Reinforcement by polyurethane to stiffness of air-supported fabric formwork for concrete shell construction

By spraying concrete on inner surface,air-supported fabric structures can be used as formwork to construct reinforced concrete shell structures.The fabric formwork has the finished form of concrete structure.Large deviation from the desired shape of concrete shells still remains as central problem due to dead weight of concrete and less stiffness of fabric formwork.Polyurethane can be used not only as a bonding layer between fabrics and concrete but also as an additional stiffening layer.However,there is little research on mechanical behaviors of the polyurethane shell structure.This paper presents experimental studies on an inflated fabric model with and without polyurethane,including relief pressure tests,vertical loading tests and horizontal loading tests.Experimental results show that the additional polyurethane layer can significantly enhance the stiffness of the fabric formwork.Compared with the experiment,a numerical model using shell layered finite elements has a good prediction.The reinforcement by polyurethane to improve stiffness of air-supported fabric formwork is expected to be considered in the design and construction of the concrete shell,especially dealing with the advance of shape-control.

Experimental Study on a Single Layer Two-Way Grid Shell with Tension Members

Single layer two-way grid shell with in-plane and out-of-plane tension members is a new type of single-layer latticed shell roofs. Compared with traditional single-layer latticed shells,this new type has a unique mesh form and excellent rigidity. In order to further understand the buckling behaviors of single layer two-way grid cylindrical shell roof with tension members,the buckling experiments have been undertaken to investigate the effect of tension members,in either out-of-plane or in-plane placement. A single layer two-way grid cylindrical shell roof with out-of-plane tension members has been tested under symmetric and asymmetric loading. The tension member placement,the introducing initial axial force to tension members and the load patterns are considered to investigate the buckling behavior. Experimental results indicate that four long out-ofplane tension members work well under symmetrical loading,but only two long out-of-plane tension members work under asymmetrical loading. It can be concluded that the PC bar members used as tension members for this study are useful in the construction of a single layer two-way grid cylindrical shell roof with structural members intersecting at small angles.

BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING OF LAMINATED THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER HYGROTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTS

The influence of hygrothermal effects on the buckling and postbuckling of composite laminated cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression is investigated using a micro-to-macro-mechanical analytical model. The material properties of the composite are affected hy the variation of temperature and moisture, and are hosed on a micromechanical model of a laminate. The governing equations are based on the classical laminated shell theory, and including hygrothermal effects. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell were both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling was extended to the case of laminated cylindrical shells under hygrothermal environments, and a singular peturbation technique was employed to determine buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells under different sets of environmental conditions. The influences played by temperature rise, the degree of moisture concentration, fiber volume fraction, shell geometric parameter, total number of plies, stacking sequences and initial geometric imperfections are studied.

Postbuckling of Imperfect Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Under Combined External Liquid Pressure and Axial Compression

posthuckling analysis is presented for the stilTened cylindrical shell of finite length subjected to combined loading of external liquid pressure and axial compression. The formulations are based on a boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, nonlinear large deflections in the postbuckling range and initial geometrical imperfections of the shell. The 'smeared stifl'cner' approach is adopted for the stiffencrs. In the analysis a singular perturbation technique is used (o determine the interactive buckling loads and the postbuckling paths. Numerical examples cover the performance of perfect and imperfect, stringer and ring stiffened cylindrical shells. Typical results arc presented in the dimcnsionless graphical form.

POSTBUCKLING OF IMPERFECT STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER COMBINED EXTERNAL PRESSURE AND HEATING

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a stiffened cylindrical shell of finite length subjected to combined loading of external pressure and a uniform temperature rise. The formulations are based on a boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, nonlinear large deflections in the postbuckling range and initial geometrical imperfections of the shell. The 'smeared stiffener' approach is adopted for the stiffeners. The analysis uses a singular perturbation technique to determine the interactive buckling loads and the postbuckling equilibrium paths. Numerical examples cover the performances of perfect and imperfect, stringer and ring stiffened cylindrical shells. Typical results are presented in dimensionless graphical form.

Basic characteristics of key interfaces in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation – Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery,SW China

Based on anatomy of key areas and data points and analysis of typical features of shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member, basic characteristics of key interfaces, mainly bentonite layers, in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas and the relationship between these key interfaces with the deposition of organic-rich shale have been examined systematically. The Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation has four types of marker beds with interface attributes, namely, the characteristic graptolite belt, Guanyinqiao Member shell layer, section with dense bentonite layers, and concretion section, which can be taken as key interfaces for stratigraphic division and correlation of the graptolite shale. The shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member is the most standard key interface in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation, and can also be regarded as an important indicator for judging the depositional scale of organic-rich shale in key areas. There are 8 dense bentonite sections of two types mainly occurring in 7 graptolite belts in these formations. They have similar interface characteristics with the shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member in thickness and natural gamma response, and belong to tectonic interfaces(i.e., event deposits). They have three kinds of distribution scales: whole region, large part of the region, and local part, and can be the third, fourth and fifth order sequence interfaces, and have a differential control effect on organic-rich shale deposits. The horizon the characteristic graptolite belt occurs first is the isochronous interface, which is not directly related to the deposition of organic-rich shale. Concretions only appear in local areas, and show poor stability in vertical and horizontal directions, and have no obvious relationship with the deposition of the organic-rich shale.

THERMO-PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTS ON THE POSTBUCKLING OF AXIALLY-LOADED HYBRID LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL PANELS

A compressive postbuckling analysis is presented for a laminated cylinderical panel with piezoelectric actuators subjected to the combined action of mechanical, electrical and thermal loads. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the panel surface and through the panel thickness and the electric field is assumed to be the transverse component E_Z only. The material properties are assumed to be independent of the temperature and the electric field. The governing equations are based on the classical shell theory with von Krmn-Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the panel are both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling,which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deflections in the postbuckling range,and initial geometric imperfections of the shell,is extended to the case of hybrid laminated cylindrical panels of finite length. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the compressive postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, cross-ply laminated cylindrical thin panels with fully covered or embedded piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electrical loading conditions.The effects played by temperature rise,applied voltage,stacking sequence,the character of in-plane boundary conditions,as well as initial geometric imperfections are studied.

POSTBUCKLING OF PRESSURE-LOADED SHEAR DEFORMABLE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL PANELS

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a shear deformable laminated cylindrical panel of finite length subjected to lateral pressure. The governing equations are based on Reddy's higher order shear deformation shell theory with von Krmn_Donnell_type of kinematic nonlinearity. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the panel are both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deflections in the postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell, is extended to the case of shear deformable laminated cylindrical panels under lateral pressure. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling response of perfect and imperfect, moderately thick, cross_ply laminated cylindrical panels. The effects played by transverse shear deformation, panel geometric parameters, total number of plies, fiber orientation, and initial geometric imperfections are studied.