Testing method of rock structural plane using digital drilling

The rock mass consists of rock blocks and structural planes,which can reduce its integrity and strength.Therefore,accurately obtaining the characteristics of the rock mass structural plane is a prerequisite for evaluating stability and designing supports in underground engineering.Currently,there are no effective testing methods for the characteristic parameters of the rock mass structural plane in underground engineering.The paper presents the digital drilling technology as a new testing method of rock mass structural planes.Flawed rock specimens with cracks of varying widths and angles were used to simulate the rock mass structural planes,and the multifunctional rock mass digital drilling test system was employed to carry out the digital drilling tests.The analysis focuses on the variation laws of drilling parameters,such as drilling pressure and drilling torque,affected by the characteristics of prefabricated cracks,and clarifies the degradation mechanism of rock equivalent compressive strength.Additionally,an identification model for the characteristic parameters of rock mass structural planes during drilling is established.The test results indicate that the average difference of the characteristics of prefabricated cracks identified by the equivalent compressive strength is 2.45°and 0.82 mm,respectively.The identification model while drilling is verified to be correct due to the high identification accuracy.Based on this,a method for testing the characteristic parameters of the surrounding rock structural plane while drilling is proposed.The research offers a theoretical and methodological foundation for precise in situ identification of structural planes of the surrounding rock in underground engineering.

Computing in-situ strength of rock masses based upon RQD and modified joint factor: Using pressure and damage sensitive constitutive relationship

In th is study, a n e w m odel w as p re se n te d for com p u tin g stre n g th o f rock m asses based u p o n in -situo bservations o f RQD p o pularly kno w n as rock quality d esignation. This m odel links u p th e rock m assp aram eters from in -situ investigations w ith th e stre n g th p a ram eters o f jo in ted rocks obtain ed fromlaboratory scale ex p erim en tal observations. Using th e co n stitu tiv e relation, th e a u th o r derived a p ressu reand d am age sensitive plastic p a ra m e te r to d ete rm in e stre n g th o f rock m asses for varied ex te n ts ofd isco n tin u ity an d p ressu re induced dam age. The te s t results show th a t plasticity characterized byhard en in g an d softening inclusive o f dam ag e invariably d e p en d s u p o n m ean p ressu re an d e x te n t ofdefo rm atio n s alread y experien ced by rock m asses. The p re se n t w ork explores th e te s t d a ta th a t revealth e d ep en d en c e o f in -situ stren g th on increm ental jo in t p ara m e te rs o b tain ed from th e jo in t num ber,jo in t orien tatio n , jo in t roughness, gouge p a ram eters an d w a te r pressure. S ubstituting th e relationshipb e tw e e n th e RQD and m odified jo in t factor w ith th a t b e tw e e n m odulus ratio an d stren g th ratio, th em odel show s successfully th a t using d am age inclusive plastic p a ra m e te r an d RQD provides a relationshipfor estim atin g th e stre n g th o f rock m asses. One o f th e m ain objectives o f this w ork is to illustrate th a t th ep re se n t m odel is sensitive to p la s tic ity a n d dam ag e to g e th e r in estim atin g in -situ stre n g th o f rock m assesin foundations, u n d e rg ro u n d excavation an d tunnels.

RESEARCH ON EQUIVALENT PROCESSES OF ROCK MASS PARAMETERS WITH ANCHOR PILES

Using normal and shear rigid coefficients of intact rock and fracture plane, rigidly normal, shear equivalent rigid coefficients of fissure rock mass are conducted. On the basis of hypotheses of small displacement of rock mass, principle of superposition, irrelevance of strength parameters C and T and Coulomb theory, formulas to calculate equivalent strength parameters C and phi of equivalent continuous mass from fissured rock mass with anchor piles are given. The achievement is extremely valuable in integral stability analysis of the rock mass slope and important in promoting the research of the rock mass's constitutive relation.

Shear strength criteria for rock,rock joints,rockfill and rock masses:Problems and some solutions

Although many intact rock types can be very strong,a critical confining pressure can eventually be reached in triaxial testing,such that the Mohr shear strength envelope becomes horizontal.This critical state has recently been better defined,and correct curvature or correct deviation from linear Mohr-Coulomb（MC） has finally been found.Standard shear testing procedures for rock joints,using multiple testing of the same sample,in case of insufficient samples,can be shown to exaggerate apparent cohesion.Even rough joints do not have any cohesion,but instead have very high friction angles at low stress,due to strong dilation.Rock masses,implying problems of large-scale interaction with engineering structures,may have both cohesive and frictional strength components.However,it is not correct to add these,following linear M-C or nonlinear Hoek-Brown（H-B） standard routines.Cohesion is broken at small strain,while friction is mobilized at larger strain and remains to the end of the shear deformation.The criterion ＇c then σn tan φ＇ should replace ＇c plus σn tan φ＇ for improved fit to reality.Transformation of principal stresses to a shear plane seems to ignore mobilized dilation,and caused great experimental difficulties until understood.There seems to be plenty of room for continued research,so that errors of judgement of the last 50 years can be corrected.

3D FEM analysis for layered rock considering anisotropy of shear strength

An empirical expression of cohesion （C） and friction angle （Ф） for layered rock was suggested. This expression was compared with a test result made by the former researchers. The constitutive relationship of a transversely isotropic medium and Mohr-Coulomb criterion in which C and Ф vary with directions were employed, and a relative 3D elasto-plastic FEM code was developed, in which the important thing was to adopt a search-trial method to find the orientation angle （p） of shear failure plane （or weakest shear plane） with respect to the major principal stress as well as the corresponding C and Ф Taking an underground opening as the calculation object, the numerical analyses were carried out by using the FEM code for two cases of transversely isotropic rock and isotropic rock, respectively, and the computation results were compared. The results show that when the rock is a transversely isotropic one, the distributions of displacements, plastic zones and stress contours in the surrounding rock will be non-axisymmetric along the tunnel＇s vertical axis, which is very different from that of isotropic rock. The stability of the tunnel in transversely isotropic rock is relatively low.

Rock borehole shear tests in dam foundation of Xiangjiaba hydropower station

Xiangjiaba hydropowcr station is one of the complicated geological conditions of its dam foundation, parameters of rock masses are very important issues. To cascade power stations on the Jinsha River, China. Due to the evaluating the rock mass quality and determining the mechanical address these issues, several groups of rock borehole shear tests （RBSTs） were conducted on the black mudstone in the dam foundation of Xiangjiaba hydropower station in the second construction phase. Forty three groups of shear strengths of black mudstone samples were obtained from RBSTs, and the shear strength parameters （c and f） were calculated using the least squares method. In addition, the limitations and merits of RBST employed in the Xiangjiaba hydropower station were discussed. Test results indicate that the shear strength parameters obtained from RBST have a good correlation with the results from sotmd wave test in borehole. It is believed that RBST has a good adaptability and applicability in geotechnical engineering.

New criterion for rock joints based on three-dimensional roughness parameters

The shear behavior of rock joints is important in solving practical problems of rock mechanics. Three group rock joints with different morphologies are made by cement mortar material and a series of CNL(constant normal loading) shear tests are performed. The influences of the applied normal stress and joint morphology to its shear strength are analyzed. According to the experimental results, the peak dilatancy angle of rock joint decreases with increasing normal stress, but increases with increasing roughness. The shear strength increases with the increasing normal stress and the roughness of rock joint. It is observed that the modes of failure of asperities are tensile, pure shear, or a combination of both. It is suggested that the three-dimensional roughness parameters and the tensile strength are the appropriate parameter for describing the shear strength criterion. A new peak shear criterion is proposed which can be used to predict peak shear strength of rock joints. All the used parameters can be easily obtained by performing tests.

某山体滑坡地质灾害治理方案的分析

本文以某水电厂的水泵房临近通往某风景区的主要公路干道转弯处地质滑坡为背景,利用极限平衡剩余推力法进行抗剪强度参数反演计算,运用圆弧法对滑坡稳定性进行分析与计算,通过对支护设计方案的确定及验算分析,采取“削坡减载+锚杆格构+圆桩抗滑桩+锚索+坡面复绿+截排水沟”综合治理方案,达到预期的治理成果。

矿山岩质边坡地层结构及岩体抗剪强度参数随钻智能识别方法

地层类别及岩体抗剪强度参数的准确识别对岩质边坡的稳定性评估至关重要。基于无量纲的可钻性指标建立了岩体抗剪强度参数随钻识别模型,使得随钻测试结果能够不经标定或换算,即可直接识别岩体抗剪强度参数。结合无监督学习和自主设计的决策模块,对深度序列随钻数据进行智能识别和自动平滑处理,实现对地层结构的智能感知,并定量描述各岩层的随钻参数及抗剪强度参数。采用自主研发的高精度现场随钻测试设备对云南鹤庆北衙露天矿灰岩体区和F6-1断层交界区域的爆破钻孔过程进行监测,并以两个典型钻孔的全过程监测结果为例,展示随钻智能识别方法的应用。总体而言,ZK1钻孔随钻智能识别方法与原始地质剖面一致程度为90.85%,ZK2钻孔随钻智能识别方法与原始地质剖面一致程度为84.47%,钻孔成像验证表明该方法识别的地层能更准确地反映边坡实际地层情况。值得注意的是,该方法能够在大尺度与地质剖面结果一致的前提下,精准地识别出地质剖面未曾表现的关键层位。这一特性为破碎软弱岩层及其强度参数的识别,以及地质模型的精准构建提供了有力保障。该方法在岩土工程领域具有广泛的应用前景,为岩层性质和抗剪强度参数的实时智能识别及地质模型的精准构建提供了可靠的解决方案。

基于结构面粗糙度随机场表征的抗剪强度变异性

岩体结构面抗剪强度参数具有变异性是客观事实,而受限于室内外直剪试验成本而导致抗剪强度变异性指标获取困难是目前制约岩质边坡可靠度评价发展的主要原因之一。鉴于此,提出了一种利用少量实测结构面粗糙度曲线样本和岩块物理力学参数,结合JRC-JCS(joint roughness coefficient-joint compressive strength)剪切强度模型、随机场理论和非侵入式离散元数值试验,获取结构面抗剪强度参数变异性指标的方法。将此方法应用于某隧道进口段岩质边坡可靠度评价中,研究发现:(1)该岩质边坡主控结构面粗糙度纵坐标方差为0.012 5 cm2,相关距离为0.75 cm,生成的随机粗糙度曲线与实测样本相似;(2)结构面黏聚力和内摩擦角均值分别为0.427 MPa和54.9°,标准差分别为0.229 MPa和4.47°,变异系数分别为53.63%和8.14%;(3)此边坡稳定性系数服从正态分布,失稳概率为2.8%,可靠度为1.52。

寒区露天矿板岩冻融力学特性及边坡稳定性研究

为了探究寒区板岩边坡在冻融条件下的力学参数劣化规律及其失稳机理,通过室内冻融循环力学试验,并基于广义Hoek-Brown强度准则计算岩体内聚力和内摩擦角随冻融循环次数的衰减规律,以此修正未考虑冻融损伤的白云鄂博南帮内聚力和内摩擦角块体模型,实现南帮岩体力学参数的时空演化表征,最后通过数值模拟分析白云鄂博铁矿主矿区南帮边坡在冻融效应下的循序破坏机理。结果表明:经20次冻融循环后,矽质板岩、云母化板岩、碳化板岩、断层岩内聚力降低率分别为21.64%、22.66%、28.09%、28.53%,内摩擦角降低率分别为12.76%、14.72%、19.37%、21.35%;在冻融效应下,南帮边坡稳定系数由1.19逐渐降至0.92,1650~1570 m区域剪应变逐渐增大,最终滑体于1570 m平台滑移剪出。

基于高斯过程回归的岩石抗剪强度参数不确定性估测

为克服以往岩石抗剪强度参数估测方法无法反映并量化其不确定性的问题,提出一种基于高斯过程回归(Gaussian processregression,GPR)的岩石抗剪强度参数不确定性估测方法,实现具有概率意义的不确定性分析。基于岩石强度参数数据集,利用高斯过程理论建立不同核函数下岩石单轴抗压强度(uniaxial compressive strength,UCS)和抗拉强度(uniaxial tensilestrength,UTS)与抗剪强度参数的映射关系。通过最大化对数边缘似然函数优化GPR模型超参数,然后根据预测效果与不确定性程度,确定合适的核函数及其GPR模型。结果表明,在给定UCS和UTS数据下,建议采用Matérn核函数构建黏聚力GPR模型,采用有理二次核函数构建内摩擦角GPR模型。对比传统机器学习方法,GPR方法不仅可准确地预测岩石抗剪强度参数,还给出了预测结果的不确定性程度,具有较强的科学性和可解释性,证明了GPR模型的可行性与有效性。

岩石抗剪强度参数的加权线性回归估计与验证

研究了岩石抗剪强度参数的优化估计方法,针对岩石抗剪强度数据中存在的异方差问题,引入了加权线性回归方法。在岩石抗剪强度的线性回归分析中,一般假定因变量观测值的观测误差都服从同一正态分布,但忽略了三轴强度数据中所存在的异方差问题。利用位于四川省西南地区的露天砂岩为研究对象,获取砂岩在不同围压下的三轴强度数据并应用加权线性回归方法进行分析并解决了数据的异方差问题。首先介绍了岩石抗剪强度的理论基础和相关的统计方法,然后详细阐述了加权线性回归的概念及应用范围。提出了加权线性回归的理论公式和检验方法,并解释了加权回归中的权重定义和计算方法。最后通过位于四川省西南地区的露天砂岩的试验数据进行验证,研究结果证明了加权最小二乘法在岩石抗剪强度参数估计中的有效性,研究成果可为抗剪强度参数的选取提供相关的理论依据。

敞开式TBM隧洞围岩参数与主机振动相关性分析

为解决TBM掘进掌子面围岩参数感知难的问题,依托西北地区某供水工程,通过建立TBM主机振动监测系统,分析各类围岩条件下的主机振动信号。基于Savitzky-Golay算法对频谱曲线进行平滑处理,过滤掉TBM自振的影响后,统计分析各类围岩条件下振动峰值、平均极值、平均幅值和有效值的分布规律,采用8种数学模型建立振动特征参数与岩石单轴抗压强度、岩体完整性系数之间的映射关系。研究结果表明:1)TBM主机自振频率在40 Hz左右;2)4项振动特征参数的均值都随围岩类别变差而减小,同时随岩石单轴抗压强度和岩体完整性系数增加呈线性增长趋势;3)围岩参数与主机振动特征参数映射关系的建立,可为基于主机振动的围岩感知技术研究提供参考。

强风化云母石英片岩原位直剪试验研究

强风化片岩难以采取原状试样开展室内试验获取岩体力学强度参数,原位直剪试验是获取强风化片岩抗剪强度参数的可靠途径。原位直剪试验研究表明,强风化片岩整体呈弹塑性破坏特征,在抗剪断强度达到峰值后,剪切位移急剧增大,剪应力未出现陡降,即残余强度效应不明显。同时,强风化片岩抗剪断内摩擦角呈显著的各向异性,随预设剪切面与层理面夹角的增大而增大,当夹角为零即沿层理面剪切时内摩擦角值最小;强风化片岩的黏聚力与剪切方向相关性不明显,主要受岩体内石英、云母等矿物成分含量的高低影响。基于原位直剪试验成果,开展强风化片岩高边坡防护工程优化设计的成功实践表明,加大勘察成本投入,通过原位试验获取可靠的抗剪强度参数,可保证高边坡支护设计方案的安全性和经济性。

复杂多变破碎矿体岩体质量分级及岩体支护参数研究

以赤峰柴胡栏子黄金矿业有限公司相关矿体岩石为研究对象,对其复杂多变破碎岩体进行稳定性分级,确定合理的进路参数,寻找安全、合理、经济的巷道及采场支护参数,从而得到相关岩体质量的结果以及岩体支护参数,提高采场上盘围岩和巷道的稳定性,降低支护投入和生产成本,实现了破碎急倾斜薄矿床的安全、高效、经济回采。

某建筑石料矿露天高陡边坡稳定性研究

露天矿山高陡边坡稳定问题一直是矿山生产面临的重大安全隐患,通过研究利用费辛柯法、格吉法、经验折减法、岩体内摩擦角换算法及H-B准则参数过渡方法,综合确定矿区边坡的岩土体物理力学参数。利用FLAC^(3D)强度折减法,从二维和三维2种角度对边坡稳定性进行了研究。研究结果表明:在自重+地下水+地震工况下,B区、C区以及D区边坡的安全系数小于许用安全系数,边坡处于不稳定性状态,有可能产生整体变形破坏,需优化边坡设计参数,为保障矿山安全生产提供了科学的依据。

某堆填土欠稳定高边坡抗剪强度参数取值研究

梧州市某楼盘在建筑安全影响范围内有一削坡形成的高度20~45 m的堆填土高边坡,存在较大滑塌安全隐患,需对该欠稳定高边坡综合整治处理。为取得符合实际的、经济合理的边坡设计抗剪强度参数,采用了综合法确定抗剪强度参数,即采用现场原位直剪试验、室内重塑土样试验、多元线性回归法等,综合分析确定欠稳定高边坡的抗剪强度参数。结果表明:采用综合法参数取值能优化边坡设计、缩短治理工期、节约治理费用,治理效果显著。

基于层次分析法的露天矿岩体抗剪强度参数研究

露天矿岩体抗剪强度参数影响边坡稳定和矿山安全,受结构面及地质环境条件影响,岩体抗剪强度很难直接和准确获取。文章通过工程上常用的岩块强度折减法、Hoek-Brown准则法和工程岩体质量分级标准法获得了岩体抗剪强度参数,在分析了各类方法问题的基础上,提出了基于层次分析法的岩体抗剪强度参数的确定方法,计算结果能综合反映岩体抗剪强度参数特征,为全面客观地确定露天矿岩体抗剪强度参数提供参考。

Study on Estimation Method of Rock Mass Discontinuity Shear Strength Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Image Technique

The estimation of shear strength of rock mass discontinuity is always a focal, but difficult, problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. Considering the disadvantages and limitation of exist- ing estimation methods, a new approach based on the shadow area percentage （SAP） that can be used to quantify surface roughness is proposed in this article. Firstly, by the help of laser scanning technique, the three-dimensional model of the surface of rock discontinuity was established. Secondly, a light source was simulated, and there would be some shadows produced on the model surface. Thirdly, to obtain the value of SAP of each specimen, the shadow detection technique was introduced for use. Fourthly, compared with the result from direct shear testing and based on statistics, an empirical for- mula was found among SAP, normal stress, and shear strength. Data of Yujian （~ River were used as an example, and the following conclusions have been made. （1） In the case of equal normal stress, the peak shear stress is positively proportional to the SAP. （2） The formula for estimating was derived, and the predictions of peak-shear strength made with this equation well agreed with the experimental re- suits obtained in laboratory tests.