Rebound effect and its decomposition-an analysis based on energy types in China

Rebound effect derived from energy efficiency improvement has been widely invested.However,most of studies focus on the rebound effect of the energy composite level and neither distinguish nor compare different energy types.We compare the differences in energy saving and energy rebound between primary and secondary energy sources,and further decompose the rebound effect into production rebound part and final demand component.To do so,we add a module for rebound into a comparative state China-CGE model.We design and test two simulation scenarios using the model.In Scenario 1,all production sectors' energy efficiency of using primary energy increases by 5%.In Scenario 2,all production sectors' energy efficiency of using secondary energy increases by 5%.The results show that Scenario 2 leads to more GDP growth and more energy saving.Our scenarios show rebound effects range between 9.6% and 27.9%,and in general are higher when energy efficiency of using primary energy sources is improved.Our decomposition analysis shows that improving energy efficiency in production sectors would stimulates energy use of final demand.Indeed,the consumption side has significant contribution to rebound in secondary energy use,especially in crude oil and gas.This study reveals that improving efficiency of using secondary energy is better than improving that of primary energy,both in terms of economic impact and energy rebound.And complementary policies that prevent energy services prices from falling too much can be adopted to reduce rebound.Controlling residential energy use could also be effective in reducing rebound,this has particular implication to economies in which residential energy consumption are far from saturation.

Tumor-feeding artery diameter reduction is associated with improved short-term effect of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib treatment

BACKGROUND Recently,hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)plus lenvatinib has been frequently used to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(uHCC)in China.In the clinic,the hepatic arteries of some patients shrink significantly during this treatment,leading to improved short-term efficacy.AIM To investigate the relationship between the shrinkage of hepatic arteries and the short-term effect of HAIC plus lenvatinib treatment.METHODS Sixty-seven participants with uHCC were enrolled in this retrospective study.The patients received HAIC every 3 wk,followed by oral lenvatinib after the first HAIC course.Hepatic artery diameters were measured on CT before treatment and after 1 and 2 mo of treatment.Meanwhile,the changes in tumor capillaries were also examined on pathological specimens before and after 1 mo of treatment.The antitumor response after 1,3,and 6 mo of treatment was assessed using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST).The relationship between the changes in vessel diameters and the short-term effect of the combination treatment was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses.RESULTS The hepatic artery diameters were all significantly decreased after 1 and 2 mo of treatment(P<0.001),but there was no difference in the vessel diameters between 1 and 2 mo(P>0.05).The microvessel density in the tumor lesions decreased significantly after 1 mo of combination treatment(P<0.001).According to mRECIST,46,41,and 24 patients had complete or partial responses after 1,3,and 6 mo of treatment,respectively,whereas 21,21,and 32 patients had a stable or progressive disease at these times,respectively.Shrinkage of the tumor-feeding artery was significantly associated with the tumor response after 1,3,and 6 mo of treatment(P<0.001,P=0.004,and P=0.023,respectively);however,changes in other hepatic arteries were not significantly associated with the tumor response.Furthermore,shrinkage of the tumor-feeding artery was an independent factor for treatment efficacy(P=0.001,P=0.001,and P=0.002 and 1,3,and 6 mo,respectively).CONCLUSION The hepatic arteries shrank rapidly after treatment with HAIC plus lenvatinib,and shrinkage of the tumor-feeding artery diameter was closely related to improved short-term efficacy.

The Impact of Meteorological Factors on the Short-term Cumulative Effect of Air Particulate in Tianjin

In order to reveal the rapid increase mechanism of particulate concentration in short time,a notion of short-term cumulative effect of air particulate is defined as the significant increase of pollutant concentration in a short time under the condition of breeze,stable weather and constant emission caused by human being's activities. Subsequently,an index of short-term cumulative effect is established with air diffusive equation,and then the macro-scale meteorological situation and micro-scale factors of forming the short-term cumulative effect are discussed with the observation data. The macro-scale meteorological variables contain upper-level weather situations and surface weather situations. The micro-scale factors mainly include the boundary-layer height and boundary-layer stability. The analyses show that boundary-layer factors and weather variables have a significant influence on the short-term cumulative effect. The notion of short-term cumulative effect will play an important role in interpreting the severe pollution weather.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅱ.Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Gill

Alterations in the respiratory epithelium of gills of a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis by the sublethal and lethal concentrations of HgCl2 have been observcd using scanning electron microscope. Fish exposed to 0.1 ppm shows a thin coat ot mucus, but the continuous layer of mucus is not retained in 0.3 ppm after 24 h of exposure. Epithelial cells of the gill filament are hyperplastic. Other changcs in the respiratory epithelium are contraction of epithelium, formation of interlamellar bridge and diminishing number of microridges. Massive destruction of the respiratory epithelium by deep lesions and sloughing of epithelial layer in 0.5 and 1.0 ppm solutions after 6-12 h of exposure apparently causes death to the fish. SEM observations are well in conformity with the findings made at light microscopic level

Short-term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in a Heavily Polluted Chinese City

Since the London fog in 1952, numerous epidemioLogical studies have revealed that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with the development of diseases[1]. Up to date, the assessment of air quality on health and air quality standard establishment in developing countries were mainly relied on extrapolation based on the results from long-term cohort studies conducted in Europe and North America.

The rebound effect of dematerialization and decoupling:a case of energy efficiency

The two essential terms in environmental sciences-dematerialization and decoupling-have always been controversial. This study aims to trace the evolution path on the methodologies, the evidences and the policies, and to reflect on the implications of the development. We specifically present several classical definitions so as to summarize the similarities and differences thereinafter. Several commonly used methodologies, which are employed for evaluating the levels of dematerialization and decoupling, are discussed. As expected, the empirical evidences rarely support the absolute dematerialization and decoupling, which challenge the relevant policies implemented worldwide. In this context, the rebound effect, which is regarded as the main obstacle, is necessary to be examined in the various sectors and areas. However, the results of the rebound levels are far from unanimous. This article has a further discussion on the possible direction for the inconclusive debate in a broader perspective.

Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effect:Does Energy Efficiency Save Energy?

The aim of this study is to examine the theoric and empirical literature about “rebound effect”. This study summarizes energy efficiency policy and programs in general and in Turkey. Also it gives defination of the “rebound effect” concept. The rebound effect is related to consumer’s tendency to consume more energy due to economic benefit from efficiency improvement. The ‘rebound effect’ is the focus of a long-running dispute of energy economics but it is very new concept in the most developing countries. In literature according to some economist gains in energy efficiency will also reduce the real per unit price of energy services and hence the consumption of energy will rise and partially offset the initial reduction in the usage of energy sources. However for others size of the rebound effect is too small to take attention. The empirical literature shows that the size of rebound effect can change from country to country and sector to sector.

Clinical Observation on the Improved Short-Term Effects of Anti-Tumor Purified Chinese Medicine Injection Ai-Jing for 138 Cases with Malignant Tumors

The subjects of this study were to observe the improved short-term effects of anti-tumor purified Chinese medicine injection Ai-Jing for 138 cases with malignant tumors. This was a multi-center clinical study, and a total of 138 patients included 96 males and 42 females, with the age from 60 to 76 years. Ai-Jing has obtained the Chinese invention patent since 2008 (ZL991-03528.3). A novel technique acupoint injection method was adopted. Except for lung cancer, patients with other malignant tumors were injected once every other day, 2 ml each time. A course of treatment needs 6 Ai-Jing injections, lung cancer patients need 10 - 20 Ai-Jing injections. At the same time, patients were treated with traditional medicine decoction. Due to the limited number of cases, cure rate, recovery rate and remission rate were calculated as a whole, respectively 18.12%, 44.20% and 32.15%. All the invalid patients were lung cancer, accounting for 16.67% of the patients treated with lung cancer, and the total treatment inefficiency was 6.52%. Conclusion: Chinese Medicine Injection Ai-Jing extracts the effective components of anti-cancer and tumorigenesis, and has the effects of anti-cancer and tumorigenesis, anti-inflam-matory and analgesic, and repairing body damage, with small toxic and side effects and low cost.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅰ.Light Microscopic Study of the Gill

Histopathological effects of sublethal (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ppm) and lethal (0.5, 1.0 ppm)solutions of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) have been studied on the gills of the air breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis at the intervals ranging from 6h to 15 days. Thickening of the epithelium, swelling and hyperplasia of the mucous cells, fusion of secondary lamellae, formation of interlamellar bridge and deposition of mucous over the entire surface are some noteworthy features of mercury poisoning in sublethal concentrations. Acute pathological manifestations are formation of subepithelial space, sloughing of the epithelial layer, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of the mucous cells. Causes and impact of these cellular alterations affecting survival of the fish have been discussed

A comparison of the short-term effects of fixed platform versus rotating high-fiexion prosthesis for the patients with osteoarthrities of knee

Objective To compare the preliminary clinical outcome between fixed platform and rotating high-flexion prosthesis following total knee replacement(TKR).Methods Form January 2007 to December 2009,68 patients with osteoarthritis of

Short-term effect of rehabilitation training on children with neuropathic acontractile sphincter incontinence

Objective To evaluate the short-term effect of pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation training under the guidance of doctors on children with neuropathic acontractile sphincter incontinence ( NASI) . Methods Sixty-eighty children ( aged 4 - 12 mean,7) years with NASI

Control study of short-term curative effect of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty using metal-on-metal large-diameter femoral head for the elderly patients with femoral neck fractures

Objective To discuss the postoperative curative effects of two surgical techniques of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty (THA) using metal-on-metal largediameter and conventional diameter femoral head for the elderly patients

新能源回弹效应的理论逻辑、生成机理及规制取向

能源技术变革与能源效率的提升,既促进了新能源产品的推广与应用,也引致了新能源回弹效应。通过阐释新能源回弹效应的理论逻辑和生成机理,进而探讨该效应的规制取向。研究结果表明:在短期内,新能源及其产品的生产与消费可能呈现明显的回弹效应;在新能源政策的制定及其相关制度安排中,应审慎考虑新能源回弹效应的制约,建议完善新能源政策设计机制、优化新能源政策工具组合、扩大新能源消费节能减排效应。

数字经济、要素作用转变与城市碳排放——基于调节效应和门槛效应的检验

利用我国280个地级及以上城市的面板数据,基于要素作用转变视角系统探究数字经济对碳排放的影响及作用机制,通过构建调节效应模型,分别实证检验了数字经济对人口、经济和技术三种主要碳排放要素的调节作用,并进一步考察了SFA测算方法下技术进步在数字化驱动减排过程中的门槛异质效应。研究发现:数字经济与碳排放之间存在显著的倒U型关系;数字经济对碳减排的影响具有边际报酬递减的后发劣势,非特大城市以及三、四、五线城市将是未来数字化驱动减排的难点和痛点;城市数字经济的发展能明显改善传统经济要素、人口要素与碳排放之间的正相关关系,但却引发了技术要素的回弹效应;技术水平在数字经济减排效应中发挥着“双门槛”作用。因此,应加快能源结构转型,推进城市群和智慧城市建设,强化产业数字化转型和数字人才培育,积极推广碳交易制度,助力“双碳”目标实现。

新疆生产建设兵团农业碳排放回弹效应研究

碳排放回弹效应能够反应地区低碳减排效果。本研究基于2007-2020年间新疆生产建设兵团农业面板数据,测算由农业技术进步引起的农业碳排放回弹效应,并通过LMDI指数分析模型对农业碳排放回弹量进行影响因素分解。结果表明:1)兵团各师市农业碳排放总量峰值出现在2015年,碳排放总量变化呈现整体上升趋势;2)兵团各师市普遍存在农业碳排放回弹效应且地区差距较大,个别师市存在“回火效应”,技术减碳效果仍有提升空间;3)对兵团农业碳排放回弹量LMDI分解发现溢出效应和技术效应对农业碳排放回弹效应存在抑制作用,单产效应和面积效应对农业碳排放回弹效应存在正向驱动作用。基于此,建议兵团继续进行技术研发以增加农业要素生产效率,减少农业碳排放面积回弹效应和单产回弹效应并加快农业绿色发展。

Analysis of Characteristics of a Heavy Rainstorm Process in Nanchang City on July 7,2020

Based on the conventional observation data,dual polarization radar data and NCEP reanalysis data,the large-scale circulation background field,mesoscale conditions and formation causes of a heavy rainstorm in Nanchang on July 7,2020 were studied.It was found that this heavy rainstorm occurred under the weather background of the confrontation between the northward air flow behind the trough and the strong southwest warm and humid air flow to the northwest of the subtropical high.The divergence at the upper level,the shear in the middle and low levels,the southward movement of cold air at the low level,unusually abundant water vapor and high unstable energy caused the heavy rainstorm weather.In this process,under the influence of continuous eastward movement of several strong echo cells,an obvious"train effect"was formed in Nanchang,so that the local rainfall was continuous and intense.Moreover,the average of VIL was about 17 kg/m 2,and its variation characteristics were consistent with the variation trend of 5-min rainfall intensity,which had a certain indicator effect on short-term heavy precipitation.The topography of the Meiling Mountain in the west of Nanchang had a great influence on the formation and precipitation distribution of the heavy rain process.There was a strong rainstorm center near the mountain,and the precipitation was obviously larger than that in the plain area.

区域创新能力对绿色发展效率的影响

在当前倡导低碳发展、高质量发展的背景下,探究区域创新能力对经济效益和环境效益的影响具有重要意义。文章主要从经济增长效应、资源与环境效应、结构优化效应和回弹效应的角度出发,提出其相互之间线性与非线性关系假设。同时,采用双向固定面板模型、系统GMM模型以及中介效应模型,实证2006—2020年间我国区域创新能力对绿色发展效率的影响,并进行内生性检验、稳健性检验、机制检验以及异质性检验等。实证研究表明,区域创新能力对绿色发展效率呈现出显著的非线性影响和先抑制后促进的“U”型变化。当重视绿色创新且创新效率提高时,区域创新能力对绿色发展效率显示出显著的促进作用;创新的增长效率对绿色发展效率具有“遮掩效应”,同时区域创新能力会通过资源和环境效益、结构优化效益促进绿色发展效率;从区域异质性来看,我国东部和西部地区的区域创新能力对绿色发展效率仍然呈现出显著的“U”型变化关系,而其在中部地区的影响并不明显。

中国家庭资源消费的二氧化碳反弹效应研究——基于“水-能源-粮食”系统视角

二氧化碳反弹效应是造成碳排放效率改进与碳排放量增长“相伴而行”的深层原因。为了进一步释放我国家庭资源消费的节能减排潜力,本文在探究家庭“水-能源-粮食”系统二氧化碳反弹效应(CRE)产生机制的基础上,首先利用IPCC碳排放系数法分别核算2015—2020年我国30个省份(自治区、直辖市)家庭用水消费、家庭能源消费、家庭粮食消费的二氧化碳排放量,然后再运用可变系数面板数据模型估算家庭“水-能源-粮食”系统的二氧化碳反弹效应,并且还分析了影响二氧化碳反弹效应的主要因素。研究结果表明:1)2015—2020年我国家庭“水-能源-粮食”系统的二氧化碳排放量在30个省份之间呈现出了异质性特征。具体而言,2015—2020年我国各省份家庭用水消费的二氧化碳排放量整体变化比较平稳,基本处于稳定状态;家庭能源消费的二氧化碳排放量整体呈现出了上升趋势;家庭粮食消费的二氧化碳排放量在大多省份呈现出了持平状态或者下降趋势。2)2015—2020年我国各省份家庭“水-能源-粮食”系统的二氧化碳反弹效应类型有回火效应、部分反弹效应、超级节能效应3种,其中家庭用水消费的二氧化碳反弹效应的主要类型为部分反弹效应和超级节能效应,家庭能源消费的二氧化碳反弹效应的主要类型为部分反弹效应,家庭粮食消费的二氧化碳反弹效应的主要类型为超级节能效应。3)家庭人均可支配收入和家庭规模是影响我国各省份家庭“水-能源-粮食”系统二氧化碳反弹效应的主要因素。我国各省份家庭人均可支配收入水平与家庭用水消费二氧化碳反弹效应的变化趋势较为一致,而家庭规模则与家庭能源消费二氧化碳反弹效应的变化趋势比较一致。

农业能源碳排放回弹效应:时空演变及影响机制——基于农业技术进步视角

理清农业技术进步与能源碳排放回弹效应之间的关系,有助于加快中国农业绿色发展、实现“双碳”目标。基于2011—2020年的中国省际面板数据,在构建农业能源碳排放回弹效应模型的基础上,使用系统GMM模型检验农业技术进步对农业能源碳排放回弹效应的影响机制。结果表明:2012—2020年,中国农业能源碳排放回弹效应为0.9661,总体呈现部分回弹效应;当年处于部分回弹效应的省份,一至两年后转为回火效应;处于过度储存效应的省份,一至两年后呈现弱回弹效应或回火效应;不同区域农业能源碳排放回弹效应呈现下降、差异缩小的态势;农业技术进步通过提高农业能源效率、扩大农户种植规模和促进种植结构“经济化”,引致农业能源碳排放回弹效应。

Variation in Short-term Temperature Fluctuations Across China During the Past 60 Years

Short-term temperature fluctuations(STFs),including amplitude and frequency fluctuations,are one of the main features of weather and play vital roles in determining the type of ecosystem present.Although temperature fluctuations at different time scales have been extensively discussed,the research on week-scale STFs is lacking.In this study,we developed a method,that can quantify the amplitude and frequency of STFs by the thresholds from all years.We used this method to quantify the amplitude and frequency of the 7-d STFs from 1951 to 2019 across China.Our results indicate that the amplitude of the STF was much higher in the eastern part of China than in the western part,while the frequency of the STF was higher in the middle part than in the southern and northern parts;further-more,the STF was highly dependent on internal factors such as topography.The long-term STF mainly showed a decreasing trend before 1990,which implies that temperature became increasingly stable from the 1950s to the 1990s.The main influencing factors were related to topography since the trends were relatively consistent in space.A case study in Taihu Lake showed that an unstable STF in winter and summer resulted in a smaller bloom area in the following spring and autumn.Our method could eliminate seasonal effects and is capable of analyzing STFs at scales ranging from days to years.Quantifications of the amplitude and frequency also make the STF indicators more comprehensive.Furthermore,the STF increased significantly across most of China after 1990,which implies that temperature is becoming increasingly unstable.The drivers of these STFs are related to human impacts since the trends are different in space.