A spatiotemporal evolution model of a short-circuit arc to a secondary arc based on the improved charge simulation method

The initial shape of the secondary arc considerably influences its subsequent shape.To establish the model for the arcing time of the secondary arc and modify the single-phase reclosing sequence,theoretical and experimental analysis of the evolution process of the short-circuit arc to the secondary arc is critical.In this study,an improved charge simulation method was used to develop the internal-space electric-field model of the short-circuit arc.The intensity of the electric field was used as an independent variable to describe the initial shape of the secondary arc.A secondary arc evolution model was developed based on this model.Moreover,the accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparison with physical experimental results.When the secondary arc current increased,the arcing time and dispersion increased.There is an overall trend of increasing arc length with increasing arcing time.Nevertheless,there is a reduction in arc length during arc ignition due to short circuits between the arc columns.Furthermore,the arcing time decreased in the range of 0°-90°as the angle between the wind direction and the x-axis increased.This work investigated the method by which short-circuit arcs evolve into secondary arcs.The results can be used to develop the secondary arc evolution model and to provide both a technical and theoretical basis for secondary arc suppression.

Optimization of short-circuit transition parameters of Q235B steel GMAW based on orthogonal gray relational analysis

In gas metal arc welding(GMAW)process,the short-circuit transition was the most typical transition observed in molten metal droplets.This paper used orthogonal tests to explore the coupling effect law of welding process parameters on the quality of weld forming under short-circuit transition,the design of 3 factors and 3 levels of a total of 9 groups of orthogonal tests,welding current,welding voltage,welding speed as input parameters:effective area ratio,humps,actual linear power density,aspect ratio,Vickers hardness as output paramet-ers(response targets).Using range analysis and trend charts,we can visually depict the relationship between input parameters and a single output parameter,ultimately determining the optimal process parameters that impact the single output index.Then combined with gray the-ory to transform the three response targets into a single gray relational grade(GRG)for analysis,the optimal combination of the weld mor-phology parameters as follows:welding current 100 A,welding voltage 25 V,welding speed 30 cm/min.Finally,validation experiments were conducted,and the results showed that the error between the gray relational grade and the predicted value was 2.74%.It was observed that the effective area ratio of the response target significantly improved,validating the reliability of the orthogonal gray relational method.

Partitioning Calculation Method of Short-Circuit Current for High Proportion DG Access to Distribution Network

Aiming at the problemthat the traditional short-circuit current calculationmethod is not applicable to Distributed Generation(DG)accessing the distribution network,the paper proposes a short-circuit current partitioning calculation method considering the degree of voltage drop at the grid-connected point of DG.Firstly,the output characteristics of DG in the process of low voltage ride through are analyzed,and the equivalent output model of DG in the fault state is obtained.Secondly,by studying the network voltage distribution law after fault in distribution networks under different DG penetration rates,the degree of voltage drop at the grid-connected point of DG is used as a partition index to partition the distribution network.Then,iterative computation is performed within each partition,and data are transferred between partitions through split nodes to realize the fast partition calculation of short-circuit current for high proportion DG access to distribution network,which solves the problems of long iteration time and large calculation error of traditional short-circuit current.Finally,a 62-node real distribution network model containing a high proportion of DG access is constructed onMATLAB/Simulink,and the simulation verifies the effectiveness of the short-circuit current partitioning calculation method proposed in the paper,and its calculation speed is improved by 48.35%compared with the global iteration method.

具有stubs结构量子波导中电子的自旋传输特性（英文）

利用递归格林函数法研究了含Rashba自旋轨道耦合效应的具有stubs结构量子波导中电子的自旋极化传输特性。结果表明在含一个stub的量子波导系统中,由于stub和Rashba自旋轨道耦合引起的势阱导致系统电导出现Fano共振形式的"山谷"和"针尖"结构,通过改变自旋轨道耦合的强度可以调节它们的大小。同时,在同样的位置自旋极化率也出现Fano共振或反共振结构。当系统中出现多个周期性的stubs时,在Fano共振点附近电导中出现一些小的带隙结构。但是,当系统加上磁场后,stubs和自旋轨道耦合带来的效应都被抑制,系统的电导重新出现量子化台阶结构。由于子带间干涉效应变小,自旋电导也出现台阶结构.

A new type of Wilkinson dual-frequency power divider with symmetrical transmission line stubs

To realize equal power splitting at two arbitrary gigahertz-frequencies, this paper presents a new type of Wilkinson dual frequency power divider, consisting of three-section transmission lines and a series RLC(resistor, inductor and capacitor)circuit. By equating the [ABCD] matrix of the proposed circuit to that of the quarter-wave impedance transformer, coupled with even/odd mode analyses, the design equations of the proposed network are derived. For verification, two dual-frequency power dividers with dual-band operating frequencies at 0.6 GHz and 3.0 GHz, and 3.8 GHz and 10 GHz respectively are designed and simulated. Simulation results show that the dual-band ratio of the proposed power divider can be as large as 5. Comparisons of the simulation results at X-band and S-band with different power dividers indicate that the proposed dual-band power divider performs better under the scenario of the upper operating frequency extending to X-band.

Broadband Miniaturized Bandpass Filter with Circular Stubs for Compact Wireless and Mobile Communication Systems

A miniaturized square resonator bandpass filter with circular stubs is designed, fabricated, and characterized. Analytical calculations were carried out to determine the critical filter parameters and the design was optimized using a 3D electromagnetic finite-element solver. The measured results were in good agreement with the designed results. The proposed filter exhibits significant improvement in bandwidth compared to the conventional square resonator bandpass filters.

Stability analysis of CO_(2)gas shielded welding short-circuit transition process based on GMAW dynamic model

Base on the arc phase and short-circuit phase and their relationship, the paper considers the changes of the extension of wire, the arc length, liquid bridge resistance and mass of liquid bridge, combines the improved “mass-spring” model with the loop model of welding power system, puts forward the critical judgment condition of droplet transition, and establishes a more accurate dynamic model for describing the short-circuit transition process. The dynamic changes of short-circuit transfer frequency, welding current and voltage, contact droplet and residual droplet equivalent radius and droplet equivalent radius at different wire feeding speeds were calculated and analyzed, and compared with the experimental results. It shows that the fluctuation of droplet displacement, velocity and wire extension length at the optimal arc starting point is the smallest. The smaller the initial liquid bridge curvature radius is, the better the stability of short-circuit transfer is.

局部锈蚀圆钢管混凝土短柱轴压承载力试验研究

钢管混凝土(CFST)在服役环境中被腐蚀,导致其钢结构承载力降低,严重威胁到结构的服役性能和使用寿命。首先,采用机加工车铣方法制作模拟局部锈蚀的人工缺陷,然后以钢管外表面局部环向贯通锈蚀位置、锈蚀钢管体积损失率、锈蚀外表面面积损失率(简称锈蚀面积损失率,下同)为试验参数,对45根局部锈蚀圆CFST短柱试件进行轴压承载力试验;其次,分析锈蚀位置、锈蚀钢管体积损失率、面积损失率和壁厚损失率对锈蚀试件承载力、刚度和延性的影响,揭示锈蚀CFST试件破坏机理和承载力退化机制;最后,针对局部锈蚀圆CFST短柱构件轴压承载力提出一个简化实用计算公式。研究结果表明:各试件具有类似的破坏特征,主要呈明显的腰鼓状破坏,且发生在锈蚀区;随着锈蚀钢管体积损失率增大,锈蚀CFST柱的承载力、刚度和延性均出现不同程度的降低;在锈蚀钢管体积损失率和面积损失率相同的情况下,就局部锈蚀位置影响而言,中部影响最大;就锈蚀程度表征参数影响而言,锈蚀钢管体积损失率影响最大,面积损失率次之,壁厚损失率最小;本文提出的简化实用公式可为圆钢管混凝土构件全寿命设计提供参考依据。

Residual Capacity of Friction⁃Type High⁃Strength Bolted T⁃stub Connection with Nut Corrosion Damage

Corrosion is a primary cause of the slippage of friction⁃type high⁃strength bolted(FHSB)T⁃stub connections.This paper attempts to quantify the residual capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections with corroded nuts.Firstly,corrosion simulation tests were conducted on 48 manually cut nuts to find out the relationship between the damage degree of nut section and the residual clamping force(RCF)of bolt.Then,static load tests were carried out on 24 FHSB T⁃stub connections with nuts of different degrees of damage to obtain the failure modes.By finite⁃element(FE)models,a comparative analysis was performed on the initial friction load(IFL)and ultimate strength(US)of each connection with corroded nuts.Finally,the parameters of 96 FE models for FHSB T⁃stub connections were analyzed and used to derive the calculation formulas for the degree of damage for each nut and the IFL and US of each connection.The results show that the RCF decay of a bolt is a quadratic function of the equivalent radius loss ratio and the shear failure after nut corrosion;the IFL of each connection had a clear linear correlation with the RCF of the corresponding bolts,and the correlation depends on the applied load and static friction on connecting plate interface induced by the clamping force;the static friction had little impact on the US of the connection;the proposed IFL and US formulas can effectively derive the residual anti⁃slip capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections from the degree of damage of the corroded nut section.The research results provide a scientific basis for the replacement and maintenance of corroded bolts of FHSB T⁃stub connections.

Research on Inter-turn Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method Based on High Frequency Voltage Residual for PMSM

Inter-turn fault is a serious stator winding short-circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM). Once it occurs, it produces a huge short-circuit current that poses a great risk to the safe operation of PMSM. Thus, an inter-turn short-circuit fault(ITSCF) diagnosis method based on high frequency(HF) voltage residual is proposed in this paper with proper HF signal injection. First, the analytical models of PMSM after the ITSCF are deduced. Based on the model, the voltage residual at low frequency(LF) and HF can be obtained. It is revealed that the HF voltage residual has a stronger ITSCF detection capability compared to the LF voltage residual. To obtain optimal fault signature, a 3-phase symmetrical HF voltage is injected into the machine drive system, and the HF voltage residuals are extracted. The fault indicator is defined as the standard deviation of the 3-phase HF voltage residuals. The effectiveness of the proposed ITSCF diagnosis method is verified by experiments on a triple 3-phase PMSM. It is worth noting that no extra hardware equipment is required to implement the proposed method.

单边螺栓连接中心支撑钢框架抗震性能分析

目的为研究支撑-半刚接钢框架结构体系的抗震性能,方法设计了一榀由嵌套式单边螺栓与T型钢构成的半刚性梁柱节点的中心支撑钢框架,并进行了拟静力试验与有限元数值模拟,通过观测整个试验现象,分析了其滞回、承载力、刚度退化、耗能等抗震指标。结果结果表明:试件破坏过程明显经历了弹性段、塑性段、破坏段三个阶段,试件破坏模式主要为支撑受压失稳破坏,塑性变形主要累积在支撑体系上,整体呈现延性破坏特征;支撑断裂后,梁柱及T型钢节点无明显塑性变形,钢框架仍具有较高的安全储备,符合“强节点、弱构件”设计原则,表明了结构具有两道抗震防线;结论支撑与半刚接钢框架协同工作使得试件具有较高的抗侧刚度抵抗水平变形,且承载力较高、滞回性能稳定、耗能能力优良;单边螺栓在试验过程中的受力性能较普通高强螺栓并无较大差别,未出现严重的预紧力松弛现象,并能高效的保持螺栓预紧力。通过有限元数值模拟分析可知,减小支撑长细比,虽能有效提高结构的抗震性能,但长细比较小会导致支撑刚度增大,加速其余构件的损坏。故应以考虑结构的延性为前提,降低支撑的长细比,才能有效提高结构的抗震性能。

内置工字型CFRP型材高强圆钢管高强混凝土轴压短柱组合效应分析

目的 研究内置工字型CFRP型材的高强圆钢管高强混凝土短柱在轴心压力作用下三种材料的组合效应。方法 采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对其进行数值模拟,通过相关试验验证模型的准确性,并对典型构件的破坏形态、受力全过程曲线进行分析,揭示构件各组成部分之间的相互作用和工作机理,评估CFRP配置率、钢材屈服强度、混凝土抗压强度、约束效应系数对组合效应的影响。结果 在高强圆钢管高强混凝土柱中内置CFRP型材,对构件的延性及安全裕度有显著提高,并改善了高强圆钢管对高强混凝土的约束,提高了构件的组合效应。结论 CFRP配置率控制在5.9%~8.4%,约束效应系数在1.2~1.4,钢材屈服强度不大于770 MPa时,构件中三种材料组合效应最佳。

Transit-Stub网络拓扑可视化研究

随着网络规模的不断增加,网络仿真中所用到的Transit-Stub网络拓扑显示结构变的越来越复杂,使得用户很难理解和掌握。文章在分析Transit-Stub网络拓扑特性的基础上对其进行扩展,提出了一种新的分层可视化Transit-Stub网络拓扑显示方法,并详细阐述了该方法的实现模型以及实现中的关键技术,这个方法有效的解决了大规模网络拓扑结构显示的高效性和直观性问题。

支持Modula-2远程调用的Stub

本文介绍了支持 Modula-2远程调用两种不同的 Stub及其自动生成。

GDBstub的剖析与改进

讨论了GDB远程调试技术在调试内核、嵌入式系统中的实现,简要阐述GDB宿主机和GDB远程串行协议,详细分析GDB调试代理在内核层、应用层的各种实现方法,并提出了一种在不修改操作系统内核前提下调试应用程序的方法。这种方法可移植性强,而且消除了修改系统内核可能带来的隐患,减少了因修改内核而带来的工作量,在调试微内核操作系统服务的应用中非常有效。

中心支撑半刚性连接钢框架抗震性能

为研究单边螺栓与T型钢连接的中心支撑钢框架的抗震性能,对1个1∶2缩尺的单跨单层的钢框架进行拟静力加载试验。采用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立子精细化非线性有限元模型,在验证子有限元模型的可靠性与精度基础上,通过改变支撑的孔径尺寸、壁厚以及形状等变量对框架整体抗震性能进行参数化分析。结果表明:有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合度良好,可用于半刚性连接钢框架在循环荷载下的性能研究。随着支撑孔径和壁厚的增加,框架的滞回曲线更加饱满,刚度、耗能能力和延性皆有明显提升。方形截面支撑的抗震性能对比圆截面更加优异。梁柱节点的半钢性连接方式较刚性连接方式抗震性能更加优异。

电弧增材制造T形件连接节点力学性能研究

电弧增材制造(WAAM)技术在结构工程领域有着广泛的应用前景,具有生产效率高、设备成本低、材料利用率高和环境可持续性等优点。为了探究WAAM碳钢T形件连接节点的力学性能,设计一系列共12组由WAAM碳钢T形件、高强钢(HSS)T形件和高强螺栓组成的连接节点试件,通过试验研究螺栓线位置与螺栓排列方式对试件初始刚度、破坏模式及极限承载力的影响。采用三维激光扫描技术测量WAAM碳钢T形件相关几何参数,采用数字图像相关技术(DIC)辅助测量了T形件连接节点在加载过程中的位移响应。结果表明:WAAM碳钢T形件具有较好的力学性能,当螺栓线与腹板翼缘连接处距离减小时,试件的初始刚度与极限承载力均呈上升趋势,而失效模式均为预期的翼缘破坏,且螺栓未发生断裂。通过对比试验结果和现有设计规程计算结果,对相关计算方法的适用性与准确性进行评估,发现现有设计方法高估了试件的初始刚度,对破坏模式的预测较为准确,但对极限承载力的预测偏保守。最后,对已有计算模型进行修正,修正后的计算模型对连接节点极限承载力的预测效果较好。

一种基于脊间隙波导的宽频带馈电线源设计

设计了以脊间隙波导(RGW)功分网络为基本结构的宽频带馈电线源,该线源可用以激励平行板波导中的准TEM模式波,并用作宽带连续横向枝节(CTS)天线的馈电结构。首先对RGW阻带和单模带宽特性进行分析,以确定RGW的结构参数;进一步研究了宽带1分2功分器的设计方法、RGW模式到平行板波导模式的过渡结构方案;借助多级阻抗匹配和感性金属柱加载技术,实现了低反射等功率分配,以及输出端口到平行板波导的宽带匹配;最后将各分级结构级联得到1分8 RGW网络线源。对宽频带馈电线源进行了样机加工、装配和测试,在12 GHz~22 GHz频率范围内,其反射系数低于-15 dB,实测方向图与等幅同相均匀线源方向图吻合度很高,证明该馈电线源幅相一致性优异,是一种高效率的CTS天线馈电线源。

顺序式高级语言远程调用的STUB规范化

以ＰＡＳＣＡＬ为例，讨论了高级语言远程调用的ＳＴＵＢ．远程调用ＳＴＵＢ包括顾客ＳＴＵＢ、服务者ＳＴＵＢ．顾客ＳＴＵＢ在顾客一侧作为服务者代理，服务者ＳＴＵＢ在服务者一侧作为顾客代理协同完成远程调用任务．ＳＴＵＢ技术是支持顺序式高级语言开发分布式应用程序的关键技术之一．

不同柱失效对T型钢连接子结构抗倒塌性能影响

结构倒塌会引起严重的人员伤亡和巨大的财产损失,研究结构抗倒塌性能可为结构设计提供指导和参考依据。文章通过对不同柱失效梁柱子结构的有限元数值模拟,分析结构的破坏模式和抗力机制,研究跨度比对角柱失效工况下梁柱子结构抗倒塌性能的影响。结果表明:中柱失效前,其承担的荷载在失效后的小变形阶段将更多地通过与失效柱强轴方向相连的梁传递到边柱,而在失效后的大变形阶段强轴和弱轴方向传递荷载能力相差不大;边柱失效工况下,只在对称方向的梁内产生了悬链线机制;在角柱失效情形,子结构中的梁构件只经历了梁机制作用阶段。比较3种柱失效工况,其角柱失效最危险,其原因在于梁构件没有产生悬链线机制;在角柱失效工况下,随着跨度比的增加,梁柱子结构极限承载力逐渐减小。