Based on generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) model, a numerical simulation of phenolic sheet molding compound (P-SMC) in compression molding is realized by finite element step-by-step computing method. Finite elemental comput...Based on generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) model, a numerical simulation of phenolic sheet molding compound (P-SMC) in compression molding is realized by finite element step-by-step computing method. Finite elemental computing and post analysis programs have been written. The compression mold filling process, time and pressure requirements of P-SMC in a closed mold are predicted, and a good agreement is shown when compared with experiments. It will be of theoretical significance for the mold design and the optimization of the technological parameters in the compression molding of sheet molding compound.展开更多
Low pressure sheet molding compound （LPMC,1.0-3.0 MPa,95-103 ℃） is a new kind of thermosetting material with crystalline polyester as a physical thickenner.LPMC is different from conventional SMC using an earth oxi...Low pressure sheet molding compound （LPMC,1.0-3.0 MPa,95-103 ℃） is a new kind of thermosetting material with crystalline polyester as a physical thickenner.LPMC is different from conventional SMC using an earth oxide thickening agent （e.g.MgO） as chemical thickenner,it relies on the physical thickening of crystalline polyester.Crystalline polyester resin is the key material to mold LPMC parts.Currently there was no report about the thickening mechanism of crystalline polyester in LPMC.In this article,crystalline polyester resins,whose melting points were between 45 ℃ and 89 ℃,were synthesized by a two-step esterification.The melt points of crystalline polyesters are controlled by regulating the mol ratio of the two glycols and the two acids.And by means of varying the content of crystalline polyester resin,the thickening effect on resin paste is investigated.In addition,the thickening mechanism of crystalline polyester in LPMC was investigated by FTIR and DSC analysis.The effects of the diameters and viscosity of crystalline polyester on the rheological property and fiber distribution of LPMC sheets were studied,too.Results show that the thickening effect is excellent when the weight content of crystalline polyester resin is 3%.And there exists three kinds of functions acting in the process of thickening：swelling,hydrogen bonds and induction crystallization.During the preparing process of resin paste in LPMC,the temperature of resin paste must be kept at 90 ℃.In addition,crystalline polyester make LPMC have a perfect fluid property.When the viscosity of LPMC sheet is beyond 1 kPa s,the fiber orientation is not obvious.But when the viscosity of LPMC sheet is about 500 Pa s,the fiber shows a certain degree of orientation.Moreover the study of physical and chemical thickening mechanism of crystalline polyester and the rheological discipline of LPMC sheets in the hot mould will provide the researchers and enterprises with theory guidance.展开更多
We present comparative life-cycle assessments of three fiber-reinforced sheet molding compounds （SMCs） using kenaf fiber, glass fiber and soy protein resin. Sheet molding compounds for automotive applications are ty...We present comparative life-cycle assessments of three fiber-reinforced sheet molding compounds （SMCs） using kenaf fiber, glass fiber and soy protein resin. Sheet molding compounds for automotive applications are typically made of unsaturated polyester and glass fibers. Replacing these with kenaf fiber or soy protein offers potential environmental benefits. A soy-based resin, maleated acrylated epoxidized soy oil （MAESO）, was synthesized from refined soybean oil. Kenaf fiber and polyester resins were used to make SMC 1 composites, while SMC2 composites were made from kenaf fiber and a resin blend of 20% MASEO and 80% unsaturated polyester. Both exhibited good physical and mechanical properties, though neither was as strong as glass fiber reinforced polyester SMC. The functional unit was defined as mass to achieve equal stiffness and stability for the manufacture of interior parts for automobiles. The life-cycle assessments were done on SMCI, SMC2 and glass fiber reinforced SMC. The material and energy balances from producing one functional unit of three composites were collected from lab experiments and the literature. Key environmental measures were computed using SimaPro software. Kenaf fiber-reinforced SMC composites （SMC1 and SMC2） performed better than glass fiber-reinforced SMC in every environmental category. The global warming potentials of kenaf fiber-reinforced SMC （SMCI） and kenaf soy resin-based SMC （SMC2） were 45% and 58%, respectively, of glass fiber-reinforced SMC. Thus, we have demonstrated significant ecological benefit from replacing glass fiber reinforced SMC with soy-based resin and natural fiber.展开更多
Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment(APPT)technology was used herein to treat sheet molding compound(SMC)substrates to increase the lap-shear strength of adhesive-bondedSMCjoints.Further,the mechanisms behind the lap...Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment(APPT)technology was used herein to treat sheet molding compound(SMC)substrates to increase the lap-shear strength of adhesive-bondedSMCjoints.Further,the mechanisms behind the lap-shear strength improvements in APPT-treated adhesive-bonded SMC joints were explored.A maximum lap-shear strength about three times that of the as-received SMC joints was achieved when the APPT distance was set to 20 mm.The surface roughness,which exhibited little benefit to the lap-shear strength,was determined to not be the primary reason for the increase in lap-shear strength.Specifically,X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that an increased amount of O-containing groups(i.e.,C–O–H,C–O–C,H–O–C=O or R–O–C=O)following APPT contributed to the improved lap-shear strength.In addition,the surface free energy increased significantly after APPT,which improved the lap-shear strength of the adhesive-bonded SMC joints.Compared to the change of surface morphology,the changes in both the surface chemical property and surface free energy played larger roles in increasing the lap-shear strength of APPT-treated SMC joints.展开更多
文摘Based on generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) model, a numerical simulation of phenolic sheet molding compound (P-SMC) in compression molding is realized by finite element step-by-step computing method. Finite elemental computing and post analysis programs have been written. The compression mold filling process, time and pressure requirements of P-SMC in a closed mold are predicted, and a good agreement is shown when compared with experiments. It will be of theoretical significance for the mold design and the optimization of the technological parameters in the compression molding of sheet molding compound.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50473013)National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program,Grant No. 2003AA333070)+1 种基金Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.2009CDA037)Researching Foundation of Hubei Automotive Industries Institute of China (Grant No. BK201001)
文摘Low pressure sheet molding compound （LPMC,1.0-3.0 MPa,95-103 ℃） is a new kind of thermosetting material with crystalline polyester as a physical thickenner.LPMC is different from conventional SMC using an earth oxide thickening agent （e.g.MgO） as chemical thickenner,it relies on the physical thickening of crystalline polyester.Crystalline polyester resin is the key material to mold LPMC parts.Currently there was no report about the thickening mechanism of crystalline polyester in LPMC.In this article,crystalline polyester resins,whose melting points were between 45 ℃ and 89 ℃,were synthesized by a two-step esterification.The melt points of crystalline polyesters are controlled by regulating the mol ratio of the two glycols and the two acids.And by means of varying the content of crystalline polyester resin,the thickening effect on resin paste is investigated.In addition,the thickening mechanism of crystalline polyester in LPMC was investigated by FTIR and DSC analysis.The effects of the diameters and viscosity of crystalline polyester on the rheological property and fiber distribution of LPMC sheets were studied,too.Results show that the thickening effect is excellent when the weight content of crystalline polyester resin is 3%.And there exists three kinds of functions acting in the process of thickening：swelling,hydrogen bonds and induction crystallization.During the preparing process of resin paste in LPMC,the temperature of resin paste must be kept at 90 ℃.In addition,crystalline polyester make LPMC have a perfect fluid property.When the viscosity of LPMC sheet is beyond 1 kPa s,the fiber orientation is not obvious.But when the viscosity of LPMC sheet is about 500 Pa s,the fiber shows a certain degree of orientation.Moreover the study of physical and chemical thickening mechanism of crystalline polyester and the rheological discipline of LPMC sheets in the hot mould will provide the researchers and enterprises with theory guidance.
文摘We present comparative life-cycle assessments of three fiber-reinforced sheet molding compounds （SMCs） using kenaf fiber, glass fiber and soy protein resin. Sheet molding compounds for automotive applications are typically made of unsaturated polyester and glass fibers. Replacing these with kenaf fiber or soy protein offers potential environmental benefits. A soy-based resin, maleated acrylated epoxidized soy oil （MAESO）, was synthesized from refined soybean oil. Kenaf fiber and polyester resins were used to make SMC 1 composites, while SMC2 composites were made from kenaf fiber and a resin blend of 20% MASEO and 80% unsaturated polyester. Both exhibited good physical and mechanical properties, though neither was as strong as glass fiber reinforced polyester SMC. The functional unit was defined as mass to achieve equal stiffness and stability for the manufacture of interior parts for automobiles. The life-cycle assessments were done on SMCI, SMC2 and glass fiber reinforced SMC. The material and energy balances from producing one functional unit of three composites were collected from lab experiments and the literature. Key environmental measures were computed using SimaPro software. Kenaf fiber-reinforced SMC composites （SMC1 and SMC2） performed better than glass fiber-reinforced SMC in every environmental category. The global warming potentials of kenaf fiber-reinforced SMC （SMCI） and kenaf soy resin-based SMC （SMC2） were 45% and 58%, respectively, of glass fiber-reinforced SMC. Thus, we have demonstrated significant ecological benefit from replacing glass fiber reinforced SMC with soy-based resin and natural fiber.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51575397).
文摘Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment(APPT)technology was used herein to treat sheet molding compound(SMC)substrates to increase the lap-shear strength of adhesive-bondedSMCjoints.Further,the mechanisms behind the lap-shear strength improvements in APPT-treated adhesive-bonded SMC joints were explored.A maximum lap-shear strength about three times that of the as-received SMC joints was achieved when the APPT distance was set to 20 mm.The surface roughness,which exhibited little benefit to the lap-shear strength,was determined to not be the primary reason for the increase in lap-shear strength.Specifically,X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that an increased amount of O-containing groups(i.e.,C–O–H,C–O–C,H–O–C=O or R–O–C=O)following APPT contributed to the improved lap-shear strength.In addition,the surface free energy increased significantly after APPT,which improved the lap-shear strength of the adhesive-bonded SMC joints.Compared to the change of surface morphology,the changes in both the surface chemical property and surface free energy played larger roles in increasing the lap-shear strength of APPT-treated SMC joints.
