Type Synthesis of 1T2R Parallel Mechanisms Using Structure Coupling-Reducing Method

Direct kinematics with analytic solutions is critical to the real-time control of parallel mechanisms.Therefore,the type synthesis of a mechanism having explicit form of forward kinematics has become a topic of interest.Based on this purpose,this paper deals with the type synthesis of 1T2R parallel mechanisms by investigating the topological structure coupling-reducing of the 3UPS&UP parallel mechanism.With the aid of the theory of mechanism topology,the analysis of the topological characteristics of the 3UPS&UP parallel mechanism is presented,which shows that there are highly coupled motions and constraints amongst the limbs of the mechanism.Three methods for structure coupling-reducing of the 3UPS&UP parallel mechanism are proposed,resulting in eight new types of 1T2R parallel mechanisms with one or zero coupling degree.One obtained parallel mechanism is taken as an example to demonstrate that a mechanism with zero coupling degree has an explicit form for forward kinematics.The process of type synthesis is in the order of permutation and combination;therefore,there are no omissions.This method is also appli cable to other configurations,and novel topological structures having simple forward kinematics can be obtained from an original mechanism via this method.

Effect of Different Vegetation Types on the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau in China is one of the most eroded areas in the world. Accordingly, vegetation restoration has been implemented in this area over the past two decades to remedy the soil degradation problem. Understanding the microbial community structure is essential for the sustainability of ecosystems and for the reclamation of degraded arable land. This study aimed to determine the effect of different vegetation types on microbial processes and community structure in rhizosphere soils in the Loess Plateau. The six vegetation types were as follows：two natural grassland （Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus）, two artificial grassland （Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum）, and two artificial shrubland （Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides） species. The microbial community structure and functional diversity were examined by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） and community-level physiological profiles. The results showed that rhizosphere soil sampled from the H. altaicus and A. capillaries plots had the highest values of microbial biomass C, average well color development of carbon resources, Gram-negative （G-） bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, total PLFA, Shannon richness, and Shannon evenness, as well as the lowest metabolic quotient. Soil sampled from the H. rhamnoides plots had the highest metabolic quotient and Gram-positive （G＋） bacterial PLFA, and soil sampled from the A. adsurgens and A. capillaries plots had the highest fungal PLFA and fungal：bacterial PLFA ratio. Correlation analysis indicated a signiifcant positive relationship among the microbial biomass C, G- bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and total PLFA. In conclusion, plant species under arid climatic conditions signiifcantly affected the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil. Among the studied plants, natural grassland species generated the most favorable microbial conditions.

Effects of rapid quenching on structure and cycle stability of La-Mg-Ni-Co type hydrogen storage alloy

In order to improve the cycle stability of La-Mg-Ni-Co type alloy electrode, rapid quenching technology was employed. The effects of rapid quenching on the microstructure and cycle stability of the alloy were investigated. The obtained results show that the La2Mg(Ni0.85Co0.15)9M0.1 (M=B, Cr) alloy electrodes are composed of (La, Mg)Ni3 phase, LaNi5 phase and a small amount of the LaNi2 phase. A trace of the Ni2B phase exists in the as-cast MB alloy, and the Ni2B phase in the alloy nearly disappears after rapid quenching. Rapid quenching technology can slightly improve the cycling life of the alloy. When the quenching rate increases from 0 m·s-1 (As-cast is defined as quenching rate of 0 m·s-1) to 30 m·s-1, the cycle lives of the MB, MCr alloys enhance from 86 and 87 cycles to 106 and 119 cycles, respectively. On the other hand, the average capacity decay rates of the MB, MCr alloys decrease from 1.7172 and 1.7178 mAh·g-1·cycle-1 to 1.5751 and 1.3060 mAh·g-1·cycle-1 after 86 charge-discharges cycling, respectively.

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura,Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura. Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family, 103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH （diameter at breast height） using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha （10 m × 1000 m）. Four different tree communities were identified. The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta （mean density 464.77 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Schima wallichii （336.25 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）, while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis （333.88 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Hevea brasiliensis （299.67 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）. Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m2.ha^-1; the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest （26.21 m2.ha^-1）. Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities. No significant differences were observed in number of species, genera, family and tree basal cover area. Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities. Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumu- lation of native oligarchic small tree species. Seventeen species were recorded with 〈2 individuals of which Saraca asoka （Roxb.） de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides （L.） Men＇. etc. extensively used in local ethnomedicinal formulations. The present S. robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer （105 species） than other reported studies. Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests. Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur. The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T. grandis L. dominated community.

Plant Type and Its Effects on Canopy Structure at Heading Stage in Various Ecological Areas for a Two-line Hybrid Rice Combination,Liangyoupeijiu

A two-line hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu, was used to estimate several factors of plant type, and environmental models for these factors at the heading stage were established using the data of eight ecological experimental sites in 2006 and 2007. According to climatic data from 1951 to 2005, the differences in those factors and their effects on plant canopy were analyzed for four rice cropping areas in China, including South China, the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin, and river valley in Yunnan, China. The thickness of leaf layer （the distance from pulvinus of the third leaf from the top to the tip of flag leaf） and distribution of leaf area could be used as candidate indices for the plant type of a rice canopy.

Effects of Row-Spacing on Canopy Structure and Yield in Different Plant Type Rice Cultivars

Two japonica rice varieties, Longjing 20 （more tillers and curved panicle type, MCP） and Longjing 21 （few tillers and half erect panicle type, FEP）, were used to study the effects of row-spacing on canopy structure, morphological characteristics and yield. The results showed that the percentage of productive tiller reduced first, and increased afterwards as row-spacing increasing. The relationship between row spacing and the percentage of productive tiller fitted a quadratic regression. The effects of row spacing on leaf area index （LAI） at later tillering stage and the highest stem number per square meter also followed a quadratic regression relationship with increasing first and then reducing. The effects of row-spacing on primary branch were larger than the secondary branch in Longjing 20. However, the trend in Longjing 21 was opposite. The relationship between row spacing and seed setting rate of the secondary branch or panicle was negatively correlated. An extreme significant negative correlation was obtained between seed setting rate of secondary branch in Longjing 20. There was no significant positive correlation between row-spacing and yield in Longjing 20 （R2=0.68）. However, the negative correlation between row-spacing and yield of Longjing 21 was extremely significant （R2=–0.96＊＊）. The canopy structure of MCP was more sensitive to row-spacing. The positive correlation between row spacing and the length of the flag leaf （R2=0.89＊＊）, the width of the flag leaf （R2=0.85＊）, the length of the last internode （R2=0.85＊）, the length of the last 2nd internode （R2=0.96＊＊） or the length of the panicle （R2=0.91＊＊） was significant or extremely significant in Longjing 20, but not in Longjing 21. The wider row-spacing promoted the accumulation of the dry matter of panicle, stem and leaf and the yield formation in MCP. The best row-spacing in Longjing 20 was 30 cm. For Longjing 21, the narrower row-spacing was better. The best row-spacing of it was 21 cm. These results suggested that improved the population environment of MCP or the utilization of the free space in the field of FEP could be reached either by wider row-spacing or narrow row-spacing.

WJD 5^(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2): Type 2 diabetes Structured SMBG in early management of T2DM: Contributions from the St Carlos study

Diabetes mellitus type 2(T2DM)is a global pandemic that will affect 300 million people in the next decade.It has been shown that early and aggressive treatment of T2DM from the onset decreases complications,and the patient’s active role is necessary to achieve better glycemic control.In order to achieve glycemic control targets,an active attitude in patients is needed,and selfmonitoring of blood glucose(SMBG)plays a significant role.Nowadays,SMBG has become an important component of modern therapy for diabetes mellitus,and is even more useful if it is performed in a structured way.SMBG aids physicians and patients to achieve a specific level of glycemic control and to prevent hypoglycemia.In addition,SMBG empowers patients to achieve nutritional and physical activity goals,and helps physicians to optimize the different hypoglycemic therapies as demonstrated in the St Carlos study.This article describes the different ways of using this educational and therapeutic tool from the medical point of view as well as from the patient’s perspective.

New cadmium and rare earth metal tungstates with the scheelite type structure

New cadmium and rare earth metal tungstates with the formula Cd0.25RE0.50 0.25WO4 （RE=Nd, Sin, Eu, Gd, D-statistical distrib- uted vacancies in cation sublattice） were synthesized by the solid-state reaction between CdWO4 and corresponding RE2W209. The obtained phases crystallize in the scheelite type structure. The Cd0.25RE0.5 0.25WO4 compounds were characterized by X-ray diffractometer （XRD）, （DTA-TG）, infrared （IR） and EPR methods.

Crystal Structure of a Cadmium(Ⅱ) Complex Containing an Amide Type Ligand

The compound [Cd（L）2（NO3）]NO3·0.5H2O （L = N-benzyl-2-（quinolin-8-yloxy）aceta- mide） 1 has been synthesized and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR and UV spectroscopy. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 11.7175（13）, b = 11.8873（13）, c = 14.0958（16） A, α = 74.889（2）, β= 78.228（2）, γ = 78.831（2）°, V= 1835.0（4） A3, Z= 1, Dc= 1.502 Mg/m3, Mr = 1660.17,μ = 0.662 mm-1, F（000） = 846, 2（MoKa） = 0.71073 A, the final R = 0.0585 and wR = 0.0577 for all observed reflections. The results show that the Cd（II） ion with a square antiprismatic geometry is coordinated by a N206 donor set, two NO2 sets from two ligands and two O atoms from a bidendate nitrate group. In the crystal, the O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds are helpful to consolidate the three- dimensional network.

Effects of Different Woodland Types on Soil Properties and Soil Nematode Community Structure

Upland red soil has strong acidity and low fertility, different woodland types produce varying impacts on soil properties and nematode communities. To explore the response of soil, 2 different types of woodland were selected to investigate the changes of soil properties and nematode communities compared to wasteland. The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in chestnut forest soil were the highest, 16.41 g/kg and 0.46 g/kg respectively; while the highest contents of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus appeared in wasteland soil, and basal respiration of wasteland soil was 28.36 mg CO_2/kg·d, significantly higher than that of the other 2 soils(p <0.05). The nematode abundance also reached the peak in wasteland soil. Three types of soil exhibited a completely different nematode community structure: the dominant trophic group in wasteland soil was herbivores,while omnivores/predators and bacterivores in forest from farmland and chestnut forest soil, respectively.The influence of different types of woodland on ecological indices of nematode communities was not consistent. Degradation trends of soil properties and nematode communities were presented in the 2woodland types compared with wasteland soil. These results are instructive for the local woodland planning.

Synthesis and Electronic Structure of A2B Type Halogen Atoms Substituted H3-Triarylcorroles

Seven electron-deficient A_2 B type H_3-triarylcorroles have been synthesized and characterized. The solvent dependence of the electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism（MCD） spectra and a series of TD-DFT calculations have been used to analyze trends in the electronic structures. Significant differences are observed in the optical spectra when solvents of differing polarity are used,which can be assigned to the effect of NH-tautomerism.

Structures and Spectroscopy Properties of One Novel Keggin Type Polyoxomolybdate Compound

In this paper,One novel Keggin type polyoxomolybdate compounds have been hydrothermal synthesized:{[(CH3)2NH2]4(SiMo12O40)}[(CH3)2NH]·(DMF)0.5(1).The compound 1have been characterized by infrared spectrum,and the two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy.

Community structure and regeneration types of Betula dahurica forest in Badaling forest center of Beijing

Using plant community analysis methods, we analyzed the floristic characteristics, species composition, community structure, population structure, and spatial distribution patterns of a Betula dahurica forest on the ＂1238＂ mountain of Badaling in Beijing, China. The results show that： 1） There are 33 plant species in the B. dahurica community, including 18 woody plant species. The B. dahurica forest is a monodominant community with 75.9% dominance. 2） Based on diameter at breast height （DBH） size class distribution, the population structure of B. dahurica and Acer mono--two heliophyllous and pioneer tree species-is cascade-type, with both in an increasing stage. The population structure of Ella mandshurica and T. mongolica, two shade-tolerant tree species, is inverse-J type, and they have more young seedling individuals and regenerate more stably. They are associated species of the pioneer tree species. The population structure of Quercus mongolica, as the associated species of climax species in the community, is sporadic, and its regeneration is fluctuating and random. Fraxinus rhynchophylla is a shade-tolerant tree species which has a unibar population structure and climax characteristics of pioneer tree species. The relative frequency of young seedlings reached 0.4. 3） The dominant species B. dahurica is still in an increasing stage, and the regeneration of other species is steady or partly influences the community, putting the community in the pioneer species stage. From the population structure and distribution frequency ofF. rhynchophylla, the B. dahurica forest will approach to a climax state in the future.

AN ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE TYPES AND BENEFITS OFSLOPELAND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS-Taking the Three Gorge Reservoir Area As An Example

The modem term 'agroforestry system' is derived from agricultural practices. It is an organic combination of agriculture and forestry, ecology and economy, product variation and scientific management. On the basis of analyzing the types and structure of agroforestry system in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,the paper poins out that agroforestry system can be divided into diffend structutal levds. Taking some typical cases as examples, it compares the benefits of four kinds of structures. The result illustrates that the hedge row agroforestry system on slopeland is an effective way to realize coordinate development of ecology and economy.

Synthesis and Characterization of Charge-transfer Complexes of Aminoethylphosphono-and Dimethylaminoethylphosphono-heteropolytungstic Acids of Keggin Type Structure

Two charge-transfer complexes of 2a and 2b of Keggin type were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, UV spectra, XRD, TG-DSC; and were compared with Hquin-PW12. The primary structure of the heteropolyanions had not been changed after the formation of the charge transfer complexes.

Dynamic responses of K-type and inverted-K-type jacket support structures for offshore wind-turbines

The jacket structure has become more popular as the offshore wind-turbine support structure. K-type and inverted-K-type jacket support structures have superior potential due to their fewer joints and lower cost of manufacture and installation. A numerical study was presented on the dynamic responses of K-type and inverted-K-type jacket support structures subjected to different kinds of dynamic load. The results show that the inverted-K-type jacket structure has higher natural frequencies than the K-type. The wave force spectrum response shows that the maximum displacement of the K-type jacket structure is larger than that of the inverted-K-type. The time-history responses under wind and wave-current load indicate that the inverted-K-type jacket structure shows smaller displacement and stress compared with the K-type, and presents different stress concentration phenomena. The dynamic responses reveal that the inverted-K-type of jacket support structure has greater stiffness and superior mechanical properties, and thus is more applicable in the offshore area with relatively deep water.

Weaning and Field Survival Responses of Propagules to Propagating Structures and Seedling Types in Sheanut Production in Tropical Africa

The Shea is an economic tree found in West and Central Africa with huge industrial uses in the confectionery, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors worldwide. Its rapid multiplication has been hampered by its slow growth and long gestation period. Successes in cutting propagation have been achieved (between 60% - 80%), however weaning of the rooted cuttings for establishment has been a major challenge. Two factorial experiments were carried out in a study in 2012. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of propagating structures and seedling types on the weaning and subsequent field establishment of propagules of Shea tree for plantation establishment. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Survival of the rooted cuttings in the mist propagator was very high (93.3%) and comparable to that of the seedlings (100%). The rooted cuttings in mist propagator produced the highest number of leaves, 11 times greater than the least number of leaves produced by seedlings in the lath house. Comparing the seedling types, the rooted cuttings produced significantly greater number of leaves, 4.8 times than the normal seedlings. Rooted cuttings in the mist propagator produced the biggest stem girth significantly greater than the seedlings kept in all the structures. The rooted cuttings in the mist propagator produced 4.4 times bigger stem girths than the seedlings in the lath house which had the smallest stem girth. The rooted cuttings in the mist propagator produced the tallest plants, 1.4 times and 1.9 times significantly taller than the seedlings in the propagating pit and lath house, respectively, which produced the shortest plants. There was a significant relationship between field survival of propagules and the month of establishment expressed as Y (percent survival) = -2844 + 0.070 × (month);P < 0.001;R2 = 0.68;n = 90. Rooted cuttings transplanted in a hole depth of 52.0 cm produced the biggest stem girth, 5.6 times bigger than the stem girth of the seedlings transplanted into any of the three hole depths. Rooted cuttings transplanted into a hole depth of 52.0 cm produced the highest number of leaves, three times more than the seedlings in 26 cm hole depth, which produced the least number of leaves. The study concluded that the mist propagator was the most suitable propagating structure for weaning rooted cuttings of sheanut tree since it resulted in higher survival of the rooted cuttings as well as promoted the growth of the rooted cuttings. For field establishment, rooted cuttings transplanted into hole depth of 52 cm resulted in higher survival rates and performed better in terms of growth than the seedlings. Furthermore, the month of establishment was very critical for the rate of survival of the transplanted propagules of Shea tree.

Structure of Activity Sites in Perovskite－type Complexs Oxides LaMnO_3＋λ for Total Oxidation of Methane

Nanometer oxide LaMnO3+λ and its counterparts with large particle size were comparatively studied for total oxidation of methane. XPS, TPR and nonstoichiometric oxygen (λ)analysis results identify that the nanometer chide contains more high valence cations, to which the adjacent lattice oxygen are responsible for total oxidation of methane at low temperature.

Peptoids with aliphatic sidechains as helical structures without hydrogen bonds and collagen/ inverse-collagen type structures

Aliphatic homo-polypeptoids of NAla, NVal, NIle and NLeu both in the presence and absence of protecting groups adopt helical structures without hydrogen bonds with Φ, Ψ values of ~ 0, ± 90° with trans amide bonds. These structures are stabilized by carbonyl-carbonyl interactions and characterized by ~ 3.16 residues per turn with a pitch of ~ 6.13 ?. It has been shown that like polyvaline and polyleucine peptides, poly-peptoids can also be exploited for the construction of potential surfactant like molecules by incorporating charged amino acid residues at the N terminal. A single-handed template with Φ, Ψ values of ~ 0, 90° can be attained by incorporating L-leu or L-val at the C-terminal of poly-NIle. Analysis of the simulation results in water as a function of time reveals that the opening of helical structures without hydrogen bonds takes place at sub-picosecond time scale starting from the N-terminal. This leads to the formation of collagen or inverse-collagen type structures (Φ, Ψ ~ -60, 145° and 60, -145° respectively) stabilized by interactions of water molecules with the backbone carbonyl groups.

A NEW TYPE OF CHAIN COMPOUND,STRUCTURE OF TA_4(TE_2)_4TE_4I

Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I,Mr=2381.90,Monoclinic,C2/c,a=21.987(2),b=6.153(2),c= 19.936(3),β=122.42(14),V=2276.7 ~3,z=4,Dm=6.8(5)g/cm^3,Dc=6.95g/cm^3,λ(Mok)= 0.71073,μ=354.0cm^(-1),F(000)=3876,T=296(1)k,R=5.3%,Rw=6.8%,for 1118 unique observed reflections(1>3σ(Ⅰ)).The structure is composed of [Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I]_∞~ chains,which are formed by the four-nuclear butterfly cluster units "Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4" with the Ⅰ atoms as the bridging atoms between different cluster units.