Isotope Shift Calculations of Stable and Short-Lived Beryllium Isotopes

The isotope shifts of the 282 1S0 to 2s2p 1P1 and 3P1 transitions in the four-electron beryllium atom are calcu- lated by using the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartrce-Fock method and the relativistic configuration interaction approach for the stable and short-Bved beryllium isotopes. The results provided herein can be employed for the consistency check with the nuclear rms charge radii from the experimental isotope shifts by using the correspond- ing transitions for the short-lived nuclei 7,10-12Be and 14 Be. The analogous isotope shift results could also be obtained for the beryllium-like ions by the methods used here.

A dynamic regulation of nitrogen on floret primordia development in wheat

Nitrogen(N)fertilization is critical for spike and floret development,which affects the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,the physiological regulation of the floret development process by N fertilization is largely unknown.A high temporal-resolution investigation of floret primordia number and morphology,dry matter,and N availability was conducted under three N fertilization levels:0(N0),120(N1)and 240(N2)kg ha^(−1).Interestingly,fertile florets at anthesis stage were determined by those floret primordia with meiotic ability at booting stage:meiotic ability was a threshold that predicted whether a floret primordium became fertile or abortive florets.Because the developmental rate of the 4th floret primordium in the central spikelet was accelerated and then they acquired meiotic ability,the NFFs increased gradually as N application increased,but the increase range decreased under N2.There were no differences in spike N concentration among treatments,but leaf N concentration was increased in the N1 and N2 treatments.Correspondingly,dry matter accumulation and N content of the leaf and spike in the N1 and N2 treatments was increased as compared to N0.Clearly,optimal N fertilization increased leaf N availability and transport of assimilates to spikes,and allowed more floret primordia to acquire meiotic ability and become fertile florets,finally increasing NFFs.There was no difference in leaf N concentration between N1 and N2 treatment,whereas soil N concentration at 0–60 cm soil layers was higher in N2 than in N1 treatment,implying that there was still some N fertilization that remained unused.Therefore,improving the leaf’s ability to further use N fertilizer is vital for greater NFFs.

Differences between two wheat genotypes in the development of floret primordia and contents of pigments and hormones

Promoting more floret primordia within a spike to acquire fertile potential during the differentiation and pre-dimorphism phases is critical for increasing the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,it is yet unknown the physiological mechanism regulating the complex and dynamic process.This study aimed to clarify how intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates coordinate with each other to regulate spike morphology and then floret primordia development.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two winter wheat genotypes:N50(big-spike with greater NFFs)and SM22(mediumspike with fewer NFFs).We monitored high temporal and spatial-resolution changes in the number and morphology of floret primordia within a spike,as well as in intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates.Our results revealed that the big-spike genotype had more NFFs than the medium-spike genotype,not only because they had more spikelets,but also because they had greater NFFs mainly at central spikelets.More floret primordia at central spikelets had sufficient time to develop and acquire fertile potential during the differentiation phase(167-176 d after sowing,DAS)and the pre-dimorphism phase(179 DAS)for the big-spike genotype than the medium-spike genotype.Floret primordia with fertile morphology during the pre-dimorphism phase always developed into fertile florets during the dimorphism phase.Those early-developed floret primordia most proximal and intermediate to the rachis in the big-spike genotype developed faster than the medium-spike genotype.Correspondingly,the spike dry matter and pigments(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotene,and carotenoids)content during 170-182 DAS,auxin(IAA)and cytokinin(CTK)content on 167 DAS were significantly higher in the big-spike genotype than in the medium-spike genotype,while jasmonic acid(JA)content was significantly lower in the big-spike genotype compared to the medium-spike genotype during 167-182 DAS.Since the significant differences in intra-spike hormone content of the two genotypes appear earlier than those in dry matter and pigments,we propose a possible model that helped the N50 genotype(big-spike)to form more fertile florets,taking the intra-spike hormone content as a signaling molecule induced assimilates and pigments synthesis,which accelerated the development of more floret primordia during the differentiation phase and then acquired fertile potential during the pre-dimorphism phase,finally improved the NFFs.Our high temporal and spatial-resolution analysis provides an accurate time window for precision cultivation and effective physiological breeding to improve the number of fertile florets in wheat.

Lhasa English School: Short-Lived

EDITOR’S NOTE: With approval from Prince Regent Dagzha. the Lhasa English School opened in the Chongyi Lingka Villa on the 11th day of the sixth Tibetan month in July 1944. There were 43 students ,10 of whom were children of ordinary people and 33 of whom were children of aristocrats. But the school survived only for five months.

Changes in Levels of Endogenous Plant Hormones During Floret Development in Wheat Genotypes of Different Spike Sizes

The levels of endogenous plant hormones regulate floret development and degeneration, and thus grain set in flower crops. This study was undertaken to characterize the changes of endogenous hormone levels during floret development in three wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes: “97J1' with the highest grain set and fertile florets per spike, “H8679' with the lowest grain set and fertile florets per spike, and a medium, “YM158'. The results showed that the peak level of ABA appeared between stamen and pistil differentiation and antherlobe formation of floret development, and the timing delayed with the size of spike (earliest in “H8679” and latest in “97J1”). From antherlobe formation to meiosis, the levels of ABA and GA 1+3 decreased sharply in the ears of “97J1”, while in the ears of “H8679” there was only a slight decrease in ABA, and even an increase in GA 1+3 . The ratio of isopentenyladenosine (iPA)/ABA and IAA/ABA in the ears of “97J1” increased sharply from antherlobe formation to meiosis, but changed only slightly in the ears of “H8679”. At antherlobe formation, IAA and GA 1+3 levels were higher in the ears of “97J1”, but lower in the ears of “H8679” than in the leaves. At meiosis, ABA, GA 1+3 and IAA levels in the “97J1” ears were much lower than in the leaves, but similar in “H8679”. These results indicated that the sharp decreases of ABA and GA 1+3 in ears from antherlobe formation to meiosis and the lowest maintenance at meiosis may be favorable for development of fertile florets and enhancement of grain set in wheat.

水稻颖花持续开放突变体sostenuto floret opening(sfo1)的鉴定与基因定位

水稻颖花开放是其生殖发育一个关键生理过程,对受精和随后种子发育具有重要影响。本文报道了一个与水稻颖花开放相关的突变体,来源于籼稻保持系西农1B的EMS(ethyl methane sulfonate)诱变群体。该突变体表现为开颖后浆片失水萎缩过程缓慢,内外稃持续开裂不闭合,暂命名为水稻颖花持续开放sostenuto floret opening 1(sfo1)突变体。遗传分析表明sfo1性状受1对隐性单基因控制,利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA)将SFO1基因定位在第5染色体SSR标记RM1054和IN/DEL标记ZTQ51之间,物理距离113 kb,含注释基因15个。本研究结果为SFO1基因的图位克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。

Genetic Analysis of Streaked and Abnormal Floret Mutant st-fon

A double mutant with streaked leaf and abnormal floret was found and temporarily named streaked leaf and floral organ number mutant （st-fon）. For this mutant, besides white streak appeared on culm, leaves and panicles, the number of floral organs increased and florets cracked. The extreme phenotype was that several small florets grew from one floret or branch rachis in small florets extended and developed into panicles. By using transmission electron microscope to observe the ultrastructure of white histocytes of leaves at the seedling stage, the white tissues which showed abnormal plastids, lamellas and thylakoids could not develop into normal chloroplast, and the development of chloroplast was blocked at the early growth stage of plastid. Scanning electron microscope and paraffin section were also used to observe the development of floral organs, and the results indicated that the development of floral meristem was out of order and unlimited, whereas in the twisty leaves, vascular bundle sheath cells grew excessively, or some bubbly cells increased. Genetic analyses carried out by means of cross and backcross with four normal-leaf-color materials revealed that the mutant is of cytoplasm inheritance.

Effects of Nitrogen Application in Different Wheat Growth Stages on the Floret Development and GrainYield of Winter Wheat

The study was carried out on the effect of nitrogen application in different wheat growth stage on the floret development, the photosynthetic rate, the yield and its components of winter wheat. The result indicated that nitrogen application in the pistil-stamen primordium formation stage and the tetrad formation stage of wheat growth prolonged the duration of floret development, promoted the balance growth of floret and reduced the floret decadence number, thus increased the grain number per spike. Nitrogen application in the middle and in the late stages of wheat development increased the photosynthetic ability of the plant leaves in the later stage, and also lengthened the peak of grain filling stage, thus enhanced the grain weight and yield of wheat significantly.

Gene mapping and candidate gene analysis of multi-floret spikelet 3(mfs3) in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and a model monocot plant for gene function analysis, so it is an ideal system for studying flower development. This study reports a mutant, named multi-floret spikelet 3(mfs3), which is related to the spikelet development in rice and derived from the ethylmethane sulfonate(EMS)-treated rice cultivar XIDA 1 B. In mfs3, the main body of palea(bop) was degenerated severely and only glume-like marginal regions of palea(mrp) remained, while other floral organs developed normally, indicating that the palea identity was seriously influenced by the mutation. It was also observed that the number of floral organs was increased in some spikelets, including 2 lemmas, 4 mrp, 4 lodicules, 8–10 stamens, and 2 pistils, which meant that the spikelet determinacy was lost to some degree in mfs3. Furthermore, genetic analysis demonstrated that the mfs3 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using 426 F2 mutants derived from the cross between sterile line 56 S and mfs3, the MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET 3(MFS3) gene was mapped between the molecular markers RM19347 and RM19352 on Chr.6, with a physical distance of 106.3 kb. Sequencing of candidate genes revealed that an 83-bp fragment loss and a base substitution occurred in the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene in the mutant, confirming preliminarily that the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene was the MFS3 candidate gene. Subsequent q PCR analysis showed that the mutation caused the down-regulation of Os MADS1 and FON1 genes, and the up-regulation of Os IDS1 and SNB genes, which are all involved in the regulation of spikelet development. The MFS3 mutation also significantly reduced the transcription of the REP gene, which is involved in palea development. These results indicated that the MFS3 gene might be involved in the spikelet meristem determinacy and palea identity by regulating the expression of these related genes.

干旱胁迫条件下外源褪黑素提高小麦穗花发育和穗粒数的机理

【目的】探究外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)对水分胁迫下小麦穗花发育及抗氧化能力的调控效应,为采用化控方法有效缓解干旱胁迫对小麦的危害提供技术支撑。【方法】以多穗型品种‘豫麦49-198’和大穗型品种‘周麦22’为试验材料,设置3种土壤含水量处理:田间持水量的70%~80%(W1)、60%~70%(W2)、50%~60%(W3)。在小麦小花退化高峰期前进行叶面喷施100μmol/L外源MT处理,并以清水为对照(CK),自叶面喷施MT 3天起至开花期,每3天取1次样,在EMZ-TR解剖镜下观察小麦主茎幼穗分化进程,记录分化小花数、可孕小花数及小花分化各阶段特征。然后将小麦植株分为茎(茎+叶鞘)、叶、穗三部分,调查干重、含水量、顶展叶片过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及抗氧化相关酶(SOD、POD)活性。【结果】与W1处理相比,W2和W3处理下两品种小麦小花总分化小花数、退化结点小花数、可孕小花数和穗粒数均降低,同时小麦植株含水量下降,顶展叶片H_(2)O_(2)和MDA含量升高。喷施外源MT可以改善两品种小麦小花发育质量,减少小花退化,增加退化结点小花数、可孕小花数,提高结实穗粒数,对品种周麦22的促进效应高于豫麦49-198。外源MT有效降低了小麦顶展叶片H2O2和MDA含量,其中豫麦49-198和周麦22的H2O2降幅分别为6.83%~15.16%、7.60%~17.06%,MDA降幅分别为5.80%~15.31%、6.94%~16.83%;有效提高了两品种顶展叶片SOD和CAT抗氧化酶活性,豫麦49-198和周麦22的SOD活性提升幅度分别为4.25%~13.39%和5.62%~14.49%,CAT活性提升幅度分别为4.86%~15.68%和5.42%~16.50%,对品种周麦22的调控效应高于豫麦49-198。喷施外源MT有效提高了两品种小麦抗氧化能力和抗旱性,进而促进干物质生产和提高穗器官干物质积累量,在喷施处理后第15天时,豫麦49-198和周麦22喷施MT处理的穗器官干物质积累量相比于喷施清水处理分别平均提高6.66%~11.72%和8.06%~12.52%,为小花的生长发育提供了营养物质保障。【结论】在小麦小花退化高峰前喷施外源MT可以有效改善植株水分状况,提高干旱胁迫下小麦叶片的抗氧化能力和叶片质膜的稳定性,近而提升小麦物质生产能力,为小花发育和结实提供充足的营养保障,提高可孕小花数和结实穗粒数。

秸秆覆盖与施磷对旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

中国西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱且速效磷缺乏,是冬小麦生产的主要限制因素。为明确秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南丘陵旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响,以川麦104为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区为玉米秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM),裂区为0、75和120 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)3个施磷水平,比较分析了不同处理下小麦小花分化及结实特性的差异。结果表明,秸秆覆盖与施磷均可提高小麦小花分化数和可孕小花数,且磷素效应大于秸秆覆盖效应。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下最大分化小花数分别增加了17.4%和78.0%,可孕小花数分别增加27.0%和94.1%,小花存活率提高了16.5个百分点。施磷后穗基部可孕小花数和结实粒数增幅较大,穗中部和顶部增幅较小。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下,穗基部可孕小花数均极显著增加,增幅分别为100.0%和127.2%;结实粒数显著增加,增幅分别为186.4%和193.2%。秸秆覆盖后产量较不覆盖提高20.5%;施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)下产量较不施磷分别提高62.5%和78.1%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥可减少小花退化,增加可孕小花数和穗粒数有利于产量形成。

4种入侵性雀麦属种子的形态鉴定

【目的】不实雀麦、硬雀麦、双雄雀麦和旱雀麦因具危害性已被公认为入侵性杂草,其种子(小花)常随进境农产品进入中国,由于外观形态较为接近易引起混肴,需对其进行进一步研究并建立鉴定方法。【方法】使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对4种雀麦小花的小穗轴、基盘、内稃、外稃等外部结构进行形态学观察和比对。【结果】不实雀麦外稃脉纹呈脊状排列;旱雀麦内稃脊具长毛被,小穗轴疤痕面明显塌陷;硬雀麦小穗轴和基盘疤痕明显拉长等宏观特征可用于种间区别。在微形态方面可通过内外稃冠细胞分布密度进行区别。【结论】结合宏观和微形态特征的鉴定方法可用于4种雀麦属杂草种子的快速识别。

托桂型菊花花型和花色性状遗传规律分析

以一个白色非托桂型小菊为父本,两个红色托桂型小菊为母本,设计两个杂交组合,测定了杂交F1的11个花型性状。遗传分析表明,花径、舌状花长、舌状花宽和管状花数均符合无主基因控制的0MG模型;心花直径、舌状花数、管状花长、管状花宽和最深齿裂长均符合由两个加性-显性-上位性效应的主基因控制的2MG-ADI模型,其中管状花长和最深齿裂长的主基因遗传率均约70%,属于高度遗传力。相关性分析表明,托桂型菊花管状花长、管状花宽和最深齿裂长两两之间呈极显著的正相关。根据舌状花的花色值(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*))将F1聚类为5个不同色系,两个杂交组合舌状花花色的香农-威纳指数(H)分别为1.12和1.23,花色变化丰富。此外,测定了亲本及F1共30个不同花色的托桂型菊花管状花内侧表皮和舌状花上表皮的花色值(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)),发现两者的L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)值分别呈极显著正相关;对5个色系共10个托桂型菊花做切片观察,发现管状花内侧与舌状花上表皮、管状花外侧与舌状花下表皮的色素种类相同且细胞形态大小相似,因而花色相近。本研究结果为菊花托桂花型性状的基因定位以及优质托桂型菊花品种的培育提供理论依据。

Differences in Variations of Long-Lived and Short-Lived Summer Heat Waves during 1981-2020 over Eastern China and Their Corresponding Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies

Using daily maximum temperature(Tmax)data from 516 observation stations in eastern China from 1981 to 2020,this study employed a relative threshold method to define short-and long-lived heat waves(HWs)by considering regional climate differences to investigate the spatial characteristics and evolution of large-scale circulation during summer HWs.The results demonstrated spatial disparities in the frequency distribution of HWs of different durations and differences in the magnitude of duration and intensity between short-and long-lived HWs.Empirical orthogonal function analysis revealed three dominant spatial modes for both short-and long-lived HWs.The first mode showed that short-lived HWs occur prominently in both northern and southern regions,whereas long-lived HWs mainly occur in the northern region.The second mode was characterized by a meridional dipole pattern in both cases.The third mode exhibited a quadrupole pattern for short-lived HWs and a tripole pattern for long-lived HWs.Differences in the center locations of anomalies in the 500-hPa geopotential height and 850-hPa wind fields significantly influenced the temperature and precipitation anomaly distribution of typical HWs by affecting the warm column in the lower troposphere,cloud distribution,and moisture transport.Moreover,the atmospheric circulation evolution processes of typical HWs associated with the different modes of long-and short-lived HWs were linked to distinct teleconnection patterns.During the three modes of long-lived(short-lived)HWs,there was stronger(weaker)wave flux activity with multiple(single)propagation paths.Stronger westward Atlantic wave train activity at 300 hPa triggered the synergistic action of meridional and zonal wave fluxes,favoring the strengthening and maintenance of positive anomalies in geopotential height of 500 hPa.This may have contributed to the formation of long-lived HWs.These findings provide valuable insights to enhance our understanding and prediction of summer HWs.

高加索三叶草花蜜腺发育解剖及小花糖分变化研究

【目的】高加索三叶草是优良的蜜源植物,了解其花蜜腺形态特征、组织结构及其发育规律对认识其小花糖分变化规律和合理利用该植物资源具有重要意义。【方法】取5个发育时期的高加索三叶草小花,石蜡切片观察细胞组织结构,毛细管法和生理试剂盒测定花蜜量和糖分含量。【结果】(1)单个小花的花蜜量为(0.394±0.095)μL,每1 m^(2)草地花蜜量为(4536.93±1319.34)μL。(2)蜜腺位于9枚合生雄蕊的花丝内侧基部,为雄蕊蜜腺。蜜腺组织在整个泌蜜过程中淀粉粒分布有明显的动态变化,属于淀粉型蜜腺。(3)可溶性糖含量在盛花期最高,为7.978 mg/g;可溶性糖各组分中果糖占比最大,超过50%,在小花的整个发育过程中呈逐渐下降趋势;淀粉占全糖含量的81%~82%,其中盛花期最高,为35.173 mg/g。【结论】高加索三叶草花蜜腺属于雄蕊蜜腺,由分泌表皮和泌蜜组织构成。原蜜由花托维管束提供,经泌蜜组织加工成蜜汁,后由表皮的气孔泌出。小花的可溶性糖含量在盛花期最高,其中果糖占比最大。

小麦小花两极分化中内源植物激素与糖氮含量的变化特征

以扬麦 158为材料研究了小麦小花发育与退化两极分化过程中可孕花与不孕花的内源植物激素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的变化动态。不孕花在开花前 18天可溶性蛋白质含量即开始迅速下降 ,开花前 14天其鲜重和果聚糖含量也开始出现明显下降 ,表明已进入生理功能衰退期。在两极分化期间可孕花与不孕花在内源植物激素水平上表现出了截然不同的变化动态。可孕花的 ABA和 GA1+3含量随其发育逐步下降 ,IAA含量则稳定地维持在较低的水平上 ,因而其激素之间的比值也极为稳定 ;而不孕花的 IAA含量在开始退化时处在较高的水平上 ,ABA含量则随着小花的退化而逐步上升 ,且 IAA/ABA、 GA/ ABA和 i PA/ ABA的比值在退化开始时均出现大幅度的下降。结果表明 ,不孕花中较高的IAA含量及 IAA/ ABA、GA/ ABA和 i PA/

小麦不同生育时期施氮对穗花发育和产量的影响

在高产条件下 ,研究了春季小麦返青期、起身期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期施氮对小麦穗花发育、光合作用速率及产量因素的影响。结果表明 ,拔节期、孕穗期施氮可延长穗花发育的时间 ,以利穗花的平衡发育 ,减少穗花退化 ,增加穗粒数 ,发育中后期施氮还可提高小麦生育后期的光合速率 ,延长灌浆高峰期的时间 ,显著提高粒重和籽粒产量。

水稻颖花分化与退化的动态特征

研究了田间条件下水稻颖花分化与退化的动态模式及品种、播期和施氮水平的影响。结果表明,按幼穗各类原基数的增长动态,幼穗发育可分为一次枝梗分化期、二次枝梗与颖花同步分化期、颖花退化期3个阶段,可用Logistic方程和线性方程分别描述原基分化和退化随生长度日的变化动态。早播增加了分化颖花数,以大穗型品种尤为显著。高氮水平增加了颖花分化数和退化数。颖花分化数与穗分化期间干物质生产密切相关,不同栽培因子主要是通过影响穗分化期间干物质累积量而改变每穗一次枝梗分化数,进而影响二次枝梗分化数乃至颖花分化数。

小麦穗粒数形成的基因型差异及增粒途径分析

以 2 7个穗粒性状不同的小麦品种为材料 ,对小麦穗粒数形成过程中的各构成因素进行了相关、通径和聚类分析。结果表明 :不同穗粒性状基因型在分化小穗数、结实小穗数、分化小花数和可孕小花数上均有明显差异。特大穗型小麦的小花分化速率最快 ,分化持续时间最短。穗粒数对小麦产量提高的贡献最大 ,穗粒数与千粒重之间不存在负相关。在穗粒数各构成因素中 ,分化小穗数、结实小穗数、分化小花数、可孕小花数和小花结实率与穗粒数均呈极显著正相关 ,其中小花结实率的作用较大 ,直接通径系数高达 0 .82 2 5。在南京生态条件下 ,小花分化速率与分化小花数、可孕小花数和穗粒数呈显著正相关 ,但小花分化持续时间与分化小花数和穗粒数的相关均不显著。因此 。

不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异

确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提。本文通过对冬、春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出 ,较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素。不同播期、品种之间 ,小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势。中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关。体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主 ,而冬、春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上。第 2小花位的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力。结果表明 ,促进中部优势小穗 (第 5～ 15小穗 )结实和第 1～