Operational Options for Green Ships

Environmental issues and rising fuel prices necessitate better energy-etlicwncy in all sectors, The shipping industry is one of the major stakeholders, responsible for 3% of global CO2 emissions, 14%-15% of global NOx emissions, and 16% of global SOx emissions. In addition, continuously rising fuel prices are also an incentive to focus on new ways for better energy-effectiveness. The green ship concept requires exploring and implementing technology on ships to increase energy-efficiency and reduce emissions. Ship operation is an important topic with large potential to increase cost-and-energy-effectiveness. This paper provided a comprehensive review of basic concepts, principles, and potential of operational options for green ships. The key challenges pertaining to ship crew i.e. academic qualifications prior to induction, in-service training and motivation were discussed. The author also deliberated on remedies to these challenges.

Formal safety assessment and application of the navigation simulators for preventing human error in ship operations

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has encouraged its member countries to introduce Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for ship operations since the end of the last century. FSA can be used through certain formal assessing steps to generate effective recommendations and cautions to control marine risks and improve the safety of ships. On the basis of the brief introduction of FSA, this paper describes the ideas of applying FSA to the prevention of human error in ship operations. It especially discusses the investigation and analysis of the information and data using navigation simulators and puts forward some suggestions for the introduction and development of the FSA research work for safer ship operations.

Operational Modal Analysis of a Ship Model in the Presence of Harmonic Excitation

A ship is operated under an extremely complex environment, and waves and winds are assumed to be the stochastic excitations. Moreover, the propeller, host and mechanical equipment can also induce the harmonic responses. In order to reduce structural vibration, it is important to obtain the modal parameters information of a ship. However, the traditional modal parameter identification methods are not suitable since the excitation information is difficult to obtain. Natural excitation technique-eigensystem realization algorithm （NExT-ERA） is an operational modal identification method which abstracts modal parameters only from the response signals, and it is based on the assumption that the input to the structure is pure white noise. Hence, it is necessary to study the influence of harmonic excitations while applying the NExT-ERA method to a ship structure. The results of this research paper indicate the practical experiences under ambient excitation, ship model experiments were successfully done in the modal parameters identification only when the harmonic frequencies were not too close to the modal frequencies.

Quantitative Human Reliability Analysis for Crew During Shipping Operation

A simplified bi-variable human error probability calculation method is developed by incorporating two common performance condition( CPC) factors, which are modified from factors employed in cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM) to take into account the characteristics of shipping operations. After the influencing factors are identified, Markov method is used to calculate the values of human reliability. The proposed method does not rely on the involvement of experts in the field of human factor nor depend on historical accidents or human error statistics. It is applied to the case of the crew on board of an ocean going dry bulk carrier. The caculated results agree with the actual case, which verifies the validity of the model.

A Review of the Design and Feasibility of Intelligent Water-Lubrication Bearings

Water-lubrication bearings are critical components in ship operation.However,studies on their maintenance and failure detection are highly limited.The use of sensors to continually monitor the working operation of bearings is a potential approach to solve this problem,which is collectively called intelligent bearings.In this literature review,the recent progress of electrical resistance strain gauges,Fiber Bragg grating,triboelectric nanogenerators,piezoelectric nanogenerators,and thermoelectric sensors for in-situ monitoring is summarized.Future research and design concepts on intelligent water-lubrication bearings are also comprehensively discussed.The findings show that the accident risks,lubrication condition,and remaining life of water-lubricated bearings can be evaluated with the surface temperature,coefficient of friction,and wear volume monitoring.The research work on intelligent water-lubricated bearings is committed to promoting the development of green,electrified,and intelligent technologies for ship propulsion systems,which have important theoretical significance and application value.

The Impact of Optimizing Trim on Reducing Fuel Consumption

The shipping industry is one of the biggest industries throughout the ages. Maritime transport plays a vital role in world economy; whereas competition between maritime companies is fierce [1], at the same time agreements of co-operation have taken different forms including alliances and mergers between companies to increase their market share. But competitions still stand despite all alliances even in same market. This intense competition drives companies to attain high level of competitiveness, by monitoring ship＇s operating performance and operating cost, emphasis on improving performance and reduce cost. On other hand new environmental regulations come to light, expansion of ECA （emission control areas）, which lead to significant higher fuel cost when using low sulfur fuel. Since the fuel cost is the largest portion of the operating cost of the vessel, a saving in fuel usage can result in considerable saving in operational costs. Furthermore, fuel saving has environmental benefits in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of trim optimization which considers one of the easiest and cheapest methods for ship performance optimization and fuel consumption reduction trim optimization.

Bi-level optimization model applications in managing air emissions from ships:A review

Ship air emissions are recognized as one of the key concerns of the maritime industry.Competent authorities have issued various regulations to manage air emissions from ships.Although the authorities are policy makers,the effectiveness of policies is up to the shipping industry who operates the vessels and terminals to fulfill maritime transportation works.Given this characteristic,bi-level optimization model has been widely adopted in studies that optimize policy design or evaluate its effectiveness.The framework of a typical bi-level optimization model for ship emission management problem is given to show the basic structure of similar issues.A series of applications of bi-level optimization model in managing ship emissions is reviewed,including cases of Energy Efficiency Design Index,Emissions Control Area,Market Based Measure,Carbon Intensity Indicator,and Vessel Speed Reduction Incentive Program.We hope this paper can enlighten scholars interested in this area and provide help for them.