Optimal decision of retailer for replenishment cycle under a deteriorating product supply chain

In order to minimize the total cost of the retailer, an optimal replenishment cycle is studied by considering the deteriorating product, two-level trade credits, the limited storage capacity of their own warehouse and credit-linked order quantity simultaneously. A two-echelon supply chain model, which consists of a supplier and a retailer, is established. Then, the retailer＇s optimal replenishment cycle under all the cases are derived by using the optimization theory and method. On the basis of these, the effects of system parameters on the optimal replenishment cycle are examined by using the numerical studies. The results show that, when the retailer＇s trade credit period is longer （shorter） than the customer＇s trade credit period, the optimal replenishment cycle should he increased （decreased） as the retailer＇s trade credit period increases; if the minimum order quantity is high （low）, the optimal replenishment cycle should be increased （not changed） as the minimum order quantity increases.

A review of recent researches on Bunsen reaction for hydrogen production via S–I water and H2S splitting cycles

The Bunsen reaction is the center reaction for both the sulfur–iodine water splitting cycle for hydrogen production and the novel hydrogen sulfide splitting cycle for hydrogen and sulfuric acid production from the sulfur-containing gases.This paper reviews the research progress of the Bunsen reaction in recent 10–15 years.Researches were initially focused on the optimization of the operating conditions of the conventional Bunsen reaction requiring excessive water and iodine to improve the products separation efficiency and to avoid the side reactions and iodine vapor deposition.Alternative methods including electrochemical methods,precipitation methods,and non-aqueous solvent methods had their respective advantages,but still faced challenges.In development of the technology of H2S splitting cycle,dissolving iodine in toluene solvent could render the Bunsen reaction to occur with the flowable I2 stream at ambient temperature such that the side reactions and iodine vaporization can be avoided and the corrosion hazard lessened.It also prevented the Bunsen reaction from using excessive iodine and water.The products from the Bunsen reaction including HI,H2SO4,H2O,and toluene could be directly electrolyzed.

Theoretical assessment of hydrogen production and multicycle energy conversion via solar thermochemical cycle based on nonvolatile SnO2

A kind of solar thermochemical cycle based on methanothermal reduction of SnO2 is proposed for H2 and CO production. We find that the oxygen release capacity and thermodynamic driven force for methanothermal reduction of SnO2 are large, and suggest CH4 :SnO2 = 2:1 as the feasible reduction condition for achieving high purities of syngas and avoiding vaporization of produced Sn. Subsequently, the amount of H2 and energetic upgrade factors under different oxidation conditions are compared, in which excess water vapor is found beneficial for hydrogen production and fuel energetic upgradation. Moreover, the effect of incom plete recovery of SnO2 on the subsequent cycle is underscored and explained. After accounting for factors such as isothermal operation and cycle stability, CH4 :SnO2 = 2:1 and H2O:Sn = 4:1 are suggested for highest solar-to-fuel efficiency of 46.1% at nonisothermal condition, where the reduction and oxidation temperature are 1400 and 600 K, respectively.

Identification of Milankovitch Cycles and Calculation of Net Primary Productivity of Paleo-peatlands using Geophysical Logs of Coal Seams

Individual coal seams formed in paleo-peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation.Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal.This study aimed to determine this rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles in the coals.The geophysical log is an ideal paleoclimate proxy and has been widely used in the study of sedimentary records using spectral analysis.Spectral analyses of geophysical log from thick coal seams can be used to identify the Milankovitch cycles and to calculate the period of the coal deposition.By considering the carbon loss during coalification,the long-term average carbon accumulation rate and net primary productivity(NPP)of paleo-peatlands in coal seams can be obtained.This review paper presents the procedures of analysis,assessment of results and interpretation of geophysical logs in determining the NPP of paleo-peatlands.

LIFE CYCLE AND PRODUCTION OF CHIRONOMIDAE(DIPTERA) IN BIANDANTANG, A TYPICAL MACROPHYTIC LAKE (HUBEI, CHINA)

The life cycle and annual production of four dominant species of Chironomids ( Chironomus plumosus, Chironomus sp., Clinotanypus sp., Tokunagayusurika akamusi) were studied with samples taken monthly in Biandantang Lake at eight stations from April, 1996 to March, 1997. Instar frequency data showed C. plumosus was univoltine, while the other three were bivoltine. Production in wet weight (g/(m 2·a)) calculated by the size frequency method for each species were: C. plumosus, 2.663 ; Chironomus sp.,1.161 ;Clinotanypus sp., 0.270; T. akamusi , 1.476. Based on the mean standing stock, their P/B ratios were 3.2, 4.0, 6.2 and 4.4, respectively.

Forecasting grain production costs in the backdrop of economic cycles

This research indicates that with the changes in economic cycles, China's production costs are experiencing "wave-shaped" spiral growth. From 2004 to 2008, China's grain production costs increased rapidly, with the primary driving force the rapid growth of labor, land and material costs. In the middle stage of industrialization, China's grain production costs will experience spiral growth following economic cyclical fluctuations, entering relative stability after a certain period. From 2009 to around 2012, grain production costs will drop, but average production costs may be higher than in the current upward cycle. From 2013 to around 2020, grain production costs will rise again and be much higher than in the current upward cycle.

Evaluation of Corrosion Product Activity in a Typical PWR with Extended Cycles and Flow Rate Perturbations

Effect of flow rate perturbations has been studied using the modified computer program CPAIR-P for time dependent corrosion rates in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) having extended cycles. In these simulations, a decrease in the corresponding saturation values of corrosion product activity (CPA) is observed for higher pH values. Comparison of CPA’s behavior has been done for constant flow-rate case as well as for transients with elevated 10B levels (~40%) in dissolved boric acid in coolant in two operating cycles. When the flow rate is decreased in the first cycle, the saturation value of CPA attains new higher values. Also, in the second operating cycle, the saturation values are about 12% higher when compared with the values in the first cycle.

Life cycle assessment of oxygen-18 production using cryogenic oxygen distillation

In this study, life cycle assessment of oxygen-18 by using cryogenic distillation of oxygen is performed using SimaPro 8.3 software. Life cycle assessment is performed to understand the environmental profile and hotspots of this process in order to be used in design and development. Simulation of oxygen-18 process is executed by Hysys software, and the required inputs and outputs for inventory of life cycle were acquired. By doing life cycle assessment and considering achieved results after characterization and normalization of inventory data it has been investigated that in the majority of environmental impacts electricity consumption has a huge contribution relative to other parts of the system like liquefied oxygen production from air separation unit,required facilities for air separation and oxygen-18 units, and needed transportation. Also, among 17 impact categories investigated in ReCiPe impact assessment method, fossil depletion, climate change(human health),particulate matter formation, climate change(ecosystem), human toxicity, and metal depletion have the most contribution in entire environmental loads respectively. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed that changing life cycle impact assessment method from ReCiPe to IMPACT 2002+ has no significant effect on acquired results and results are confident. In addition, assumption of market for depleted oxygen from heavy isotopes which is withdrawn from top of distillation columns showed some positive effects compared to first case and environmental impacts resulted from liquefied oxygen production(feed) reduced but because of huge contribution of electricity consumption compared to other sections, this positive effect has no remarkable influence on entire environmental loads of product system.

On the Signed Domination Number of the Cartesian Product of Two Directed Cycles

Let D be a finite simple directed graph with vertex set V(D) and arc set A(D). A function ?is called a signed dominating function (SDF) if ?for each vertex . The weight ?of f is defined by . The signed domination number of a digraph D is . Let Cm × Cn denotes the cartesian product of directed cycles of length m and n. In this paper, we determine the exact values of gs(Cm × Cn) for m = 8, 9, 10 and arbitrary n. Also, we give the exact value of gs(Cm × Cn) when m, ?(mod 3) and bounds for otherwise.

Analysis of Sustainability Based on Life Cycle Assessment： An Empirical Study of Wine Production

The environmental planning and the current policy initiatives in European Union are aimed at continuous improvement of the productive fabric, heading toward a system in which the ＂quality＂ of products will no longer regardless of their environmental impacts. In this context, the methodology of LCA （life cycle assessment） is certainly one of the most innovative methods in the field of environmental protection as it allows evaluating the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying material and energy consumption and environmental emissions. The objectives focus on finding the main impacts of the wine life cycle, as well as identifying crucial activities/stages in the wine production which establish the largest impacts. This paper＇s objective is to expose the advantages resulting from the use of the LCA method in the wine production sector, with a specific application to wine production in the Tuscany region.

Concept of Integrated Waste Management as Recoverable Resources in Product Cycle

This paper presents a conceptual framework of integrated waste management which focuses on all stages of product life cycle. A mechanism of resource recovery motivating from waste in economic system （designers, producers, consumers, stakeholders in the field of disposal of the product） is suggested. The classification of institutional and economic instruments in the field of waste management as recoverable resources is developed. The author has proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the formation of an integrated waste management as recoverable resources, which is based on a set of methods of economic incentives at all stages of product life cycle and ensures the maximum possible and the environmentally safe management of wastes containing valuable resource components.

Impact of Teak （Tectona grandis Linn.） Thinning Out and Peacock-plume [Paraserianthes falcataria L. （1. Nielsen）] Harvesting on Mineral Cycle, Pod Rot Incidence, Changing of Cocoa Yield, and Land Productivity in Indonesia

In 2009, Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases, and forest sector contributes 85%. This forest exploitation should be stopped, and by this research the industrial wood species with special planting pattern was used as cocoa shade trees. The experiment was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, altitude 45 m above sea level using four planting patterns, i.e. （A） cocoa-Tectona grandis Linn. 3 m x 6 m, （B） cocoa-T, grandis 6 m x 4.2 m ~ 4.2 m （triangle）, （C） cocoa-Paraserianthesfalcataria L. （I. Nielsen） 3 m ~ 6 m, and （D） cocoa-Leucaena sp. 3 m ~ 6 m （control）. Cocoa was planted in 3 m ~ 3 m distance; between rows of teak and Paraserianthes was planted. Cassia surithensis of 3 m distance in the row, as reserve shade trees. At 6 year old, Paraserianthes was harvested, and at 7 year old, teak trees were thinned out 50% population for A and 66.7% for B treatments. The result showed that cocoa agroforestry by using timber trees in regular planting pattern and accurate spacing did not decrease cocoa yield but improved land productivity. Paraserianthes harvesting produced 0.71 m3 timber and the price was US$38.0-US $40.0 per tree, while teak thinning out produced 0.07 m3 wood per tree and it cost was US$5 per tree. From 108 Paraserianthes trees harvested, 81 cocoa trees were affected, 11.9% were seriously damage, 6.85% were medium damage, and 5.36% were light damage. On the other hand, teak spacing did not cause serious damage on cocoa trees. Biomass of harvested Paraserianthes and teak supplied back to soil 543 g and 250 g per tree respectively for equalities to total urea, SP 36, KC1, Kieserite and Dolomite. Paraserianthes harvest and teak thinning out made microclimate to be warmer, humidity to be lower, so pod rot incidence become lower and pod yield was improved, namely 71% and 27.25% for Paraserianthes plot and teak plot, respectively. Harvesting of Paraserianthes produced benefit/cost plot of 43.63, and teak thinning out of 3.60. The revenue obtained from timber sales easily offset the costs of damage of the cocoa crop. It is concluded that by using accurate planting pattern, cocoa area could produce industrial timber without sacrifying cocoa production and exactly improve land productivity.

Identifying and Tracing Single Products During Their Entire Life Cycle Through Networked Manufacturing System

This study covers the problem that most products become less competitive especially in the decline stages of their life cycle as most companies do not put adequate emphasis on using networked manufacturing systems in the entire life cycle of a single product. The study employed a non-experimental approach to collect data. The research paper relied on secondary data for further analysis. The secondary sources used in this paper have been referenced progressively in the entire paper. The paper found that most companies are often faced with the challenge of coping with quality management in a product life cycle. Also, it found that networked manufacturing systems have provided a new paradigm for real-time monitoring and control at various life stages. The paper is divided as following parts： section 1 is about the background and problem statement. Section 2 comes through literature review including theoretical ＆ empirical review. Section 3 explains the procedures and methods that were used in carrying out the study. It explains how data collection was carried out and how data analysis was performed. Section 4 is about the results the paper found. Section 5 is a discussion of the results presented.

A Study of the Bullwhip Effect for Short Life Cycle Products in Supply Chain Management

Shorter product life cycles present new dressed in supply chain literature. This research challenges to managing production and logistics not adequately adaddresses issues pertaining to the management of supply chains in a short life cycle environment. In this paper, we study the short life cycle environment; then we develop the ventory policy of the indirect manufacturer by explicitly using his demand us an output of the retailer＇s optimal inoptimal ordering policy. Finally, we also provide causes of the bullwhip effect in the context of short life cycle products.

SPACE CARGO TRANSPORT BAGS THROUGH MEMBRANE WATER TREATMENT ELEMENTS TO SPACE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING ELEMENT:A TOTAL PRODUCT SUSTAINABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION EXPERIMENT

The CTB Water Wall project is a maximal product life cycle utilization concept study by members of the space architecture design community.Its function is to demonstrate a human space activity Cargo Transport Bag(CTB)that becomes a primary water recycling membrane element after delivery of cargo,and then a permanent architectural building block for sustainable space habitation after its use in water treatment is complete.As such,it is intended as an experiment in radical life cycle product optimization in an extremely mass-constrained application environment(human space operations).It also introduces some fundamentally interesting concepts in architectural use of waste materials in extreme environments.Finally,it is in some ways a simple,tactile and visual demonstration of how far sustainable product design can be taken,if the motivation and technical justification are present.

Deterioration Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Concrete under Freeze-thaw Cycles

The experiments of concrete attacked by sulfate solution under freeze-thaw cycles were investigated. The sulfate solution includes two types of 5% Na2SO4 and 5% MgSO4. Through the experiment, microstructural analyses such as SEM, XRD and TGA measurements were performed on the selected samples after freeze-thaw cycles. The corrosion products of the concrete were distinguished and quantitatively compared by the thermal analysis. Besides, the damage mechanism considering the dynamic modulus of elastically of concrete under the coupling effect was also investigated. The experimental results show that, under the action of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate attack, the main attack products in concrete are ettringite and gypsum. The corrosion products exposed to MgSO4 solution are more than those to Na2SO4 solution. Furthermore, the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some of gypsum can be observed only after a certain corrosion extent. It is also shown that MgSO4 solution has a promoting effect to the damage of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. Whereas for Na：SO4 solution, the damage of concrete has restrained before 300 freeze-thaw cycles, but the sulfate attack accelerates the deterioration process in its further test period.

Productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry ecosystem for interplant of pineapple and coconut

In this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera) interplanted with pineapple (Ananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass productivity of this ecosystem was 47 460 kg...hm2...a?1, which was 4.3 times as much as that of pure coconut plantation. In the biological cycling of N, P. K elements, the total annual retention was 559.470 kg...hm?2, the annual return was 410.745 kg...hm?2, the annual uptake was 970.475 kg...hm?2, respectively. The average circulation rate in three nutrient elements (N, P, K) was 42.32%, which was 27.53% more than that in pure coconut stands. Coconut interplanted with pineapple was proved to be one of optimum cultural patterns, which had the higher biomass productivity, and better usage efficiency of environment resources in tropical areas.

Life cycle assessment of mobile phone housing

The life cycle assessment of the mobile phone housing in Motorola(China) Electronics Ltd. was carried out, in which materials flows and environmental emissions based on a basic production scheme were analyzed and assessed. In the manufacturing stage, such primary processes as polycarbonate molding and surface painting are included, whereas different surface finishing technologies like normal painting, electroplate, IMD and VDM etc. were assessed. The results showed that housing decoration plays a significant role within the housing life cycle. The most significant environmental impact from housing production is the photochemical ozone formation potential. Environmental impacts of different decoration techniques varied widely, for example, the electroplating technique is more environmentally friendly than VDM. VDM consumes much more energy and raw material. In addition, the results of two alternative scenarios of dematerialization showed that material flow analysis and assessment is very important and valuable in selecting an environmentally friendly process.

Importance of overstorey attributes for understorey litter production and nutrient cycling in European forests

Background:In contrast with the negligible contribution of the forest understorey to the total aboveground phytobiomass of a forest,its share in annual litter production and nutrient cycling may be more important.Whether and how this functional role of the understorey differs across forest types and depends upon overstorey characteristics remains to be investigated.Methods:We sampled 209 plots of the FunDivEUROPE Exploratory Platform,a network of study plots covering local gradients of tree diversity spread over six contrasting forest types in Europe.To estimate the relative contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling,we sampled non-lignified aboveground understorey biomass and overstorey leaf litterfall in all plots.Understorey samples were analysed for C,N and P concentrations,overstorey leaf litterfall for C and N concentrations.We additionally quantified a set of overstorey attributes,including species richness,proportion of evergreen species,light availability(representing crown density)and litter quality,and investigated whether they drive the understorey’s contribution to carbon and nutrient cycling.Results and conclusions:Overstorey litter production and nutrient stocks in litterfall clearly exceeded the contribution of the understorey for all forest types,and the share of the understorey was higher in forests at the extremes of the climatic gradient.In most of the investigated forest types,it was mainly light availability that determined the contribution of the understorey to yearly carbon and nutrient cycling.Overstorey species richness did not affect the contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling in any of the investigated forest types.