Shielded metal arc welding of cemented carbide to carbon steel

Electrode ENiFe-C1 and E4303 were selected to join the cemented carbide WC-20Co and carbon steel 45 by shielded metal arc welding process. Microstructure and bending property of the corresponding joints were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon steel electrode E4303 had no proper metallurgy condition for the arc welding of cemented carbide and carbon steel. The C and Ni content of the cast iron electrode ENiFe-C1 could meet the condition of preventing the formation ofη carbide,which was suit to the arc welding of cemented carbide and carbon steel,but the operation parameters needed to be optimized to minimize the slag inclusion. The alloy WC-20Co which did not fit for cold arc welding,by adopting the measure of being preheated at 723 K for 1 h before welding,and being kept at 723 K for 3 h after welding then followed furnace cooling could avoid the happening of crack in the WC-20Co base metal.

Tensile and Impact Properties of Shielded Metal Arc Welded AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The present study is concerned with the effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel on tensile and impact properties of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the joints fabricated by austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel filler metals were evaluated and the results were reported. From this investigation, it is found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed higher tensile strength and hardness compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Joints fabricated by austenitic stainless steel filler metal exhibited higher ductility and impact toughness compared with the joints fabricated by ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel filler metals.

Microstructure and pitting corrosion of shielded metal arc welded high nitrogen stainless steel

The present work is aimed at studying the microstructure and pitting corrosion behaviour of shielded metal arc welded high nitrogen steel made of Cromang-N electrode. Basis for selecting this electrode is to increase the solubility of nitrogen in weld metal due to high chromium and manganese content. Microscopic studies were carried out using optical microscopy(OM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). Energy back scattered diffraction(EBSD) method was used to determine the phase analysis, grain size and orientation image mapping. Potentio-dynamic polarization testing was carried out to study the pitting corrosion resistance in aerated 3.5% NaCl environment using a GillAC electrochemical system. The investigation results showed that the selected Cr-Mn-N type electrode resulted in a maximum reduction in delta-ferrite and improvement in pitting corrosion resistance of the weld zone was attributed to the coarse austenite grains owing to the reduction in active sites of the austenite/delta ferrite interface and the decrease in galvanic interaction between austenite and delta-ferrite.

Ti、Mn对Q690钢SMAW熔敷金属组织和力学性能的影响

以开发与Q690高强钢匹配的焊接材料为目的,通过扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段研究了Ti和Mn含量对焊条电弧焊(SMAW,shielded metal arc welding)熔敷金属组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti和Mn可以有效地改善熔敷金属的微观组织和力学性能。适量添加Ti、Mn会促使熔敷金属中针状铁素体的形成。随着Mn含量的增加,熔敷金属的微观组织由粒状贝氏体+针状铁素体转变为板条贝氏体+马氏体,导致其抗拉强度升高,冲击性能下降。

多层焊对A/P异种钢复合管SMAW接头组织及性能的影响

不锈层焊缝及熔合区组织对奥氏体(A)/珠光体(P)异种钢复合管焊接接头性能有重要影响。采用E309L型超低碳奥氏体不锈钢焊条的焊条电弧焊(SMAW,shieldedmetal arc welding)方法制备了0Cr18Ni9/20复合管单层焊和多层焊接头,并应用光学金相、能谱(EDS,energy dispersive spectrum)成分及线扫描、扫描电镜(SEM,scanning electronmicroscope)、X射线衍射以及显微硬度等方法对焊接接头进行了对比分析研究。结果表明,基层焊缝的再热作用可以使不锈层焊缝的δ-Fe相细化,熔合区合金元素分布更加均匀,且无Cr23C6相析出,对接头性能产生有利影响。

Welding of nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel: Microstructure and mechanical properties

High nitrogen stainless steel(HNS) is a nickel free austenitic stainless steel that is used as a structural component in defence applications for manufacturing battle tanks as a replacement of the existing armour grade steel owing to its low cost, excellent mechanical properties and better corrosion resistance.Conventional fusion welding causes problems like nitrogen desorption, solidification cracking in weld zone, liquation cracking in heat affected zone, nitrogen induced porosity and poor mechanical properties.The above problems can be overcome by proper selection and procedure of joining process. In the present work, an attempt has been made to correlate the microstructural changes with mechanical properties of fusion and solid state welds of high nitrogen steel. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW), electron beam welding(EBW) and friction stir welding(FSW) processes were used in the present work. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction were used to characterize microstructural changes. Hardness, tensile and bend tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welds. The results of the present investigation established that fully austenitic dendritic structure was found in welds of SMAW. Reverted austenite pools in the martensite matrix in weld zone and unmixed zones near the fusion boundary were observed in GTA welds. Discontinuous ferrite network in austenite matrix was observed in electron beam welds.Fine recrystallized austenite grain structure was observed in the nugget zone of friction stir welds.Improved mechanical properties are obtained in friction stir welds when compared to fusion welds. This is attributed to the refined microstructure consisting of equiaxed and homogenous austenite grains.

Effect of welding processes on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of high strength low alloy naval grade steel joints

Naval grade high strength low alloy(HSLA) steels can be easily welded by all types of fusion welding processes. However, fusion welding of these steels leads to the problems such as cold cracking, residual stress, distortion and fatigue damage. These problems can be eliminated by solid state welding process such as friction stir welding(FSW). In this investigation, a comparative evaluation of mechanical(tensile, impact,hardness) properties and microstructural features of shielded metal arc(SMA), gas metal arc(GMA) and friction stir welded(FSW) naval grade HSLA steel joints was carried out. It was found that the use of FSW process eliminated the problems related to fusion welding processes and also resulted in the superior mechanical properties compared to GMA and SMA welded joints.

Metallurgical characteristics of armour steel welded joints used for combat vehicle construction

Austenitic stainless steel(ASS) and High nickel steel(HNS) welding consumables are being used for welding Q&T steels, as they have higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase, to avoid hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) but they are very expensive. In recent years, the developments of low hydrogen ferritic steel(LHF) consumables that contain no hygroscopic compounds are utilized for welding Q&T steels. Heat affected zone(HAZ) softening is another critical issue during welding of armour grade Q&T steels and it depends on the welding process employed and the weld thermal cycle. In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the influence of welding consumables and welding processes on metallurgical characteristics of armour grade Q&T steel joints by various metallurgical characterization procedures. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) and flux cored arc welding(FCAW) processes were used for making welds using ASS, LHF and HNS welding consumables. The joints fabricated by using LHF consumables offered lower degree of HAZ softening and there is no evidence of HIC in the joints fabricated using LHF consumables.

Influence of shielding gas on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of DP-GMA-welded 5083-H321 aluminum alloy

In the present research, 6-mm-thick 5083-H321 aluminum alloy was joined by the double-pulsed gas metal arc welding （DP-GMAW） process. The objective was to investigate the influence of the shielding gas composition on the microstructure and properties of GMA welds. A macrostructural study indicated that the addition of nitrogen and oxygen to the argon shielding gas resulted in better weld penetration. Furthermore, the tensile strength and bending strength of the welds were improved when oxygen and nitrogen （at concentrations as high as approximately 0. 1vol%） were added to the shielding gas; however, these properties were adversely affected when the oxygen and nitrogen contents were increased further. This behavior was attributed to the formation of excessive brown and black oxide films on the bead surface, the formation of intermetallic compounds in the weld metal, and the formation of thicker oxide layers on the bead surface with increasing nitrogen and oxygen contents in the argon-based shielding gas. Analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that most of these compounds are nitrides or oxides.

Effect of Notch Location on Fatigue Life Prediction of Strength Mismatched HSLA Steel Weldments

Welding of high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) involves usage of low, even and high strength filler materials (electrodes) than the parent material depending on the application of the welded structures and the availability of the filler material. In the present investigation, the fatigue crack growth behaviour of weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) regions of under matched (UM), equal matched (EM) and over matched (OM) joints has been studied. The base material used in this investigation is HSLA-80 steel of weldable grade. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process has been used to fabricate the butt joints. Centre cracked tension (CCT) specimen has been used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behaviour of the welded joints. Fatigue crack growth experiments have been conducted using servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine at constant amplitude loading (R=0).A method has been proposed to predict the fatigue life of HSLA steel welds using fracture mechanics approach by incorporating influences of mismatch ratio (MMR) and notch location.

Studies on Effects of Welding Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Welded Low-Carbon Steel

In this work, the effect of heat input on the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel was studied using two welding processes: Oxy-Acetylene Welding (OAW) and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). Two different edge preparations on a specific size, 10-mm thick low-carbon steel, with the following welding parameters: dual welding voltage of 100 V and 220 V, various welding currents at 100, 120, and 150 Amperes and different mild steel electrode gauges of 10 and 12 were investigated. The tensile strength, hardness and impact strength of the welded joint were carried out and it was discovered that the tensile strength and hardness reduce with the increase in heat input into the weld. However, the impact strength of the weldment increases with the increase in heat input. Besides it was also discovered that V-grooved edge preparation has better mechanical properties as compared with straight edge preparation under the same conditions. Microstructural examinations conducted revealed that the cooling rate in different media has significant effect on the microstructure of the weldment. Pearlite and ferrite were observed in the microstructure, but the proportion of ferrite to pearlite varied under different conditions.

Effect of welding processes and consumables on fatigue crack growth behaviour of armour grade quenched and tempered steel joints

Quenched and Tempered(Q&T) steels are widely used in the construction of military vehicles due to its high strength to weight ratio and high hardness. These steels are prone to hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) in the heat affected zone(HAZ) after welding. The use of austenitic stainless steel(ASS) consumables to weld the above steel was the only available remedy because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase. The use of stainless steel consumables for a non-stainless steel base metal is not economical. Hence, alternate consumables for welding Q&T steels and their vulnerability to HIC need to be explored. Recent studies proved that low hydrogen ferritic steel(LHF) consumables can be used to weld Q&T steels, which can give very low hydrogen levels in the weld deposits. The use of ASS and LHF consumables will lead to distinct microstructures in their respective welds. This microstructural heterogeneity will have a drastic influence in the fatigue crack growth resistance of armour grade Q&T steel welds. Hence, in this investigation an attempt has been made to study the influence of welding consumables and welding processes on fatigue crack growth behaviour of armour grade Q&T Steel joints. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) and Flux cored arc welding(FCAW) were used for fabrication of joints using ASS and LHF consumables. The joints fabricated by SMAW process using LHF consumable exhibited superior fatigue crack growth resistance than all other joints.

Analysis Microstructure of Weld Metal for HQ130+QJ63 High Strength Steel

The microstructure in the weld metals for HQ130 + QJ63 high strength steels,which are welded by Ar-CO_2 gas shielded metal arc welding,was analyzed by means of microscope and scan electron microscope(SEM).The relative content of different microstructure was evaluated with XQF-2000 micro-image analyzer.The effect of acicular ferrite content on the impact toughness was also studied.The test results indicated that the main microstructure in the weld metals of HQ130 + QJ63 high strength steels is acicular ferrite and a few pro-eutectic ferrite on the boundary of original austenite grain.Near the fusion zone there are columnar grains whose direction coefficient(X) is 3.22,but the microstructure in the center of the weld metal is isometric grain,whose direction coefficient X = 1.In order to avoid welding crack and improve welding technology the weld heat input should be strictly controlled in 10-16 kJ/cm.Thus,the main microstructure in the weld metals is fine acicular ferrite and the content of pro-eutectic ferrite is limited.The impact toughness in the weld metals of HQ130+ QJ63 steels can be ensured and can meet the requirements for application in engineering and machinery.

Inconel 718高温合金SMAW焊接接头组织及力学性能研究

对Inconel 718镍基高温合金进行焊条电弧焊(SMAW)焊接试验,研究其接头显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,焊接接头由五部分组成,分别为焊缝区、细晶区、不完全再结晶区、粗晶区以及基体;由于焊缝区有大量Laves相的存在,导致焊缝区为焊接热影响最薄弱的区域,拉伸试样断裂位置在焊缝处;显微硬度测试表明焊缝区硬度最低,母材硬度最高。

基于后级斩波可控短路过渡GMAW电源设计

采用熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW),在短路过渡时,焊缝成形好,过渡频率高。但是在电弧重新引燃时,大电流产生的电弧力会引起过渡金属的飞溅,使得短路过渡飞溅量大。可控短路过渡技术在短路过渡结束与重新引弧的瞬间,通过迅速降低焊接电流能够明显减少飞溅量。本文结合短路过程燃弧和短路过程的解耦分析,设计了基于后级斩波控制的可控短路过渡GMAW电源,通过检测焊接电压来预测燃弧,在燃弧的瞬间降低焊接电流以减少飞溅。在同等试验条件下发现传统短路控制的飞溅量大,而采用后级斩波控制的飞溅量明显减少。

压水堆一回路耐蚀层SMAW焊接工艺评定及技术实践分析

压水堆主设备一回路压力边界的主要材质为低合金钢,为了能有效降低腐蚀辐照活化产物的形成,一般要在低合金表面堆焊一层耐蚀层。根据ASME B&PVⅨ的要求,对影响焊条电弧焊SMAW的耐蚀层堆焊工艺评定的重要变素进行了分析,同时结合ASME B&PVCⅢ-NB的要求,对压水堆一回路中的SMAW耐蚀层焊接技术实践进行了探讨,为核电压水堆承压设备的耐蚀层SMAW焊接技术的提高提供参考。

SMAW仰焊单面焊双面成形焊接技术

简要介绍了SMAW板对接仰焊单面焊双面成形焊接技术背景,从焊接电源、焊条、焊接试件、试件清理、试件组装、焊接参数等方面分析了焊前准备事项,详细阐述了打底层焊接、填充层焊接、盖面层焊接3个阶段的焊接过程,重点讨论了各层焊接的接头方法、电源极性接法、收弧方法、焊后清理与检验,指出SMAW方法可有效地提高单面焊双面成形的合格率,焊接质量好,对于其他焊接方法均有借鉴。

双丝GMAW熔滴过渡对焊缝形状的影响

双丝共熔池气体保护焊(TCGMAW)的熔滴过渡对焊缝成形以及焊接质量具有重要的影响.文中根据高速摄影结果,建立了TCGMAW熔滴过渡的运动轨迹,从理论上分析了熔滴过渡的特点,并根据分析结果建立了贴体坐标系下熔滴带入熔池的热量和动量的数学模型,研究了熔池各个表面上的动量和能量边界条件,在此基础上进行了焊缝形状的数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,所建立的数学模型是可行的,与实际的试验结果比较吻合.

脉冲TCGMAW电流频率对熔滴过渡与焊缝成形的影响

基于所建立的高速摄像与电信号检测系统,对高速脉冲双电弧共熔池MAG焊在不同脉冲电流频率下的熔滴过渡过程进行了观察,并就频率变化对熔滴过渡方式以及焊缝成形质量的影响进行了研究.结果表明:在实验所采用的焊接规范下,脉冲电流频率较高(140Hz)时,前丝熔滴过渡方式为射滴过渡,而后丝熔滴过渡方式为射流过渡;脉冲电流频率较低(低于50Hz)时,前丝、后丝熔滴过渡方式均为射滴过渡;而当脉冲电流频率在50～140Hz间变化时,前丝、后丝熔滴过渡方式均为射流过渡;脉冲电流频率在50～100 Hz间变化时,焊缝成形质量较好.

基于适体坐标系的TCGMAW熔池行为数值模拟

为了解双丝共熔池气体保护焊的工艺机理,优化工艺参数,对其熔池流场数学模型进行了研究.在分析熔池表面变形的基础上,利用适体坐标变换将熔池表面变形后所形成的复杂物理边界转变为非正交适体坐标系下规则的计算边界,使坐标轴与计算区域的边界一致,从而建立适体坐标系下的离散化控制方程组,并对其能量和动量边界条件分别进行离散求解,进而建立了三维准稳态双丝气体保护焊接熔池流场的数值分析模型,最后采用SIMPLEC算法进行了数值模拟实验.结果表明,该方法较好地处理了熔池表面变形与流场和热场的耦合问题,使得模拟过程更加符合实际情况.