Investigation of Surface Damage in Forming of High Strength and Galvanized Steel Sheets

Powdering/exfoliating of coatings and scratching galvanized steels and high strength steels （HSS）, are the main forms of surface damage in the forming of which result in increased die maintenance cost and scrap rate. In this study, a special rectangular box was developed to investigate the behavior and characteristics of surface damage in sheet metal forming （SMF） processes. U-channel forming tests were conducted to study the effect of tool hardness on surface damage in the forming of high strength steels and galvanized steels （hot-dip galvanized and galvannealed steels）. Experimental results indicate that sheet deformation mode influences the severity of surface damage in SMF and surface damage occurs easily at the regions where sheet specimen deforms under the action of compressive stress. Die corner is the position where surface damage initiates. For HSS sheet, surface damage is of major interest due to high forming pressure. The HSS and hot-dip galvanized steels show improved ability of damage-resistance with increased hardness of the forming tool. However, for galvannealed steel it is not the forming tool with the highest hardness value that performs best.

Research on the design of cold rolled ultra high strength sheet steel

This study researches cold rolled ultra high strength martensitic steel processed by water quenching. It is found that both the quenching and overageing temperatures greatly influence the mechanical properties of martensitic steel. A tensile strength of 1500 MPa can be obtained from 0.2% C-1.8% Mn steel by soaking at 840℃,quenching at 700℃ and overageing at 200℃ for several minutes. The continuous cooling transformation （CCT） diagram reveals that full martensite can be obtained at a cooling rate of 100℃/s or higher; and at a cooling rate of 3 - 10℃/s,austenite barely decomposes at 700℃. For steel with 0.2% carbon and less manganese, austenite decomposition occurs before it is cooled to 700℃ at a cooling rate of 3 - 10℃/s, which leads to lower tensile strength. It is possible to reduce the manganese content of the 1500 MPa martensitic steel by increasing the quenching temperature. To increase the quenching temperature,the control of flatness during water quenching becomes a major concern.

TENSILE-SHEAR STRENGTH AND BREAKING MORPHOLOGY FOR VIBRATION DAMPING LAMINATED STEEL SHEET

The phenolic resin-chloroprene nthher was used for sandwich in manufueturing the vibra-tion damping laminated steel sheet (also calied laminated sheet), Il is a metal matrix com-posite. The tensie-shear tests have been conducted over a range of temperatures from 20C to 150C and at the strain rates from 1.67× 10 ^(5) to 1.67× 10^(-2)s^(-1). The results show that test temperature will significaiilly affect the tensile shear strength of laminated sheet. and a minimal strength and a minimal activation energy occur near 80C . The tensile-shear breaking morphology of laminated sheet varies with strain rate and test temjteralurc.

Numerical Determination of Shear Strength of Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Strengthened by CFRP Sheets

The earthquake resistant property of reinforced concrete members depends on the interaction between reinforcing bars and surrounding concrete through bond to a large degree. In this paper a general system aimed at dealing with the failure analysis of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheets including bond slip of the anchored reinforcing bars at the foot of the columns is presented. It is based on the yield design theory with a mixed modeling of the structure, according to which the concrete material is treated as a classical two dimensional continuum, whereas the longitudinal reinforcing bars are regarded as one dimensional rods including bond slip at the foot of the columns. In shear reinforced zones both the shear CFRP sheets and transverse reinforcing bars are incorporated in the analysis through a homogenization procedure and they are only in tension. The approach is then implemented numerically by means of the finite element formulation. The numerical procedure produces accurate estimates for the loading carrying capacity of the shear members taken as an illustrative application by correlation with the experimental results, so the proposed approach is valid.

基于纸张纤维特征的纸页抗张强度智能模拟及预测研究

对纸页抗张强度进行智能模拟,有助于更好地对某种纸页的性能进行分析甚至预测。基于此,针对现有纸页抗张强度模拟方法的缺陷进行总结,认为现有典型Page分析模型存在客观性分析不足等问题,结合偏最小二乘法、支持向量机等构建了一种基于造纸纤维特性的纸页抗张强度智能模拟模型,借助该模型对某种典型纸页的性能进行模拟分析。测试结果表明:该模型能够高效、准确地对纸页抗张强度进行预测,与传统模型相比具有更强的实用性。

板厚对UHPC薄板抗弯性能的影响

薄壁薄板结构是超高性能混凝土(UHPC)一个重要应用,而厚度减小会影响到钢纤维的取向和分布,并直接影响力学性能,如抗弯性能等。对5~50 mm UHPC薄板的抗弯性能进行研究,并通过三维视频显微镜和图像法研究由厚度引起的纤维分布取向变化,发现板厚大于20 mm后所能承受的破坏荷载快速增加,但抗弯强度随板厚减小而增加,纤维取向性(沿长度方向)也逐渐增强,尤其是对厚度为5~10 mm的薄板。抗弯强度变化主要取决于钢纤维取向性和厚度因子,而后者对超薄板影响较大。

钛网添加对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能影响研究

目的有效抑制镁/铝复合板界面处金属间化合物的形成。以钛网为中间金属夹层,研究它对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法利用复合轧制技术制备以钛网为中间金属夹层的镁/铝-钛复合板,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)、万能试验机等对复合板退火前后的微观组织和力学性能进行表征和分析,系统研究中间层钛网对轧制态和退火态复合板微观组织、织构、拉伸性能、界面结合强度的影响规律。结果中间层钛网均匀分布在镁/铝-钛复合板界面处,钛网的添加能有效抑制复合板退火过程中镁-铝金属间化合物的连续生长,减少金属间化合物的数量。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加对轧制态和退火态复合板中镁层和铝层的平均晶粒尺寸和织构类型的影响较小。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加降低了轧制态复合板的界面剪切强度和延伸率,但极大提升了退火态复合板的界面剪切强度、拉伸强度和延伸率。结论中间层钛网的添加可有效减少复合板界面处金属间化合物的数量,提升退火态复合板的综合力学性能。

高分子预铺防水卷材主体材料拉伸强度影响因素探讨

通过试验分析探讨了主体材料配方及生产工艺参数(模具模口开度、三辊温度、三辊机与模具间距、挤出速度与三辊速度差等)对P类高分子预铺防水卷材主体材料拉伸强度的影响。在本研究范围内,主体材料配方中适量引入茂金属聚乙烯、模具模口开度设为0.90 mm、三辊温度选择方案3、三辊机与模具间距为12 cm、挤出速度与三辊机速度差为13%时可制得性价比良好的0.90 mm厚高分子预铺防水卷材主体材料聚乙烯片材。

冷轧DC01钢板屈服强度偏高的原因

冷轧DC01钢板屈服强度高于要求的≤240 MPa。为此对屈服强度偏高的冷轧DC01钢板进行了化学成分分析、金相检验以及冷轧压下率、退火工艺和平整延伸率的复查。结果表明:钢板的含氮量偏高,退火过程中析出的AlN量过多,阻碍晶粒的回复和再结晶,导致其屈服强度偏高。通过控制DC01钢的含氮量≤60×10^(-6)和调整退火工艺,冷轧DC01钢板的屈服强度达到了要求。

1000 MPa级高强贝氏体钢的研制

针对汽车轻量化发展需求,河钢集团邯钢公司成功研制出1000 MPa级高强贝氏体钢。本文考察了退火模拟实验中各关键工艺参数对实验钢性能的影响,根据退火规律制定工艺方案,并应用于工业化生产。结果表明,贝氏体含量随着快冷完结温度升高而逐渐增多;当快冷完结温度为400℃时,实验钢的强度随均热温度和缓慢冷却完结温度的降低而减小。通过工业试制成功开发出屈强比大于0.8的1000 MPa级贝氏体钢,其成形极限实验结果表明,在单向拉伸情况下,此材料最大主应变和最大次应变分别为0.29和-0.07,其成形极限危险点(FLD_(0))的应变值为0.13;在等双向胀形情况下,主次应变为0.36。

冷轧CP980辊压梯形管焊缝开裂原因分析与工艺优化

针对冷轧高强复相钢CP980在辊压钢管的焊缝开裂问题,通过分析组织、显微硬度和受力情况以及焊缝处组织及硬度,结果表明:冷轧CP980辊压梯形管焊缝开裂的主要原因为焊接速度、焊接电流参数选择不当,焊缝的淬硬组织在焊接内应力的作用下产生微裂纹,而焊缝受力不均加剧了裂纹的进一步扩展;通过降低焊接速度,提高焊接电流,改善焊缝的质量,同时减小梯形钢管成形过程中的约束力,梯形钢管的焊缝开裂问题得到有效解决。

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of the Material Damage Induced in Sheet Metal Forming Process on the Service Performance of 22MnB5 Steel

The use of ultra-high strength steels through sheet metal forming process offers a practical solution to the lightweight design of vehicles.However,sheet metal forming process not only produces desirable changes in material properties but also causes material damage that may adversely influence the service performance of the material formed.Thus,an investigation is conducted to experimentally quantify such influence for a commonly used steel（the 22MnB5 steel） based on the hot and cold forming processes.For each process,a number of samples are used to conduct a uniaxial tensile test to simulate the forming process.After that,some of the samples are trimmed into a standard shape and then uniaxially extended until fracture to simulate the service stage.Finally,a microstructure test is conducted to analyze the microdefects of the remaining samples.Based on the results of the first two tests,the effect of material damage on the service performance of 22MnB5 steel is analyzed.It is found that the material damages of both the hot and cold forming processes cause reductions in the service performance,such as the failure strain,the ultimate stress,the capacity of energy absorption and the ratio of residual strain.The reductions are generally lower and non-linear in the former process but higher and linear in the latter process.Additionally,it is found from the microstructure analysis that the difference in the reductions of the service performance of 22MnB5 by the two forming processes is driven by the difference in the micro damage mechanisms of the two processes.The findings of this research provide a useful reference in terms of the selection of sheet metal forming processes and the determination of forming parameters for 22MnB5.

Tensile behavior of AA3104 aluminum sheets at low deformation degree

The texture of a rolled AA3104 aluminum sheet was measured by the X-ray transmission method. The Lankford values or r values （ratio of plastic strain） and yield strengths in directions of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90° to RD （rolling direction） of the sheet were tested during tensile loading at a strain of 2%. γ values were predicted by the Sachs model and the reaction stress model in consideration of the measured texture. The simulated results indicate that r values calculated by the Sachs model are more exactly approaching with the experimental values on the whole than those predicted by the reaction stress model. The deformation behavior of the AA3104 aluminum sheet reveals characteristic predicted by the Sachs model, which should be resulted from the sheet geometry different from bulk material as well as the low tensile deformation degree.

The production and practice of cold-rolled steel sheets for automobile

Shougang Group has carried out a strategic structure adjustment in order to realize the promise of Chinese people to the Olympic Games.Automotive sheets are chosen as a type of strategic product and an engine to upgrade enterprise management,technology and operation to reach the top international level during the transition from long products to steel sheets in Shougang Group.Since 2006,Shougang Group has made an elaborate preparation on steel sheet culture,production line construction,technology import,pilot plant and talent reserve.It lays the foundation for the development of automotive sheets.The developing history of cold rolled automotive sheets is reviewed and the research and development of cold rolled automotive sheets, tackling key problem of defect on surface and the latest progress of automotive sheets construction are described in this paper.The main contents were given as follows:①The products of automotive sheets realize zero breakthrough in Shougang Group.Monthly output was 300 ton in January,2009 and it increased to 48 000 ton in June,2010.The ratio of IF steel sheets increases to 70%from 40%.The proportion of outside panel in automotive sheets occupys more than 15%.②A high emulational pilot plant is used as a product developing platform to develop successfully automotive sheets with 1 000 MPa and below.It guarantees that the industrial development of DP and TRIP sheets gets success at a time.It covers continuous annealing sheets with tensile strength≤780 MPa and galvanizing sheets with tensile strength≤590 MPa.③Individual design is used to meet special requirement of customer.Shougang owns 23 inner brands of LCAK and IF steels.It insures that the grades of yield strength cover whole range from 120 to 270 MPa.It keeps the stabilization of steel performance by means of chemical composition control and high accuracy rolling technology.For example,the strength of soft steel fluctuates within±15 MPa.④The steel sheets with surface grade O5 are produced steadily by solving forming striation of IF steel,grain coarse on surface,edge curling skin and mountains - and - waters painting defects.⑤The safeguard mechanism on quality of products is improved steadily and the output of automotive sheets and outside panel increases greatly by building consistency quality management system、information - system and customer service system.

Characteristics of deformation joining of aluminum-stainless steel composite sheet

In order to study the characteristics of deformation joining of aluminum-stainless steel composite sheet, an applied example of this composite sheet was given. The conditions of the composite sheet were discussed, the optical micrographs and scanning electron micrographs were examined by contrast ways of deformation joining and braze joining. Simultaneously the analysis of energy spectrum was also conducted. The results indicate that the deformation joining composite sheet possesses high bonding strength, good corrosion resistance, less inclusions and less microcracks.

Delayed fracture of tensile strength 980 MPa grade steels for automotive applications

Three different types of tensile strength （TS） 980 MPa grade advanced high-strength steels used in automotive applications, namely, 980MS （ martensite steel ）, 980DP （ dual phase ） and 980QP （ quenching and partitioning） steels were examined. The delayed fracture resistance of the steels was evaluated using a U-bend test, slow strain rate test（SSRT） and a constant load tensile test. The results indicated that all the steels could pass the 300 h HC1 solution immersion test and none of the U-bend specimens was fractured in the test. However,the steels exhibited different susceptibilities to delayed fracture under SSRT and the constant load tensile tests. 980DP exhibited the highest resistance to delayed fracture among all the samples, while 980MS was found to be the most susceptible to delayed fracture.

中型邮船甲板薄板分段吊装方案

以中型邮船的3种典型甲板薄板分段为例,设计相应吊装方案,探讨起吊设备在整个吊运过程中影响建造效率的因素。采用有限元分析方法,计算3种薄板分段在不同工况条件下的强度和变形,并对发生超大变形的分段提出临时加强方案。结果表明,该吊装方案适用于甲板薄板分段结构强度弱的特点,满足中国船级社(CCS)吊装规范要求,可使中型邮船甲板薄板分段的吊装作业更加便捷和高效。

热挤压AZ80镁合金板材的组织及力学性能

对热挤压AZ80镁合金板材进行了金相组织、显微硬度、拉伸及断口扫描试验,探讨了热挤压板材的组织与力学性能。结果表明:板材纵向组织偏析严重,板材边缘组织与板材中心组织差异较大,板材中心组织纵向延伸较大,具有很强方向性,而板材横向组织差异不明显;同时显微硬度值在板材边缘较小,而在板材内部较大,在厚度方向呈两边小中间大的分布,这些表明板材具有明显的各向异性;板材纵向抗拉强度高达384 MPa,伸长率较低,为10.81%;板材断口微观形貌呈现内部很深的卵性韧窝,属于韧性断裂。

光伏支架专用连续镀锌钢带S450GD+Z的开发

结合唐钢镀锌生产线的设备特点,按照光伏支架专用镀锌钢带高强度和高延展性的特点,重新设计了高强结构级镀锌产品S450GD+Z的生产工艺,制定了全流程工艺制度,并成功试制。生产结果显示:无论热基还是冷基光伏支架的屈服强度与抗拉强度均达到了设计值;热基光伏支架金相组织为细小的铁素体+珠光体,冷基光伏支架的晶粒没有长大,仍为拉长状态。表明热基光伏支架可通过细化晶粒与改变晶体结构来提高产品的强度与延伸率,冷基光伏支架则是通过退火过程中晶粒发生回复再结晶来提高产品的强度与延伸率。