The Formation of Oscillation Patterns Based on the Planetary Gravitational Field and Their Suitability for Earthquake Prediction

The fluctuating planetary gravitational field influences not only activities on the Sun but also on the Earth. A special correlation function describes the harmonics of these fluctuations. Groups of earthquakes form oscillation patterns that differ significantly from randomly chosen control groups. These patterns are suitable as an element of an AI for the probability of earthquakes.

Real-time prediction of earthquake potential damage:A case study for the January 8,2022 M_(S) 6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai,China

It is critical to determine whether a site has potential damage in real-time after an earthquake occurs,which is a challenge in earthquake disaster reduction.Here,we propose a real-time Earthquake Potential Damage predictor(EPDor)based on predicting peak ground velocities(PGVs)of sites.The EPDor is composed of three parts:(1)predicting the magnitude of an earthquake and PGVs of triggered stations based on the machine learning prediction models;(2)predicting the PGVs at distant sites based on the empirical ground motion prediction equation;(3)generating the PGV map through predicting the PGV of each grid point based on an interpolation process of weighted average based on the predicted values in(1)and(2).We apply the EPDor to the 2022 M_(S) 6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai Province,China to predict its potential damage.Within the initial few seconds after the first station is triggered,the EPDor can determine directly whether there is potential damage for some sites to a certain degree.Hence,we infer that the EPDor has potential application for future earthquakes.Meanwhile,it also has potential in Chinese earthquake early warning system.

A prediction model for horizontal run-out distance of landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquake

The peak ground acceleration （PGA）, the volume of a sliding mass V, the height of a mountain HL and the slope angle θ of a mountain are four important parameters affecting the horizontal run-out distance of a landslide L. Correlations among them are studied statistically based on field investigations from 67 landslides triggered by the ground shaking and other factors during the Wenchuan earthquake, and then a prediction model for horizontal run-out distance L is developed in this study. This model gives due consideration to the implications of the above four parameters on the horizontal run-out distance L and the validity of the model is verified by the Donghekou and Magong Woqian landslides. At the same time, the advantages of the model are shown by comparing it with two other common prediction methods. The major findings drawn from the analyses and comparisons are： （1） an exponential relationship exists between L and log V, L and log HL, L and log PGA separately, but a negative exponential relationship exists between L and log tan0, which agrees with the statistical results; and （2） according to the analysis results of the relative relationship between the height of a mountain （H） and the place where the landslides occur, the probabilities at distances of2H/3-H, H/3-2H/3, and O-H/3 are 70.8%, 15.4%, and 13.8%, respectively, revealing that most landslides occurred at a distance of H/2-H. This prediction model can provide an effective technical support for the prevention and mitigation of landslide hazards.

V_p/V_s Anisotropy and Implications for Crustal Composition Identification and Earthquake Prediction

The ratio of P- to S-wave velocities （Vp/Vs） is regarded as one of the most diagnostic properties of natural rocks. It has been used as a discriminant of composition for the continental crust and provides valuable constraints on its formation and evolution processes. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal changes in Vp/Vs before and after earthquakes are probably the most promising avenue to understanding the source mechanics and possibly predicting earthquakes. Here we calibrate the variations in Vp/Vs in dry, anisotropic crustal rocks and provide a set of basic information for the interpretation of future seismic data from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault zone Scientific Drilling （WFSD） project and other surveys. Vp/Vs is a constant （Ф0） for an isotropic rock. However, most of crustal rocks are anisotropic due to lattice-preferred orientations of anisotropic minerals （e.g., mica, amphibole, plagioclase and pyroxene） and cracks as well as thin compositional layering. The Vp/Vs ratio of an anisotropic rock measured along a selected pair of propagation-vibration directions is an apparent value （Фy） that is significantly different from the value for its isotropic counterpart （Ф0）. The usefulness of apparent Vp/Vs ratios as a diagnostic of crustal composition depends largely on rock seismic anisotropy. A 5% of P- and S-wave velocity anisotropy is sufficient to make it impossible to determine the crustal composition using the conventional criteria （Vp/Vs≤1.756 for felsic rocks, 1.756〈Vp/Vs≤1.809 for intermediate rocks, 1.809〈Vp/Vs≤1.944 for mafic rocks, and Vp/V2〉1.944 fluidfilled porous/fractured or partially molten rocks） if the information about the wave propagation-polarization directions with respect to the tectonic framework is unknown. However, the variations in Vp/Vs measured from borehole seismic experiments can be readily interpreted according to the orientations of the ray path and the polarization of the shear waves with respect to the present-day principal stress directions （i.e., the orientation of cracks） and the frozen fabric （i.e., foliation and lineation）.

Earthquake prediction from China's mobile gravity data

The relation between plate tectonics and earthquake evolution is analyzed systematically on the basis of 1998-2010 absolute and relative gravity data from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. Most earthquakes originated in the plate boundary or within the fault zone. Tectonic deformation was most intense and exhibited discontinuity within the tectonically active fault zone because of the differential movement; the stress accumulation produced an abrupt gravity change, which was further enhanced by the earthquake. The gravity data from China's Mainland since 2000 obviously reflected five major earthquakes （Ms 〉 7）, all of which were better reflected than before 2000. Regional gravity anomalies and a gravity gradient change were observed in the area around the epicenter about 2 or 3 years before the earthquake occurred, suggesting that gravity change may be a seismic precursor. Furthermore, in this study, the medium-term predictions of the Ms7.3 Yutian, Ms8.0 Wenchuan, and Ms7.0 Lushan earthquakes are analytically pre- sented and evaluated, especially to estimate location of earthquake.

Comparative Study of Global Seismicity on the Hot Engine Belt and the Cooling Seismic Belt—Improvement on Research Ideas of Earthquake Prediction

The study in this paper analyzes and compares the distribution on the global engine active seismic zone and cooling seismic belt basing on the ANSS earthquake catalog from Northern California Earthquake Data Center. An idea of the seismogenesis and earthquake prediction research is achieved by showing the stratigraphic structure in the hot engine belt. The results show that the main engine and its seismic cones are the global seismic activity area, as well as the subject of global geological disaster. Based on the conjecture of other stratum structure, the energy of crustal strong earthquake and volcano activities probably originates from the deep upper mantle. It is suggested that the research on earthquake and volcano prediction should focus on the monitor and analysis on the sub-crustal earthquake activities.

Application of the value of nonlinear parameters H and ΔH in strong earthquake prediction

In this paper, the relation that the curves of nonlinear parameter H and its difference Δ H bear with strong earthquakes in North China has been studied. First, the RSH algorithm has been applied to the North China region; the schemes of six quantitative prediction indexes have been studied in detail and then tested by tracing back predictions. The result shows that all the six prediction schemes are of certain prediction efficiency and have passed the test. Among the six schemes, A and E are of the best effect, with correlation coefficients R of 0.47 and 0.48 respectively. We recommend these two schemes for practical use in prediction in the future. Furthermore, the relation between the curve of Δ H (the difference of H) and strong earthquake has been studied. Based on the above results, the RSΔH algorithm that uses the Δ H value to predict strong earthquake has been put forward and applied to predict strong earthquakes in North China. The correlation coefficient R of tracing back prediction by this method is 0.45; this means that this method is also of better prediction efficiency. A combined application of these two algorithms has also been proposed. By the combined method, the time length spanned by false predictions can be shortened and thus the R value can be raised.

An scientific evaluation of annual earthquake prediction ability

The scientific idea of earthquake prediction in China is introduced in this paper. The various problems on evaluation of earthquake prediction ability are analyzed. The practical effect of prediction on annual seismic risk areas in 1990~2000 in China is discussed based on R-value evaluation method, and the ability of present earthquake prediction in China is reviewed.

Studies and experiments on earthquake prediction during 1999～2002

This paper briefly reviewed the research progresses of earthquake prediction and/or forecasting in China during 1999~2002, especially focused on mid-short term prediction methods with approaches of seismicity, crustal deformation, electromagnetism, ground water and the analysis by synthesis, and the application of the methods to the practice of earthquake prediction.

Useful predictions ahead of large earthquakes and lessons learned for future progress

A significant basis for this article is the outcome of 4 multinational research projects which were carried out in South-West Iceland from 1988-2006,focusing on crustal processes that preceded two magnitude-6.6 earthquakes in June 2000.The seismic activity that preceded a magnitude 6.3 double-earthquake in the same seismic zone in 2008 is also significant,as well as other research work which helps to understand how observable crustal processes lead to earthquakes.A significant outcome is that it cannot be assumed that any two earthquakes have the same precursory processes.Therefore,statistical analysis of precursors of past earthquakes is of limited value for predicting future earthquakes.On the other hand,with highly sensitive seismic monitoring it is possible to observe the nucleation process for each specific large earthquake for long enough time for earth-realistic modeling of it and extrapolating towards the earthquake in time and space.In the Iceland crust,with its fluid-rock interactions,pre-earthquake activity on a scale of years is expected.This allows a long-term approach to prediction.We apply historical information and sensor-based data to find probable sources of earthquake nucleation.We monitor the nucleation process for a possibly impending earthquake at these sources,and then model the process to find its governing factors and extrapolate those in time and space,aiming towards finding hypocenter,fault-size,impact,and time of the impending earthquake.We refine our models by predicting frequent medium-sized earthquakes and compare the predictions with measurements.We predict how the possibly impending large earthquake would trigger earthquakes at other locations.Given the complexity of the crust,we must take all observed changes into account when developing models of pre-earthquake processes.The development of a continuously operating geo-watching system is discussed to link scientific evaluations to warnings that can be used by emergency authorities.

Global Earthquake Prediction Systems

Terra Seismic can predict most major earthquakes (M6.2 or greater) at least 2 - 5 months before they will strike. Global earthquake prediction is based on determinations of the stressed areas that will start to behave abnormally before major earthquakes. The size of the observed stressed areas roughly corresponds to estimates calculated from Dobrovolsky’s formula. To identify abnormalities and make predictions, Terra Seismic applies various methodologies, including satellite remote sensing methods and data from ground-based instruments. We currently process terabytes of information daily, and use more than 80 different multiparameter prediction systems. Alerts are issued if the abnormalities are confirmed by at least five different systems. We observed that geophysical patterns of earthquake development and stress accumulation are generally the same for all key seismic regions. Thus, the same earthquake prediction methodologies and systems can be applied successfully worldwide. Our technology has been used to retrospectively test data gathered since 1970 and it successfully detected about 90 percent of all significant quakes over the last 50 years.

Research on nonlinear R／S method and its application in earthquake prediction

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Development of Information Triangulation Method for Prediction of Earthquake Center Zone Using Distributed Measurements of Emitted Electromagnetic Radiation

The new method for prediction of earthquake center zone is suggested. The method is based on feature of amount of registered information to reach its maximum upon some condition regulating interrelation of major parameters of used distributed measuring system. The mathematical basis of suggested is based on known integrated Shannon formula of amount of information and integral limitation condition, expressing fixed position of used sensors. As a result of held researches, new method of information trangulation method for determination of earthquake center zone is suggested. The mathematical grounding and the operational algorithm of the method are given.

On numerical earthquake prediction

Can earthquakes be predicted？ How should people overcome the difficulties encountered in the study of earthquake prediction？ This issue can take inspiration from the experiences of weather forecast. Although weather forecasting took a period of about half a century to advance from empirical to numerical forecast, it has achieved significant success. A consensus has been reached among the Chinese seismological community that earth- quake prediction must also develop from empirical fore- casting to physical prediction. However, it is seldom mentioned that physical prediction is characterized by quantitatively numerical predictions based on physical laws. This article discusses five key components for numerical earthquake prediction and their current status. We conclude that numerical earthquake prediction should now be put on the planning agenda and its roadmap designed, seismic stations should be deployed and observations made according to the needs of numerical prediction, and theoretical research should be carried out.

A BP Artificial Neural Network Model for Earthquake Magnitude Prediction in Himalayas, India

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of BP neural network techniques in predicting earthquakes occurring in the region of Himalayan belt (with the use of different types of input data). These parameters are extracted from Himalayan Earthquake catalogue comprised of all minor, major events and their aftershock sequences in the Himalayan basin for the past 128 years from 1887 to 2015. This data warehouse contains event data, event time with seconds, latitude, longitude, depth, standard deviation and magnitude. These field data are converted into eight mathematically computed parameters known as seismicity indicators. These seismicity indicators have been used to train the BP Neural Network for better decision making and predicting the magnitude of the pre-defined future time period. These mathematically computed indicators considered are the clustered based on every events above 2.5 magnitude, total number of events from past years to 2014, frequency-magnitude distribution b-values, Gutenberg-Richter inverse power law curve for the n events, the rate of square root of seismic energy released during the n events, energy released from the event, the mean square deviation about the regression line based on the Gutenberg-Richer inverse power law for the n events, coefficient of variation of mean time and average value of the magnitude for last n events. We propose a three-layer feed forward BP neural network model to identify factors, with the actual occurrence of the earthquake magnitude M and other seven mathematically computed parameters seismicity indicators as input and target vectors in Himalayan basin area. We infer through comparing curve as observed from seismometer in Himalayan Earthquake catalogue comprised of all events above magnitude 2.5 mg, their aftershock sequences in the Himalayan basin of year 2015 and BP neural network predicting earthquakes in 2015. The model yields good prediction result for the earthquakes of magnitude between 4.0 and 6.0.

The Experimental Simulation of Rocks on Load/Unload Response Ratio for Earthquake Prediction

The load/unload experiments on rock failure under pressure have been carried out in Material Test System (MTS) in the Laboratory for Non-linear Mechanics of Continuous Media (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and load/unload response ratio (LURR) values with strain as response (i.e. inverse elastic constant as response rate) have been obtained. The experimental results are in accordance with theoretical results and those in real earthquakes: LURR rises just before rock failure. So LURR can be used as the precursor of rock failure and earthquake prediction.

Light for Earthquake Prediction:Shocks before the L'Aquila Earthquake of April 6,2009

The temporal-spatial distribution of mid-small earthquakes in Italy and its surroundings from January 1 to April 5,2009 shows that there were significant foreshocks before the moderate L'Aquila earthquake of April 6,2009.The enhancement of frequency and intensity of small earthquakes and their concentrating tendency to the future main shock have provided a comprehensive case for digging methods of earthquake forecasting with foreshocks.

New Progress in the Application of Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery to Earthquake Prediction

The concept of stochastic resonance (SR) has been introduced into the analysis of satellite thermal infrared images. Six kinds of anomalous phenomena related to crustal movement were recognized in satellite thermal infrared images. Six diagnostic indicators for the prediction of global earthquakes with magnitude ≥6.0 and their quantitative evaluation standards have been established. The microscopic behavior of global crustal movement is successfully controlled by using satellite thermal infrared imagery, and the occurrence time and magnitude of over 80% of global strong earthquakes occurred since the foundation of the observation station have been successfully predicted. It is believed that the combination of satellite thermal infrared information with macroscopic anomalous phenomena will play an important role in earthquake hazard reduction.

The Study of Medium- and Short-term Prediction for Artux Earthquake (M_S=6.9) and Usunan Earthquake (M_S=5.8)

In this paper, the process of medium- and short-term prediction (submitted in special cards) of the Artux earthquake (MS=6.9) and the Usurian earthquake (MS=5.8) in Xinjiang area, is introduced. The imminent seismic risk regions are judged based on long- and medium-term seismic risk regions and annual seismic risk regions determined by national seismologic analysis, combined with large seismic situation analysis. We trace and analyze the seismic situation in large areas, and judge principal risk regions or belts of seismic activity in a year, by integrating the large area’s seismicity with geodetic deformation evolutional characteristics. As much as possible using information, we study synthetically observational information for long-medium- and short-term (time domain) and large-medium -small dimensions (space domain), and approach the forecast region of forthcoming earthquakes from the large to small magnitude. A better effect has been obtained. Some questions about earthquake prediction are discussed.