Effects of Fungi Fusarium sp. to Rhizosphere Soil and Physiological Characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.

[Objectives]To study the effects of fungi Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil and physiological characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.[Methods]We investigated the effects of Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil nutrient element content and metabolites of C.oleifera.C.oleifera was inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium sp.in pot experiments and ammonium-N,available phosphorus,available potassi-um,organic matter,enzymes and pH of rhizosphere soil,MDA content,activity of SOD,POD of C.oleifera leaves were analyzed.[Results]Fusarium sp.stress significantly inhibited soil enzyme activities and significantly reduced available phosphorus content,especially for phospha-tase and sucrase.Antioxidant enzyme activities in C.oleifera tissues showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly increased MDA and SOD enzyme activities and decreased POD enzyme activity.Especially,SOD enzyme activity was elevated by 53.86%compared with the CK group.In addition,analysis of the content of major metabolites in C.oleifera leaves showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly reduced the content of total flavonoids,quercetin,isoquercitrin and isoquercitrin in C.oleifera leaves by 7.80%,50.00%and 75.90%,respectively.[Conclusions]Our results are an important step which showed strong resistance of C.oleifera and can give a novel insight for researches on the effects in the rhizosphere soil enzyme,soil nutrient elements and metabolites of C.oleifera under the Fusarium sp.too.

Coating of Mineral Acids with Niobic Solid Acid for Preparing Furfural from Nut Shell of Camellia oleifera Abel

Nut shell of Camellia oleifera Abel which has large scale of plantation in mountainous region of southern China is abundant renewable resource. The nut shell is suitable for preparation of furfural, as the content of which is as much as 16% (based the dried nut shell). In early time, mineral acids were employed as typically catalyst for preparing of furfural from the nut shells. These mineral acids could pollute water and corrode equipment. In this paper we used various mineral acids coating with niobic acid as catalysts to investigate reactions for preparation of furfural. Among these catalysts, the catalyst of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was found to be very effective, which had higher hammett acidity and better effect of hydrolysis of the nut shells;The catalysts of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was characterized, and the conditions of preparation of the catalyst were investigated. The optimum conditions were: sulfuric acid as coating acid, the concentration of sulfuric 1.1 mol/L, impregnation time 8 h, calcination time 8 h and calcination temperature 450°C. Then hydrolysis of the nut shells was explored, the optimum conditions were as follows: dose of catalyst 20%, ratio of solid to liquid 1:15, reaction temperature 100°C, reaction time 4 h;Under this condition, the yield of furfural was 8.7%.

Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review

The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.

Study on the Redifferentiation Technology after the Dedifferentiation of Blades of Camellia oleifera Abel.

Based on selecting MS minimal medium, through changing the concentrations and additive amounts of two plant growth regulators of NAA and BA, the redifferentiation experiments of plant morphology on callus and embryos cell which got after the dedifferentiation of ＂Xianglin No.1＂ Camellia oleifera Abel. were carried out.The experimental results showed that callus lines with white, yellowish white or oyster colors, obvious uneven surface and loose texture were inoculated on the medium of MS ＋NAA（0.3 mg/L） ＋BA（2.0 mg/L） ＋saccharose（30 g/L） ＋agar（7 g/L）for 30 d,then multiple shoots were differentiated from the white protuberant part, moreover,the growth vigor was good. If inoculating using regeneration buds of C. oleifera, its multiplication coefficient was 6.50.

Flavonoid triglycosides from the seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel

Two flavonoid triglycosides, kaempferol 3-O-{ β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside} （1） and kaempferol 3-O-{ β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside } （2）, were isolated from the seed of Camellia oleifera Abel. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established on the basis of its X-ray analysis. Their cytotoxic activities and anti-HIV-RT activities were evaluated.

Effects of the <i>Camellia oleifera </i>Shell Substrate on the Yield and Nutritional Composition of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Pleurotus geesteranus was cultivated on the substrates blended with different ratios of treated and untreated Camellia oleifera shells using cottonseed hull as the control substrate. The mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition, ash and heavy metals of the Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on these substrates were compared. The results suggest that the Camellia oleifera shell in substrate can accelerate the mycelial growth and increase the yield, nutrients and the contents of protein, ash, crude fiber and amino acid of Pleurotus geesteranus. It was found that the contents of tannin and saponin in Camellia oleifera shell affected the mycelial growth rate. The optimal C/N of the substrate for the growth of Pleurotus geesteranus was determined to be 27 ± 0.7. The C/N ratios higher than 30 reduced the protein, fat and soluble sugar contents of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus. The contents of heavy metals including Hg, As, Cd and Pb were found in Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on the substrates containing Camellia oleifera shell complex.

Infrared-Spectral Characteristics of <i>Camellia oleifera</i>Shell/Meal during Composting

The compost products of Camellia oleifera shell/meal mixed at different mass ratios were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at different composting stages to monitor the structural changes of their components. The results showed that the amount of Camellia oleifera meal significantly affected the composting rate of the shell, but did not change the degradation order and decomposition of the related compounds. During the composting process, microorganisms used the highly decomposable carbon source materials, such as proteins and sugars, first to grow and multiply, and then decomposed hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin by oxidative cleavage after these nutrients were consumed to a certain extent. The decomposition products were then condensed into more stable humic acids. The degradation rates of the compounds were directly proportional to the amount of Camellia oleifera?meal. The compounds in Camellia oleifera shell were composted faster with higher amounts of Camellia oleifera meals, resulting in less lignocellulose in the final products.

FTIR and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Three Kinds of Nutshells

The main components and pyrolysis characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel hells, Castanea mollissima Blume shells, and Castanea mollissima Blume shells were analyzed by using FTIR and thermogravimetric methods. The experimental results indicated that the main components of the three kinds of raw materials consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The highest contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were in Camellia oleiferaAbel shells (49.34% ± 0.07%), Castanea mollissima Blume shells (27.34% ± 0.01%), and Carya cathayensis Sarg shells (49.78% ± 0.01%), respectively. The pyrolysis processes of three kinds of shells generally included three stages, namely dehydration, pyrolysis, and carbonization. The peak values and the appearance times of their pyrolysis rates were closely related to their compositions.

Development of a Rapid and Simple Non-Derivatization Method to Determine Constituents and Antioxidative Capacity of Camellia Oils by HPTLC

Camellia oil is an edible vegetable oil with high value of nutrition and health protection function such as antioxidant and adjusting blood fat. In this study, a simple, rapid and effective HPTLC method was developed for analyzing the composition and antioxidant constituents of camellia oil. The HPTLC was performed on G60 plate with n-hexane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (6:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase combined with two coloration methods (ethanol containing 10% phosphomolybdic acid, ethanol containing 0.03% DPPH) and scanning densitometry technique. The unsaturated fatty glyceride, free fatty acids, sterols and lipids including triolein, oleic acid, ergosterin, β-sitosterol, tocopherol and phospholipids in camellia oils were determined and performed densitometrically at λs1 = 620 nm and λs2 = 517 nm. The results show that the main components of different samples of camellia oil are similar, however the contents are diverse. The antioxidative test shows that camellia oil has obvious antioxidant capability as olive oil, especially the pressed virgin oil. Therefore, this non-derivatization HPTLC method can be used for composition and antioxidative capacity determination of camellia oils.

芽苗砧嫁接与扦插油茶营养器官显微结构的比较

以油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)品种‘长林40号’(‘Changlin 40’)为研究对象,通过微波快速石蜡切片法,比较芽苗砧嫁接和扦插油茶营养器官(根、茎、叶)显微结构的变化规律,解析不同繁殖方式油茶愈伤组织形成和根系发育过程,揭示植株宏观生长与微观结构间的内部联系,分析根、茎、叶显微结构指标间的相关性。结果显示:芽苗砧嫁接和扦插油茶的愈伤组织形成及愈合期分别为0~40和0~20 d。扦插20 d,油茶插穗基部皮层诱导产生根原基细胞;扦插90 d侧根开始形成。芽苗砧嫁接40 d,油茶砧木和接穗愈伤组织完全连接;芽苗砧嫁接90 d,主根增粗,大量侧根产生。芽苗砧嫁接2年生油茶茎木质部增厚,茎木质部率约为扦插油茶的2倍;叶主脉木质部厚度(334.41μm)显著高于扦插油茶(249.70μm),木质化程度明显增大。相关性分析结果显示:芽苗砧嫁接油茶大多数显微结构指标间存在显著或极显著相关性。芽苗砧嫁接油茶19个显微结构指标在平方欧氏距离4.0处分为4类,其中,根维管柱厚度、叶片厚度、茎髓部厚度和根中柱鞘厚度4个指标聚为Ⅱ类,茎木质部厚度(Ⅲ类)和茎直径(Ⅳ类)单独聚类,其余13个指标聚为Ⅰ类;根维管柱厚度、茎木质部厚度和叶主脉厚度分别为根、茎、叶的代表性指标,相关指数分别为0.897、0.882和0.650。综合结果显示:芽苗砧嫁接油茶的生根情况较好,根维管柱增粗,茎和叶木质部分化能力强,叶主脉增厚,组织结构紧密度增加,芽苗砧嫁接可作为油茶品种‘长林40号’低产林改造的繁殖方式;根维管柱厚度、茎木质部厚度和叶主脉厚度可作为评价芽苗砧嫁接油茶发育特性的典型指标。

油茶CoFAD2-1基因的克隆、亚细胞定位及组织表达

【目的】克隆油茶CoFAD2-1基因,并进行亚细胞定位和组织表达研究。【方法】采用CTAB法提取油茶4种组织中的总RNA;运用RT-PCR方法,设计基因特异性引物,从油茶未成熟胚中克隆CoFAD2-1基因;用生物信息学手段分析了CoFAD2-1基因的结构和进化关系;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究CoFAD2-1基因在不同组织的表达;同时运用烟草瞬时表达技术对该基因进行亚细胞定位分析。【结果】该基因编码区全长为1 149 bp,共编码382个氨基酸,具有FAD2基因家族保守的3个组氨酸簇。系统树分析显示该基因与种子特异表达的FAD2基因聚在一起,组织表达分析也表明CoFAD2在种子中特异表达,转化烟草叶片验证CoFAD2-1蛋白定位于内质网膜上。【结论】CoFAD2-1基因在种子中特异性表达,且定位在内质网膜上。

对辊式油茶果籽壳清选机的设计与试验

针对现有油茶果籽壳清选机清选效果不佳、茶籽损伤率高问题,设计了一种采用齿光辊清选原理的对辊式油茶果籽壳清选机。同时,对油茶籽、壳的物理特性进行了研究,对清选装置辊组排布方式、齿光辊组数、清选关键部件齿辊齿形和直径分别进行了设计,分析了清选状态时油茶壳受力情况。为验证对辊式油茶果籽壳清选机是否达到了预期设计目标,设计了三因素三水平正交试验,选取清选间隙、辊轴转速、喂入量为试验因素,以茶籽破碎率和清选率为评价指标,对清选机进行现场试验。结果表明:清选间隙为3.13 mm、轴辊转速为298.25 r/min、喂入量为1.51 t/h时,对辊式油茶果籽壳清选机获得最佳清选效果,此时茶籽破损率为3.30%,清选率为96.79%。

Biorefinery process for production of bioactive compounds and bio-oil from Camellia oleifera shell

A biorefinery process was developed in this study to obtain bioactive compounds and bio-oil from Camellia oleifera shells.Four different extraction techniques(water,ethanol,ultrasound-assisted deionized water,and ultrasound-assisted ethanol)were utilized to extract tea saponin and tannin from C.oleifera shells.Results showed that ethanol had better extraction capacity than did deionized water,and ultrasound could promote the dissolution of tannin and tea saponin in solution.The thermogravimetric curves of the samples treated under the four conditions moved toward high temperatures.This phenomenon indicated the thermal stability of the residue was significantly improved.The pretreatment showed a slight effect on the chemical compositions of bio-oil.Specifically,the samples treated with ethanol and ultrasound-assisted deionized water contained higher phenol contents(81.07%and 81.52%,respectively)than the other samples.The content of organic acid decreased with an increase in the phenol content.

Fabrication of supported acid catalytic composite fibers by a simple and low-cost method and their application on the synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

In this paper,sulfonic groups functionalized annealed bio-based carbon microspheres loaded polytetrafluoroethylene(A-BCMSs-SO_(3)H@PTFE)fibers with high activity,high stability,and easy regeneration were successfully fabricated by a simple method using low-cost raw materials.The characterization results showed that the annealed biomass carbon microspheres derived from waste Camellia oleifera shells were evenly distributed on the polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and the sulfonic groups can be successfully loaded on the surface of annealed biomass carbon microspheres by room temperature sulfonation.Subsequently,the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO_(3)H@PTFE fibers were applied to the acidcatalyzed synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural.The catalytic experiment results indicated that the annealing temperature and time during catalyst preparation have a significant effect on the activity and selectivity of A-BCMSs-SO_(3)H@PTFE fibers.The results of catalytic reaction kinetics showed that the yield of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural can reach more than 60%after 72 h of acid-catalyzed reaction.The stability test showed that the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO_(3)H@PTFE fibers still maintained a stable acid catalytic activity after four recycles.

中国主要油茶产区山茶炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

以中国主要油茶产区的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)炭疽病优势种山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)的16个地理种群168个菌株为供试材料,应用ISSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性和种群遗传结构分析。16个地理种群的多态位点百分比(PPB)为98.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.28,Shannon信息多样性指数(Is)为0.43,遗传相似度(I)平均为0.834,遗传距离(D)平均为0.183,表明山茶炭疽菌遗传多样性水平较高且异质性较强,种群间存在一定程度的遗传变异,遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。湖北省、浙江省、江西省、湖南省和广西5个省级种群总基因多样度(Ht)为0.274 8,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 4,基因流(Nm)为0.466 4,表明山茶炭疽菌5个省级种群虽然被分化,但是不存在基因流动现象(Nm<1)。

γ射线辐照协同水热处理制备油茶壳低聚木糖的工艺研究

为采用低成本、可再生的农林生物质制备高价值低聚木糖以提升木质纤维素生物炼制经济效益,本研究以茶油加工副产物油茶壳为原料,选择吸收剂量(A)、水热处理温度(B)、水热处理时间(C)和固液比(D)4个因素,以低聚木糖转化率为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化γ射线辐照协同水热处理油茶壳制备低聚木糖的工艺条件。单因素试验结果表明,油茶壳低聚木糖转化率随吸收剂量、固液比的增加而逐渐升高,随着水热处理温度的升高、反应时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势。正交试验优化得出,各因素对油茶壳低聚木糖转化率影响的主次顺序为A>B>D>C,综合考虑确定最优工艺条件为A_(2)B_(3)C_(1)D_(2),即吸收剂量400 kGy、水热处理温度200℃、水热处理时间20 min、固液比1∶10 g·mL^(-1),此条件下的油茶壳制备低聚木糖转化率为74.33%,比对照提高22.61个百分点。本研究为油茶壳资源高值化制备低聚木糖提供了技术参考。

油茶蒲黄酮的制备及组分鉴定

为促进油茶蒲的高值化开发利用,推动油茶产业高质量发展,以油茶蒲为原料,采用超声辅助醇提法制备油茶蒲粗黄酮,并采用AB-8大孔树脂吸附法纯化。另外,对纯化的油茶蒲黄酮的结构进行了紫外光谱和红外光谱表征,利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS对其组分进行了鉴定。结果表明:采用超声辅助醇提法制备的油茶蒲粗黄酮中黄酮含量为32.41%,采用AB-8大孔树脂纯化后的黄酮含量为70.14%,黄酮总回收率为60.12%;紫外光谱与红外光谱分析表明,纯化物具有明显的黄酮类紫外、红外特征光谱,证明该纯化物主要成分为黄酮类化合物;UPLC-Q-TOF-MS从该纯化物中共鉴定出44种多酚类和黄酮类化合物,其中14种黄酮类化合物、30种多酚类化合物,油茶蒲黄酮多以黄酮苷类化合物形式存在,且多为山奈酚的糖苷类化合物,油茶蒲黄酮中含有原花青素、儿茶素、表儿茶素及没食子酸等抗氧化活性成分。根据油茶蒲黄酮的组成成分,推测其具有开发成为抗糖尿病食品以及与抗癌药物联用治疗疾病的潜力。

油茶壳-蚕沙不同碳氮比堆肥的腐熟效果

【目的】探明油茶壳-蚕沙不同碳氮比(C/N)堆肥的腐熟效果,为油茶壳和蚕沙无害化、资源化利用提供依据。【方法】以油茶壳与蚕沙为堆肥原料进行好氧堆肥试验,研究不同碳氮比油茶壳-蚕沙堆肥处理(CK:纯油茶壳50 kg,C/N=100;T_(1):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙45 kg,C/N=20;T_(2):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙31 kg,C/N=25;T_(3):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙23 kg,C/N=30;T_(4):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙18 kg,C/N=35)堆肥过程中物理、化学和生物指标的变化。【结果】与CK比,不同C/N油茶壳-蚕沙处理pH呈中性或弱碱性,且最高温度和高温持续时间均较高,其中,C/N=20和C/N=25的油茶壳-蚕沙处理高温持续时间分别为17 d和13 d,达《畜禽粪便无害化处理技术规范》(NY/T 1168—2006)要求。不同C/N油茶壳-蚕沙处理的C/N、有机质、木质素和纤维素含量均随发酵进程而逐渐降低,全氮、全磷和全钾含量均有所增加,堆肥发酵结束时,C/N=20和C/N=25油茶壳-蚕沙处理的总养分含量较高,分别为5.10%和4.28%,符合《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)要求;有机质、纤维素、木质素的降幅较大,分别降17.1百分点、11.2百分点、8.4百分点和15.8百分点、6.8百分点、6.3百分点;GI均稳定在70%以上,对植物毒性小。不同C/N油茶壳-蚕沙处理堆肥后的重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)含量较堆肥前均有所提高,但均低于标准限量值。【结论】添加适量比例的蚕沙可有效促进油茶壳腐解,调节堆肥初始C/N在20~25有利于油茶壳-蚕沙堆肥的腐熟。

CA/COSBC复合凝胶微球的制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

首先,将以油茶果壳(COS)为原料制备的生物炭(COSBC)分散到海藻酸钠(SA)凝胶溶液中形成了混合液;然后,采用球滴法将其逐滴滴入到CaCl2溶液中,制备了海藻酸钙/生物炭(CA/COSBC)复合凝胶微球。采用SEM和FTIR对CA/COSBC复合凝胶微球进行了表征,考察了其对水体中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果,优化了其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附条件,探究了其吸附去除Pb(Ⅱ)的动力学和热力学行为。结果表明,m(SA)∶m(COSBC)=4∶1制备的CA/COSBC复合凝胶微球具有最佳的吸附去除Pb(Ⅱ)的效果,室温下,在pH=5.0、Pb(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度为250 mg/L、投加量0.77 g/L、吸附时间4 h的条件下,Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量可达236.4 mg/g、去除率高达72.81%。CA/COSBC复合凝胶微球吸附去除Pb(Ⅱ)能够自发进行,且符合Freundlich热力学模型和Largergren准二级动力学模型,以多分子层的化学吸附占主导作用。颗粒内扩散是控制吸附过程的主要因素,表面吸附和边界层扩散也会影响吸附去除过程。

基于转录组测序的油茶SSR、SNP和InDel位点特征分析

基于油茶转录组测序数据,利用MISA和GATK3软件对SSR、SNP和InDel位点进行搜索。结果表明:在169652条unigene序列中共发现92228个SSR位点,出现频率54.37%,平均分布距离1.61 kb。油茶转录组SSR位点中,单核苷酸和二核苷酸是主要的重复类型,A/T和AG/CT是主要的重复基元类型,基元重复次数主要集中在5~11次,基序长度主要集中在12~20 bp。共得到1912501个SNP位点,转换类型SNP数量多于颠换类型SNP数量,转换类型中A/G数量最多,而颠换类型中A/T数量最多。共筛选出298984个InDel位点。油茶转录组SSR、SNP和InDel位点数量多、类型丰富,能够为油茶分子标记开发、种质资源评价、亲缘关系鉴定等研究提供支撑。