Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Thermal Infrared Stealth in PVTMS@MWCNT Nano‑Aerogel via Abundant Nano‑Sized Cavities and Attenuation Interfaces

Pre-polymerized vinyl trimethoxy silane(PVTMS)@MWCNT nano-aerogel system was constructed via radical polymerization,sol-gel transition and supercritical CO_(2)drying.The fabricated organic-inorganic hybrid PVTMS@MWCNT aerogel structure shows nano-pore size(30-40 nm),high specific surface area(559 m^(2)g^(−1)),high void fraction(91.7%)and enhanced mechanical property:(1)the nano-pore size is beneficial for efficiently blocking thermal conduction and thermal convection via Knudsen effect(beneficial for infrared(IR)stealth);(2)the heterogeneous interface was beneficial for IR reflection(beneficial for IR stealth)and MWCNT polarization loss(beneficial for electromagnetic wave(EMW)attenuation);(3)the high void fraction was beneficial for enhancing thermal insulation(beneficial for IR stealth)and EMW impedance match(beneficial for EMW attenuation).Guided by the above theoretical design strategy,PVTMS@MWCNT nano-aerogel shows superior EMW absorption property(cover all Ku-band)and thermal IR stealth property(ΔT reached 60.7℃).Followed by a facial combination of the above nano-aerogel with graphene film of high electrical conductivity,an extremely high electromagnetic interference shielding material(66.5 dB,2.06 mm thickness)with superior absorption performance of an average absorption-to-reflection(A/R)coefficient ratio of 25.4 and a low reflection bandwidth of 4.1 GHz(A/R ratio more than 10)was experimentally obtained in this work.

Short-wave infrared InGaAs photodetectors and focal plane arrays

In this article, unique spectral features of short-wave infrared band of 1 μm–3 μm, and various applications related to the photodetectors and focal plane arrays in this band, are introduced briefly. In addition, the different material systems for the devices in this band are outlined. Based on the background, the development of lattice-matched and wavelengthextended InGaAs photodetectors and focal plane arrays, including our continuous efforts in this field, are reviewed. These devices are concentrated on the applications in spectral sensing and imaging, exclusive of optical fiber communication.

Application of Short-wave Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy in Controlling Extract of Fructus Cnidii Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Fructus cnidii （Chinese name shechuangzi） is the fruit produced by Cnidium monnieri （L.） Cusson （Umbelliferae）. It is a perennial herb that is used to treat skin-related diseases and gynecopathyell. Recent pharmacological studies have revealed crude extracts or components isolated from fructus cnidii possess antiallergic, antipruritic, antidermatophytic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiosteoporotic activities. Osthole and imperatorin are the major compounds present in shechuangzi. They are often used as standards for the evaluation of the quality of shechuangzi products.

Continuous-wave mid-infrared intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate

This paper reports a continuous-wave （CW） mid-infrared intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate （PPLN） pumped by a diode-end-pumped CW Nd：YVO4 laser. Considering the thermal lens effects, it adopted an optical ballast lens and the near-concentric cavity for better operation. At the PPLN＇s grating period of 28.5 μm and the temperature of 140℃, the maximum idler output power of 155 mW at 3.86 μm has been achieved when the 808 nm pump power is 8.5 W, leading to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 1.82%.

Comparative investigation of long-wave infrared generation based on ZnGeP_2 and CdSe optical parametric oscillators

Long-wave infrared （IR） generation based on type-Ⅱ （o→e＋o） phase matching ZnGeP2 （ZGP） and CdSe optical parametric oscillators （OPOs） pumped by a 2.05μm Tm,Ho：GdVO4 laser is reported. The comparisons of the birefringent walk-off effect and the oscillation threshold between ZGP and CdSe OPOs are performed theoretically and experimentally. For the ZGP OPO, up to 419 mW output at 8.04 μm is obtained at the 8 kHz pump pulse repetition frequency （PRF） with a slope efficiency of 7.6%. This ZGP OPO can be continuously tuned from 7.8 to 8.5 μm. For the CdSe OPO, we demonstrate a 64 mW output at 8.9μm with a single crystal 28 mm in length.

A Neural Network Based Single Footprint Temperature Retrieval for Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Measurements and Its Application to Study on Stratospheric Gravity Wave

Satellite hyperspectral infrared sounder measurements have better horizontal resolution than other sounding techniques as it boasts the stratospheric gravity wave(GW)analysis.To accurately and efficiently derive the three-dimensional structure of the stratospheric GWs from the single-field-of-view(SFOV)Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS)observations,this paper firstly focuses on the retrieval of the atmospheric temperature profiles in the altitude range of 20-60 km with an artificial neural network approach(ANN).The simulation experiments show that the retrieval bias is less than 0.5 K,and the root mean square error(RMSE)ranges from 1.8 to 4 K.Moreover,the retrieval results from 20 granules of the AIRS observations with the trained neural network(AIRS_SFOV)and the corresponding operational AIRS products(AIRS_L2)as well as the dual-regression results from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies(CIMSS)(AIRS_DR)are compared respectively with ECMWF T799 data.The comparison indicates that the standard deviation of the ANN retrieval errors is significantly less than that of the AIRS_DR.Furthermore,the analysis of the typical GW events induced by the mountain Andes and the typhoon"Soulik"using different data indicates that the AIRS_SFOV results capture more details of the stratospheric gravity waves in the perturbation amplitude and pattern than the operational AIRS products do.

Interpreting the Shortwave Infrared &Thermal Infrared Regions of Remote Sensed Electromagnetic Spectrum with Application for Mineral-Deposits Exploration

The ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) data, including all the 3 parts: VNIR (Visible and Near-Infrared), SWIR (Short Wave Infrared), TIR (Thermal Infrared), were applied for extraction of mineral deposits, such as the Ni-Cu deposit in eastern Tianshan, the gypsum in western Tianshan, and the borax in Tibetan. This paper discusses the extraction methodology using the ASTER remote sensing data and reveals the good extraction results. This paper bravely represents the summary of the main achievement for this field by the scientists in other countries and gives a comparison with the works by others. The new achievements, described in this paper, comprise the extraction of anomalies for Ni-Cu deposit, gypsum, and borax.

TEC Colling Shortwave Infrared 320×256 Focal Plane Detector

The short-wave HgCdTe thin film material was grown by liquid phase epitaxy on CdTe substrate,Adopt n on p injection bonding and function and flip-flop mixing process,With a low noise readout circuit,sealed with a high airtightness cellular-metal shell,Using a four-stage Thermo Electric Cooler(TEC),320×256 Short Wave Infrared Focal Plane Cooling Detecto r available to operate at near room temperature(210K).Its main photoelectric performance are signal-to-noise ratio greater than 400,nonuniformity equivalent to 4.69%,operability equivalent to 99.76%,frame rate equivalent to 115Hz,component weight less than 150grams.

Performance Comparison of Long-Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Between Dyson Form and Offner Form

In view of the difficulties in traditional long-wave infrared imaging spectrometer which is hard to realize a high signal-to-noise ratio and miniaturization as well under the weak remote sensing signal,Offner convex grating spectrometer and Dyson concave grating spectrometer,both having concentric structure,are designed and analyzed in the band of 8-12 μm. The diffraction angle expressions of the two spectrometers are obtained and the diffraction characteristics are acquired. Both of the spectrometers are designed in Zemax environment under different F-numbers and different grating constants with the same slit,spatial resolution,spectral resolution and detector. The results show that Dyson grating spectrometer possesses the advantages of higher throughput and smaller volume, and Offner grating spectrometer possesses the advantage of more accessible material and the absence of chromatic aberration. The differences between Dyson form and Offner form show that the former is a better choice in the long-wave infrared imaging spectrometer.

The c—Axis Infrared Conductivity of a dx^2—y^2— Wave Superconductor with the Hopping Assisted by the Spin Fluctuations

A theory of the c-axis infrared conductivity of a dx2-y2 -wave superconductor due to the competition betweenthe interlayer direct hopping and the hopping assisted by the spin fluctuations has been developed. The prediction ofourtheory captures the main feature of the experiment. Thus we argue that the anomalous behavior of the c-axis infraredconductivity of the underdoped cuprates in superconducting state may be properly understood within the theory.

Phase-Matching and Parametric Conversion for the Mid-Infrared in As₂S₃Waveguides

We illustrate two As2S3 waveguide designs for four-wave mixing, which can generate 3.03 μm mid-infrared light from a 1.55 μm near-infrared signal source and a 2.05 μm pump source. Through simulations, we verify that four-wave mixing phase-matching efficiencies up to 100% can be achieved using dispersion engineering to maintain the dispersion at 2.05 μm near to zero. The best conversion efficiency is –10 dB. When the waveguide length is 1 cm, the parametric conversion bandwidth is 1525 nm. We also evaluated the shift of 100% phase-matching efficiency wavelengths based upon fabrication tolerances.

Intelligent Fusion of Infrared and Visible Image Data Based on Convolutional Sparse Representation and Improved Pulse-Coupled Neural Network

Multi-source information can be obtained through the fusion of infrared images and visible light images,which have the characteristics of complementary information.However,the existing acquisition methods of fusion images have disadvantages such as blurred edges,low contrast,and loss of details.Based on convolution sparse representation and improved pulse-coupled neural network this paper proposes an image fusion algorithm that decompose the source images into high-frequency and low-frequency subbands by non-subsampled Shearlet Transform(NSST).Furthermore,the low-frequency subbands were fused by convolutional sparse representation(CSR),and the high-frequency subbands were fused by an improved pulse coupled neural network(IPCNN)algorithm,which can effectively solve the problem of difficulty in setting parameters of the traditional PCNN algorithm,improving the performance of sparse representation with details injection.The result reveals that the proposed method in this paper has more advantages than the existing mainstream fusion algorithms in terms of visual effects and objective indicators.

Remote sensing of bark beetle damage in Norway spruce individual tree canopies using thermal infrared and airborne laser scanning data fusion

Background:Increasing threat to Central Europe’s forests from the growing population of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) calls for developing highly effective methods of detection of the infestation spots. The main goal of this study was to establish an automatic workflow for detection of dead trees and trees in poor condition of Picea abies using Middle Wave Infrared spectral range obtained from the aircraft.Methods:The studies were conducted in Wigry National Park (Poland) in 2020. A fusion of aircraft thermal data and laser scanning was used. Synchronous with thermal data acquisition ground reference data were obtained for P. abies in different health conditions. Determination of the range of canopy temperatures characteristic of the three condition states (‘healthy’,‘poor condition’,‘dead’) was performed using K-mean clustering. The accuracy of the method was evaluated on two validation sets:(1) individual tree canopies determined by photointerpretation, and (2) automatic segmentation of laser scanning data.Results:The results showed that the average temperature of ‘healthy’trees was 27.70℃, trees in ‘poor condition’28.57℃, and ‘dead’trees 30.17℃. High temperature differences between ‘healthy’and ‘dead’P. abies made it possible to distinguish these two condition classes with high accuracy. Lower accuracies were obtained for the class of ‘poor condition’, which was found to be confusing with both ‘healthy’and ‘dead’trees. According to results from the first validation set, a high overall accuracy of 0.60 was obtained. For the second validation set, the overall accuracy was reduced by 11%.Conclusions:This study indicates that canopy temperature recorded from the airborne level is a variable that differentiates ‘healthy’spruces from those in ‘poor condition’and the ‘dead’trees. The results confirmed that thermal and airborne laser scanning data fusion allows for creating a quick and simple workflow, which can successfully separate individual tree canopies and identify P. abies attacked by I. typographus. Further research is needed to identify trees in the early stages of invasion.

Infrared Emissivity Study on Semiconductor Pigment of Cd-Zn-S

Semiconductor pigment of Cd-Zn-S is synthesized through the solid state reaction method and its structure and surface morphology is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). It is demonstrated that the crystal lattice of the product is hexagonal. When the heat treatment temperature increases, the distortion of crystal lattice reduces. The samples annealed at different temperatures agglomerate to different degrees while the one annealed at higher temperature agglomerates clearly. The infrared emissivity of Cd-Zn-S at two window-bands of 3-5 μm and 8-14 μm is researched. The researched result shows that the infrared emissivity of Cd-Zn-S in 8-14 μm wave bands is much higher than that in 3-5 μm wave bands. The infrared emissivity decreases with the increasing of heat treatment temperature, which reason is that with the increasing of temperature, the infrared absorption decreases and the scatter by the particles rises.

nBn结构长波红外碲镉汞器件优化设计

分析了Type-I型能带对nBn结构碲镉汞器件性能的影响。通过理论计算获得了势垒层组分、掺杂浓度与能带带阶的关系,确定了nBn结构长波器件吸收层掺杂浓度与暗电流的关系。优化了nBn结构长波红外碲镉汞器件的掺杂浓度、势垒层与吸收层之间的组分过渡,建立了二维器件仿真模型并对nBn结构长波红外碲镉汞器件的能带结构进行了计算,结果表明器件结构参数的优化可以有效降低器件工作所需的开启电压,同时在吸收层内几乎不会形成耗尽区,从而有效抑制SRH产生-复合电流及隧穿电流。计算了器件结构参数优化后的长波红外碲镉汞nBn器件暗电流的变温特性,器件工作温度达到110 K以上。为高性能势垒结构长波红外碲镉汞器件的研制提供了理论依据。

变光阑长波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

非制冷长波连续变焦光学系统由于相对孔径大导致小型化和无热化设计困难,本文采用可变光阑约束物镜尺寸压缩系统总长,实现长波640×512非制冷连续变焦光学系统轻小型化设计。通过材料合理配置及主动补偿实现5片透镜的8.5×连续变焦光学系统消热设计。该系统F#恒定1.2、工作波段为8~12μm、视场变焦范围为30°×24°~3.5°×2.8°、系统总长187.5 mm,该连续变焦光学系统重量轻、总长短、透过率高、在-40℃~+60℃温度范围全视场成像质量良好。

大变倍比制冷型长波红外变焦光学系统设计

长波红外变焦光学系统相对于中波红外变焦光学系统存在可用材料少、系统高低温环境无热化难度大等难题。本文采用机械补偿变焦技术实现光学多视场变焦,利用主动补偿的消热差技术使系统在−40°C~+65°C温度范围内能够清晰成像,实现四片透镜架构的制冷型长波红外四视场光学系统设计。该光学系统四视场焦距分别为25 mm、109 mm、275 mm、400 mm,变倍比为15,光学系统包络尺寸为268 mm(长)×200 mm(宽),光学零件总质量为618 g。该光学系统具有质量轻、性能高、成本低等SWaP-C特征,在辅助导航、搜索、跟踪等安防领域中具有较大应用潜力。

太周探测:从60年代四大天文发现说起(下)

人类的探索欲望及数千年来的不断积累促成了20世纪60年代的四大天文发现,而大气层对天文观测的一些根本性限制促使人们在20世纪冲出地球进入太空。在宽广的波段进行天文观测有着极为苛刻的要求,新猜想和模型的提出也要求进行新的验证,这些都促进了观测设备及器件的性能趋于极致。本文旨在对此进行简要的回顾分析并列举一些典型实例,侧重考察其探测波段、主镜或天线的口径、探测仪器及所用器件的类型和性能等,以便进行纵向和横向的比较,温故而思新。

开展可见光—红外线—太赫兹波成像系列实验培养解决真实问题人才

物理学的研究成果有力推动了三次工业革命的发展。进入新世纪以来,量子计算、低维物理、量子探测等现代物理研究成果正在促进第四次工业革命暨工业4.0向纵深发展。笔者在大学物理实验中规划布局多层次物理实验题目,以开展可见光-红外线-太赫兹波探测与成像系列实验为例,介绍了学生深刻理解不同波段的电磁波在新旧产业领域应用性的异同。这一教学模式有利于学生掌握近现代物理成果与实验综合技能,培养他们成为解决新产业领域面临的真实问题的新理工科人才,从容面对新技术革命与职业选择。