialization of TSVR is given quantitatively. By solving this integral equation, the lower limit of TSVR is 1.105 3 β , not β , and the divergence difficulty is overcome. TSVR is unstable solution, and may degenerate to sub Rayleigh wave velocity rupture immediately where the non critical condition can be measured. The results of this paper show that the initialization and continuum depends on the condition of earthquake nucleation in seismogenic area.

Role of shear wave elastography in the evaluation of the treatment and prognosis of supraspinatus tendinitis

BACKGROUND Supraspinatus tendinitis recurs easily after treatment.One of the main reasons is the lack of objective tools for the efficacy evaluation.Shear wave elastography(SWE)can quantitatively analyze the tissue elasticity of region of interest by measuring the Young’s modulus(YM)value.AIM To explore the role of SWE in the efficacy and prognostic evaluation of supraspinatus tendinitis.METHODS Eighty-seven patients with supraspinatus tendinitis treated in Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences were recruited.Another 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group.The visual analogue scale(VAS)and Constant-Murley Score(CMS)were recorded before treatment.All participants were scanned by SWE scan,and the YM value of the region of interest were recorded.Spearman correlation analysis was performed on YM values with VAS and CMS.Univariate repeated measures analysis of variance was used to calculate the changing trend of VAS,CMS and SWE under different treatment courses.After treatment,the patients were further grouped based on who achieved significantly effective and curative treatment.The patients in the continued treatment group continued to receive treatment according to the YM value,and the remaining patients who stopped receiving treatment were included in the stopped treatment group.All patients were followed up for 1 year,and the difference in recurrence rates between the continued treatment group and the stopped treatment group were compared.RESULTS The SWE images of supraspinatus muscle in healthy volunteers were mainly blue,while those of patients with supraspinatus tendinitis showed regional red and green areas.The average YM value of the supraspinatus muscle in healthy volunteers was 26.12±4.03 kPa.The average YM value of patients with supraspinatus muscle was greater than that of healthy volunteers(average YM=60.61±11.53 kPa,t=26.344,P<0.001).The YM value was positively correlated with VAS(r=0.564,P<0.001)and negatively correlated with CMS(r=-0.411,P<0.001).The changes of VAS and CMS were the most obvious in course 1 and then decreased gradually.The degree of change in YM values was similar in different courses.After a 1-year follow-up,the cumulative relapse-free rate in the continued treatment group was 91.43%,which was significantly higher than that in the stopped treatment group(64.71%,X2=7.379,P=0.007).CONCLUSION SWE can objectively indicate the severity of supraspinatus tendinitis.Using the YM value as a criterion for curative effect may reduce the recurrence rate.

Indirect determination of shear wave velocity in slow formations using full-wave sonic logging technique

This article presents a case study concerning a seismic characterization project.Full-wave sonic logging was used to characterize the shallow compressional wave and shear wave velocity profiles in the site.Anomalous values of the Poisson’s ratio derived from the velocity profiles suggested that the boreholes might have traversed slow formations(i.e.with shear wave velocity smaller than the borehole fluid compressional wave velocity or“mud-wave speed”)and that conventional processing of the sonic logs might have misinterpreted the direct arrivals of fluid acoustic waves as arrivals caused by shear wave propagation in the rock.Consequently,the shear wave velocity profiles provided by the contractor were considered to be unreliable by the project team.To address these problems,a non-conventional determination of the shear wave velocity was implemented,based on the relationship between the Poisson’s ratio of the rock formation and the shape of the first train of sonic waves which arrived to the receivers in the sonic probe.The relationship was determined based on several hundreds of finite element simulations of the acoustic wave propagation in boreholes with the same diameter as used in the perforations.The present article describes how this non-conventional approach was developed and implemented to obtain the shear wave velocity profiles from the raw sonic logs.The approach allows an extension of the range of applicability of full-wave sonic logging to determination of shear wave velocity profiles in formations with low compressional wave velocities.The method could be used to obtain shear wave velocity profiles where compressional wave velocity is as low as slightly larger than the mud-wave speed.A sample sonic log in Log ASCII Standard(LAS)format is provided as supplementary material to this paper via Mendeley Data,together with the FORTRAN source code used to process the log following the approach described in this study.

Shear viscosity to entropy density ratio in BUU transport model

Shear viscosity (η) is a basic transport coefficient of the medium.In this work,we calculate shear viscosity to entropy density ratio (η/S) of an equilibrated system in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions within the framework of the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model (BUU) model.After the equilibration of Au + Au system at central collision in a fixed volume is reached,temperature,pressure and energy density are extracted by the phase space information and then η/S is calculated using the Green-Kubo formulas.The results show that η/S drops with the incident energy and its value is not so drastically different from the RHIC results.

The modified Casson's equation and its application to pipe flows of shear-thickening fluid

A few additional data from our previous experiments were plotted to emphasize the shear-thickening behavior ofdeoxy sickle erythrocyte （SS） suspension. A constitutive equation （named as FX equation） was developed and applied to a cylindrical pipe flow of a shear-thickening fluid. A blunt velocity profile and its volume flow rate were calculated. The flow was non-viscous （potential） in the central part of the pipe （i.e. the central core or the central plug-flow）, and became more and more viscous towards the wall of the pipe after a specific radial distance, which was determined by a critical shear rate of γF （named as Fung＇s shear rate）. Furthermore, combining the FX equation with the original Casson＇s equation, the author obtained a modified Casson＇s equation by introducing γF.

Bending and stress analysis of polymeric composite plates reinforced with functionally graded graphene platelets based on sinusoidal shear-deformation plate theory

The bending and stress analysis of a functionally graded polymer composite plate reinforced with graphene platelets are studied in this paper.The governing equations are derived by using principle of virtual work for a plate which is rested on Pasternak’s foundation.Sinusoidal shear deformation theory is used to describe displacement field.Four different distribution patterns are employed in our analysis.The analytical solution is presented for a functionally graded plate to investigate the influence of important parameters.The numerical results are presented to show the deflection and stress results of the problem for four employed patterns in terms of geometric parameters such as number of layers,weight fraction and two parameters of Pasternak’s foundation.

Introduction of Simulating the Motion of Rigid Ellipsoidal Objects in Ductile Shear Zone Based on the Jeffery's Theory

Rigid ellipsoidal objects(gravels and porphyroclasts)in ductile zone is an important factor to indicate the kinematics and dynamics.Jeffery’s theory(Jeffery G,1922),a quantitative research method,for the rotation ofthe rigid objects(no deformation)in the Newtonian fluid of the simple deformation field has been widely applied by geologists to the study of fabrics in rocks.The theory

漾濞6.4级地震前后云南地区GNSS应变场变化分析

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件对2018~2021年以来云南地区43个GNSS连续观测站数据进行处理,获得时间序列,采用克里金插值方法计算获取应变率场,分析漾濞M_(S)6.4地震前后区域应变场变化。结果表明,地震危险区应重点关注面应变压缩区域和最大剪应变高低值转换区域;漾濞M_(S)6.4地震发生在前期面应变压缩区域,震后又迅速转变为拉张状态;漾濞一带长期处于最大剪应变率高值区,剪切活动较强,震中附近的最大剪应变率在震前出现短期区域应变积累速率快速降低的现象。

压电集成石墨烯增强功能梯度多孔板的等几何建模与分析

基于等几何分析方法和一种仅含有4自由度的简化一阶剪切变形理论(simple first-order shear deformation theory,S-FSDT)建立了压电集成石墨烯增强功能梯度多孔(piezoelectric integrated graphene platelets reinforced functionally graded porous,P-GPLs-FGP)板的数值分析模型。利用Halpin-Tsai微观力学模型、闭胞体高斯随机场理论和混合定律得到了石墨烯增强功能梯度多孔板的有效材料属性;基于等几何分析方法、S-FSDT和哈密顿原理推导了P-GPLs-FGP板的运动控制方程,并通过与已有算例对比验证了模型的准确性和有效性;利用所建模型分析了孔隙分布形式、孔隙系数、石墨烯分布形式、石墨烯质量分数、边界条件和宽厚比对P-GPLs-FGP板固有频率和机-电载荷作用下静态弯曲响应的影响。研究结果表明:板的刚度与孔隙系数成反比,而在基体材料中添加少量的石墨烯可以有效地增强结构的刚度;与其他组合形式相比,板的刚度在孔隙PD-S分布和石墨烯GPL-S分布时最大。

S弯扩压器中四种湍流模型的比较

采用Realizableκ-ε,S-A(Spalart-Allmaras),SST(Shear stress transport剪切应力输运),RSM(Reynolds stress equation model雷诺应力模型)四种湍流模型对S弯扩压器内的分离流动进行了模拟,分析了不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响.将不同轴向位置的表面压力系数、分离区的大小、马赫数等三个量的实验值与计算值进行了比较,结果表明:分离区湍流模型对表面压力分布影响较大,未分离区不同湍流模型模拟精度相当;S-A模型对分离区的模拟较保守,RSM模型对分离的模拟精度较高,SST与RSM模拟结果很接近;各湍流模型计算的高速区域均比实验值大.扩压器的平均总压恢复系数受湍流模型影响不大,和实验结果吻合较好.

双磁场IMPS粒子速度测试系统

动载下材料横向行为的直接实时测量 ,对于全面了解材料响应及其机理有重要意义 .本文介绍了自行研制的双磁场电磁IMPS粒子速度测试系统的工作原理、结构性能及初步实验结果 .该装置基于Faraday电磁感应定律 ,可实时测量多点斜碰撞产生的纵向和横向质点速度波形 ,从而解决了压剪炮试验中的s波测量问题 .

JY-SS-Ⅰ型金属软钢阻尼器试验研究

近年来全球范围内特大地震频发,中国抗震规范也随之进行了修正,其中加强了性能化设计要求,而消能减震控制理论即是这个问题的核心内容之一。在一些地震频发国家鉴于金属软钢阻尼器因性能优越、耗能能力强、施工方便快捷等因素将其作为了主要消能减震手段。但国外产品价格昂贵,国内一般工程难以承受。为此,中国建筑科学研究院在已有经验基础上结合中国国情开发出了JY-SS型金属剪切型金属软钢阻尼器,经过大量试验研究及理论分析表明成型产品性能稳定,性价比高,并已经应用于实际工程。

流体切应力促成骨细胞通过细胞周期G1/S调控点机制的研究

[目的]探讨流体切应力(FSS)促成骨细胞增殖、分化作用与细胞周期从G1期向S期转化机制的关系,为确立最佳生理应力刺激骨再生提供依据。[方法]从KM乳鼠颅盖骨提取原代成骨细胞,在体外流体小室内分别受FSS(12dyn/cm2)作用0、0.25、0.5、1、2、4h,通过MTT法分析细胞增殖能力,并利用碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的表达评价其分化能力;通过流式细胞仪、免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR测定细胞周期G1/S百分比、细胞周期依赖激酶2和4(CDK2、CDK4)的活性改变及E2F1、p27mRNA的表达实现FSS促成骨细胞由G1期转向S期的测定。[结果]FSS促增殖作用在短期(0.25h、0.5h)明显,并且细胞生长曲线前移;但在1、2、4h却有明显抑制增殖作用。FSS同样增加了ALP的活性,尤其在应力作用0.25、0.5h时显著(比对照达128%和158%);而应力作用1、2、4h后减低了ALP的表达。在FSS作用1h内细胞周期S期百分比增高,作用0.5h后与对照组比较明显增高(P<0.05);但随着时间的增加细胞周期S期百分比开始下降,当作用时间持续4h后S期百分比下降明显(P<0.05)。流体切应力增加了活化pRb的CDK2、CDK4的活性,而且与CDK2相关的E2F1表达量也明显增加;而细胞周期依赖激酶抑制剂p27在流体切应力作用下有所下降。其中流体切应力在0.25h、0.5h明显增加了E2FlmRNA的表达水平(P<0.05),此效应在作用1h后减退。[结论]适宜的流体切应力通过上调CDK2、CDK4及E2F1,下调p27,使细胞从G1期转化到S期,在流体切应力促成骨细胞增殖、分化机制中起重要作用;并且这种作用有明显的FSS作用时间限制性。

S弯进气道优化设计及分析

为改进隐身飞行器推进系统的气动性能,针对S弯进气道开展了设计和分析。基于数值模拟方法、代理模型和遗传算法构建了一套自动优化方法。在优化设计过程中,结合参数化建模、网格自动生成和改进(SST)湍流模型求解,应用优化方法对飞行器进行了多目标设计,得到了进气道的优化推荐构型。应用尺度自适应模拟(SAS)方法对优化进气道气动性能进行了全面和细致的分析。研究结果表明:SAS方法可以较好地模拟S弯进气道的流动,优化设计能够极大地改进S弯进气道的气动性能;相比原始设计,优化进气道设计点的总压畸变指数降低了16.3%,总压恢复系数提高了1.1%。

S-PC剪力键荷载-滑移规律实验

针对装配式钢箱-预应力混凝土组合连续刚构桥的构造特点,提出通过后浇混凝土使桥面板与钢箱梁联结为一体的S-PC(Steel Box-Prefabricated Concrete Deck)剪力键及其构造型式。设计并完成了5个试件的推出试验,研究了S-PC剪力键的受载行为、荷载-滑移规律、破坏形式和破坏现象,依据试验数据和回归理论,提出加载全过程的荷载-滑移关系公式,并利用有限元软件进行了全截面应力的计算模拟。实验结果、推导公式和计算模拟揭示了S-PC剪力键的传力机制和不同部位及方向的应力分布规律,为这种后浇混凝土的S-PC剪力键的研究和应用打下基础。

基于ASME标准的机车制动闸瓦托焊接疲劳分析

以ASME标准中的基于等效结构应力的主S-N曲线法对闸瓦托结构中的14条焊缝疲劳寿命进行分析.建立闸瓦托有限元模型,根据实际制动工况分析其承载载荷,计算制动过程中焊缝区域的应力分布,基于等效结构应力算法将应力进行转换,进而求解各条焊缝在实际工况载荷的疲劳寿命,并对疲劳寿命较低的危险焊缝进行预测及分析,结果表明该闸瓦托分别存在两条对称的主要危险焊缝和两条对称的次级危险焊缝.