Rebound effect and its decomposition-an analysis based on energy types in China

Rebound effect derived from energy efficiency improvement has been widely invested.However,most of studies focus on the rebound effect of the energy composite level and neither distinguish nor compare different energy types.We compare the differences in energy saving and energy rebound between primary and secondary energy sources,and further decompose the rebound effect into production rebound part and final demand component.To do so,we add a module for rebound into a comparative state China-CGE model.We design and test two simulation scenarios using the model.In Scenario 1,all production sectors' energy efficiency of using primary energy increases by 5%.In Scenario 2,all production sectors' energy efficiency of using secondary energy increases by 5%.The results show that Scenario 2 leads to more GDP growth and more energy saving.Our scenarios show rebound effects range between 9.6% and 27.9%,and in general are higher when energy efficiency of using primary energy sources is improved.Our decomposition analysis shows that improving energy efficiency in production sectors would stimulates energy use of final demand.Indeed,the consumption side has significant contribution to rebound in secondary energy use,especially in crude oil and gas.This study reveals that improving efficiency of using secondary energy is better than improving that of primary energy,both in terms of economic impact and energy rebound.And complementary policies that prevent energy services prices from falling too much can be adopted to reduce rebound.Controlling residential energy use could also be effective in reducing rebound,this has particular implication to economies in which residential energy consumption are far from saturation.

Tumor-feeding artery diameter reduction is associated with improved short-term effect of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib treatment

BACKGROUND Recently,hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)plus lenvatinib has been frequently used to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(uHCC)in China.In the clinic,the hepatic arteries of some patients shrink significantly during this treatment,leading to improved short-term efficacy.AIM To investigate the relationship between the shrinkage of hepatic arteries and the short-term effect of HAIC plus lenvatinib treatment.METHODS Sixty-seven participants with uHCC were enrolled in this retrospective study.The patients received HAIC every 3 wk,followed by oral lenvatinib after the first HAIC course.Hepatic artery diameters were measured on CT before treatment and after 1 and 2 mo of treatment.Meanwhile,the changes in tumor capillaries were also examined on pathological specimens before and after 1 mo of treatment.The antitumor response after 1,3,and 6 mo of treatment was assessed using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST).The relationship between the changes in vessel diameters and the short-term effect of the combination treatment was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses.RESULTS The hepatic artery diameters were all significantly decreased after 1 and 2 mo of treatment(P<0.001),but there was no difference in the vessel diameters between 1 and 2 mo(P>0.05).The microvessel density in the tumor lesions decreased significantly after 1 mo of combination treatment(P<0.001).According to mRECIST,46,41,and 24 patients had complete or partial responses after 1,3,and 6 mo of treatment,respectively,whereas 21,21,and 32 patients had a stable or progressive disease at these times,respectively.Shrinkage of the tumor-feeding artery was significantly associated with the tumor response after 1,3,and 6 mo of treatment(P<0.001,P=0.004,and P=0.023,respectively);however,changes in other hepatic arteries were not significantly associated with the tumor response.Furthermore,shrinkage of the tumor-feeding artery was an independent factor for treatment efficacy(P=0.001,P=0.001,and P=0.002 and 1,3,and 6 mo,respectively).CONCLUSION The hepatic arteries shrank rapidly after treatment with HAIC plus lenvatinib,and shrinkage of the tumor-feeding artery diameter was closely related to improved short-term efficacy.

The Impact of Meteorological Factors on the Short-term Cumulative Effect of Air Particulate in Tianjin

In order to reveal the rapid increase mechanism of particulate concentration in short time,a notion of short-term cumulative effect of air particulate is defined as the significant increase of pollutant concentration in a short time under the condition of breeze,stable weather and constant emission caused by human being's activities. Subsequently,an index of short-term cumulative effect is established with air diffusive equation,and then the macro-scale meteorological situation and micro-scale factors of forming the short-term cumulative effect are discussed with the observation data. The macro-scale meteorological variables contain upper-level weather situations and surface weather situations. The micro-scale factors mainly include the boundary-layer height and boundary-layer stability. The analyses show that boundary-layer factors and weather variables have a significant influence on the short-term cumulative effect. The notion of short-term cumulative effect will play an important role in interpreting the severe pollution weather.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅱ.Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Gill

Alterations in the respiratory epithelium of gills of a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis by the sublethal and lethal concentrations of HgCl2 have been observcd using scanning electron microscope. Fish exposed to 0.1 ppm shows a thin coat ot mucus, but the continuous layer of mucus is not retained in 0.3 ppm after 24 h of exposure. Epithelial cells of the gill filament are hyperplastic. Other changcs in the respiratory epithelium are contraction of epithelium, formation of interlamellar bridge and diminishing number of microridges. Massive destruction of the respiratory epithelium by deep lesions and sloughing of epithelial layer in 0.5 and 1.0 ppm solutions after 6-12 h of exposure apparently causes death to the fish. SEM observations are well in conformity with the findings made at light microscopic level

Short-term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in a Heavily Polluted Chinese City

Since the London fog in 1952, numerous epidemioLogical studies have revealed that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with the development of diseases[1]. Up to date, the assessment of air quality on health and air quality standard establishment in developing countries were mainly relied on extrapolation based on the results from long-term cohort studies conducted in Europe and North America.

The rebound effect of dematerialization and decoupling:a case of energy efficiency

The two essential terms in environmental sciences-dematerialization and decoupling-have always been controversial. This study aims to trace the evolution path on the methodologies, the evidences and the policies, and to reflect on the implications of the development. We specifically present several classical definitions so as to summarize the similarities and differences thereinafter. Several commonly used methodologies, which are employed for evaluating the levels of dematerialization and decoupling, are discussed. As expected, the empirical evidences rarely support the absolute dematerialization and decoupling, which challenge the relevant policies implemented worldwide. In this context, the rebound effect, which is regarded as the main obstacle, is necessary to be examined in the various sectors and areas. However, the results of the rebound levels are far from unanimous. This article has a further discussion on the possible direction for the inconclusive debate in a broader perspective.

Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effect:Does Energy Efficiency Save Energy?

The aim of this study is to examine the theoric and empirical literature about “rebound effect”. This study summarizes energy efficiency policy and programs in general and in Turkey. Also it gives defination of the “rebound effect” concept. The rebound effect is related to consumer’s tendency to consume more energy due to economic benefit from efficiency improvement. The ‘rebound effect’ is the focus of a long-running dispute of energy economics but it is very new concept in the most developing countries. In literature according to some economist gains in energy efficiency will also reduce the real per unit price of energy services and hence the consumption of energy will rise and partially offset the initial reduction in the usage of energy sources. However for others size of the rebound effect is too small to take attention. The empirical literature shows that the size of rebound effect can change from country to country and sector to sector.

Clinical Observation on the Improved Short-Term Effects of Anti-Tumor Purified Chinese Medicine Injection Ai-Jing for 138 Cases with Malignant Tumors

The subjects of this study were to observe the improved short-term effects of anti-tumor purified Chinese medicine injection Ai-Jing for 138 cases with malignant tumors. This was a multi-center clinical study, and a total of 138 patients included 96 males and 42 females, with the age from 60 to 76 years. Ai-Jing has obtained the Chinese invention patent since 2008 (ZL991-03528.3). A novel technique acupoint injection method was adopted. Except for lung cancer, patients with other malignant tumors were injected once every other day, 2 ml each time. A course of treatment needs 6 Ai-Jing injections, lung cancer patients need 10 - 20 Ai-Jing injections. At the same time, patients were treated with traditional medicine decoction. Due to the limited number of cases, cure rate, recovery rate and remission rate were calculated as a whole, respectively 18.12%, 44.20% and 32.15%. All the invalid patients were lung cancer, accounting for 16.67% of the patients treated with lung cancer, and the total treatment inefficiency was 6.52%. Conclusion: Chinese Medicine Injection Ai-Jing extracts the effective components of anti-cancer and tumorigenesis, and has the effects of anti-cancer and tumorigenesis, anti-inflam-matory and analgesic, and repairing body damage, with small toxic and side effects and low cost.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅰ.Light Microscopic Study of the Gill

Histopathological effects of sublethal (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ppm) and lethal (0.5, 1.0 ppm)solutions of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) have been studied on the gills of the air breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis at the intervals ranging from 6h to 15 days. Thickening of the epithelium, swelling and hyperplasia of the mucous cells, fusion of secondary lamellae, formation of interlamellar bridge and deposition of mucous over the entire surface are some noteworthy features of mercury poisoning in sublethal concentrations. Acute pathological manifestations are formation of subepithelial space, sloughing of the epithelial layer, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of the mucous cells. Causes and impact of these cellular alterations affecting survival of the fish have been discussed

A comparison of the short-term effects of fixed platform versus rotating high-fiexion prosthesis for the patients with osteoarthrities of knee

Objective To compare the preliminary clinical outcome between fixed platform and rotating high-flexion prosthesis following total knee replacement(TKR).Methods Form January 2007 to December 2009,68 patients with osteoarthritis of

Short-term effect of rehabilitation training on children with neuropathic acontractile sphincter incontinence

Objective To evaluate the short-term effect of pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation training under the guidance of doctors on children with neuropathic acontractile sphincter incontinence ( NASI) . Methods Sixty-eighty children ( aged 4 - 12 mean,7) years with NASI

Control study of short-term curative effect of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty using metal-on-metal large-diameter femoral head for the elderly patients with femoral neck fractures

Objective To discuss the postoperative curative effects of two surgical techniques of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty (THA) using metal-on-metal largediameter and conventional diameter femoral head for the elderly patients

Analysis of Short-term Heavy Precipitations in a Regional Heavy Rainstorm in Shannxi Province

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the cause of the generation of short-term heavy precipitations in a regional heavy rainstorm in Shannxi Province. [Method] Taking a heavy rainstorm covering most parts of Shaanxi Province in late July 2010 as an example, data of five Doppler weather radars in Shaanxi Province were employed for a detailed analysis of the evolution of the heavy rainstorm pro- cess. [Result] Besides the good large-scale weather background conditions, the de- velopment and evolution of some mesoscale and small-scale weather systems direct- ly led to short-term heavy precipitations during the heavy rainstorm process, involv- ing the intrusion of moderate IS-scale weak cold air and presence of small-scale wind shear, convergence and adverse wind area. In addition, small-scale convection echoes were arranged in lines and formed a ＂train effect＂, which would also con- tribute to the generation of short-term heavy precipitation. [Conclusion] This study provided basic information for more clear and in-depth analysis of the formation mechanism of short-term heavy precipitations.

Investigation of the short-term stress distribution in stopes and drifts backfilled with cemented paste backfill

Cemented paste backfill(CPB) is largely used in underground mines worldwide.A key issue associated with application of CPB is to estimate the stresses in backfilled stopes and on barricades.Recent numerical and experimental results show that arching effect is absent shortly after the placement of CPB in stopes.However,stress decreases in barricade drift with increasing distance between the measurement points and drawpoint have also been observed,demonstrating arching effect shortly after the pouring of CPB.To explain these paradoxes,CPB is considered as Bingham fluid having a yield shear stress.Three dimensional analytical solutions are proposed to evaluate the short-term total stresses in backfilled stopes and on barricades,accounting for the CPB's yield shear stress-induced arching effect.Stress diminution due to such arching effect in the backfilled stopes and on barricades is indeed obtained.But the reduction becomes insignificant using typical yield shear stress and stope geometry.More analyses indicate that the typical yield shear stress values do not fully correspond to field conditions where the yield shear stress would increase exponentially due to apparent consolidation(loss of water by drainage,a phenomenon similar to the desiccation of overly saturated fine-grained materials).

Variation in Short-term Temperature Fluctuations Across China During the Past 60 Years

Short-term temperature fluctuations(STFs),including amplitude and frequency fluctuations,are one of the main features of weather and play vital roles in determining the type of ecosystem present.Although temperature fluctuations at different time scales have been extensively discussed,the research on week-scale STFs is lacking.In this study,we developed a method,that can quantify the amplitude and frequency of STFs by the thresholds from all years.We used this method to quantify the amplitude and frequency of the 7-d STFs from 1951 to 2019 across China.Our results indicate that the amplitude of the STF was much higher in the eastern part of China than in the western part,while the frequency of the STF was higher in the middle part than in the southern and northern parts;further-more,the STF was highly dependent on internal factors such as topography.The long-term STF mainly showed a decreasing trend before 1990,which implies that temperature became increasingly stable from the 1950s to the 1990s.The main influencing factors were related to topography since the trends were relatively consistent in space.A case study in Taihu Lake showed that an unstable STF in winter and summer resulted in a smaller bloom area in the following spring and autumn.Our method could eliminate seasonal effects and is capable of analyzing STFs at scales ranging from days to years.Quantifications of the amplitude and frequency also make the STF indicators more comprehensive.Furthermore,the STF increased significantly across most of China after 1990,which implies that temperature is becoming increasingly unstable.The drivers of these STFs are related to human impacts since the trends are different in space.

农业碳排放回弹及机制分析———基于农业技术进步的视角

新发展格局下,探究农业碳排放回弹效应及其影响机制对减排政策制定意义重大。利用1990—2020年中国29个省份的面板数据,采用非期望产出超效率SBM模型、GML指数分解、空间动态面板系统GMM模型,分析技术进步引致的碳排放回弹效应及其影响机制。研究发现:中国农业碳排放存在“部分回弹效应”,回弹效应均值约为0.88,表明技术进步带来的减排作用,会被回弹效应部分抵消。时间维度上,大部分年份表现出“回火效应”,表明在这些年份,技术进步反而致使农业碳排放总量增加;空间维度上,东北地区的碳排放回弹效应最大,且存在“回火效应”,西部地区回弹效应最小。机制分析发现,农业技术进步确实导致了农业碳排放回弹效应。农业技术进步通过提升农业碳排放效率直接引致回弹效应,通过促进农地经营规模扩大间接加剧回弹效应。

新能源回弹效应的理论逻辑、生成机理及规制取向

能源技术变革与能源效率的提升,既促进了新能源产品的推广与应用,也引致了新能源回弹效应。通过阐释新能源回弹效应的理论逻辑和生成机理,进而探讨该效应的规制取向。研究结果表明:在短期内,新能源及其产品的生产与消费可能呈现明显的回弹效应;在新能源政策的制定及其相关制度安排中,应审慎考虑新能源回弹效应的制约,建议完善新能源政策设计机制、优化新能源政策工具组合、扩大新能源消费节能减排效应。

数字经济、要素作用转变与城市碳排放——基于调节效应和门槛效应的检验

利用我国280个地级及以上城市的面板数据,基于要素作用转变视角系统探究数字经济对碳排放的影响及作用机制,通过构建调节效应模型,分别实证检验了数字经济对人口、经济和技术三种主要碳排放要素的调节作用,并进一步考察了SFA测算方法下技术进步在数字化驱动减排过程中的门槛异质效应。研究发现:数字经济与碳排放之间存在显著的倒U型关系;数字经济对碳减排的影响具有边际报酬递减的后发劣势,非特大城市以及三、四、五线城市将是未来数字化驱动减排的难点和痛点;城市数字经济的发展能明显改善传统经济要素、人口要素与碳排放之间的正相关关系,但却引发了技术要素的回弹效应;技术水平在数字经济减排效应中发挥着“双门槛”作用。因此,应加快能源结构转型,推进城市群和智慧城市建设,强化产业数字化转型和数字人才培育,积极推广碳交易制度,助力“双碳”目标实现。

碳排放“回弹效应”是否存在?——基于数字金融发展视角的机制研究

数字金融是近年来的金融新业态,其发展对实现碳中和、碳达峰具有重要意义。研究发现,数字金融的规模效应、结构效应、技术效应和政策效应均会对碳排放产生不同影响;数字金融发展显著降低碳排放,同时会引发碳排放回弹效应,而异质性分析表明,第三产业的碳排放回弹效应并不明显。进一步使用调节效应模型探究回弹效应的影响机制,发现经济规模的增长会部分抵消数字金融的减碳效果,而绿色技术进步和环保政策实施会加强数字金融的减碳效果,产业结构的变化对碳排放的影响则存在异质性。因此,为实现碳达峰、碳中和目标,需要协调经济增长和产业结构之间的关系,加强绿色技术研发投入,统筹制订科学合理的环境政策。

中国粮食生产用水绿色效率与回弹效应研究——基于三阶段超效率SBM-Malmquist模型

提高粮食生产用水绿色效率是降低农业用水规模、实现农业绿色发展的有效途径之一。基于中国31个省(市、自治区)2010—2020年面板数据,以粮食生产水足迹作为投入指标,粮食生产灰水足迹作为非期望产出,采用三阶段超效率SBM-Malmquist指数模型,对中国粮食生产用水绿色效率进行评价,在此基础上,测算技术进步条件下粮食生产用水的回弹效应。结果表明:(1)种植结构、灌溉技术和氮肥施用量等因素对粮食生产用水效率影响显著;不同粮食生产水足迹、灰水足迹存在显著差异;灰水足迹平均增长速度排名为:中部>东部>西部。(2)外部环境对中国粮食生产用水绿色效率具有显著影响;剔除环境因素后,综合技术效率均值下降0.147,纯技术效率均值和规模效率均值分别下降0.018、0.250;粮食生产用水全要素生产率整体处于优化阶段,其主要依赖于技术进步变化。(3)技术作为提高农业水资源利用效率的主导因素,很大程度上影响了中国粮食生产用水回弹效应的变化节奏。除东部地区2017年粮食生产用水未产生回弹效应外,其他年份均存在回弹效应,农业节水技术地区发展不平衡特征明显。建议加强农业水资源管理,深挖用水效率提升潜力,优化粮食生产要素投入结构,推动节水技术推广与应用,从而减轻水环境污染,实现农业绿色可持续发展。