Text Difficulty,Working Memory Capacity and Mind Wandering During Chinese EFL Learners’Reading

This experimental study investigated how text difficulty and different working memory capacity(WMC)affected Chinese EFL learners’reading comprehension and their tendency to engage in task-unrelated thoughts,that is,mind wandering(MW),in the course of reading.Sixty first-year university non-English majors participated in the study.A two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(text difficulty:difficult and simple)×2(WMC:high/large and low/small)was employed.Results revealed that 1)the main and interaction effects of WMC and text difficulty on voluntary MW were significant,whereas those on involuntary MW were not;2)while reading the easy texts,the involuntary MW of high-WMC individuals was less frequent than that of low-WMC ones,whereas while reading the difficult ones,the direct relationship between WMC and involuntary MW was not found;and that 3)high-WMC individuals had a lower overall rate of MW and better reading performance than low-WMC individuals did,but with increasing text difficulty,their rates of overall MW and voluntary MW were getting higher and higher,and the reading performance was getting lower and lower.These results lend support to WM theory and have pedagogical implications for the instruction of L2 reading.

Influence of Working Memory Capacity on the Frequency of Self-Repairs

This article explored the influence of working memory capacity on the frequency of self-repairs.The narrative task and listening span task were used.Twenty post-graduate students participated in this study.Overall,the results of this study illustrated that the working memory is a factor of self-repairs.Speakers who have higher working memory capacity produce lesser self-repairs.This finding provides teachers with a new insight into second language teaching;that is,teachers can improve the amount of lexical knowledge when teaching students who have lower working memory in order to help them produce more accurate language during the process of L2 speech production.

Short-Term Memory Capacity across Time and Language Estimated from Ancient and Modern Literary Texts. Study-Case: New Testament Translations

We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any two contiguous interpunctions Ip, because this parameter can model how the human mind memorizes “chunks” of information. Since IP can be calculated for any alphabetical text, we can perform experiments—otherwise impossible— with ancient readers by studying the literary works they used to read. The “experiments” compare the IP of texts of a language/translation to those of another language/translation by measuring the minimum average probability of finding joint readers (those who can read both texts because of similar short-term memory capacity) and by defining an “overlap index”. We also define the population of universal readers, people who can read any New Testament text in any language. Future work is vast, with many research tracks, because alphabetical literatures are very large and allow many experiments, such as comparing authors, translations or even texts written by artificial intelligence tools.

A Prediction Method of Trend-Type Capacity Index Based on Recurrent Neural Network

Due to the increase in the types of business and equipment in telecommunications companies,the performance index data collected in the operation and maintenance process varies greatly.The diversity of index data makes it very difficult to perform high-precision capacity prediction.In order to improve the forecasting efficiency of related indexes,this paper designs a classification method of capacity index data,which divides the capacity index data into trend type,periodic type and irregular type.Then for the prediction of trend data,it proposes a capacity index prediction model based on Recurrent Neural Network(RNN),denoted as RNN-LSTM-LSTM.This model includes a basic RNN,two Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks and two Fully Connected layers.The experimental results show that,compared with the traditional Holt-Winters,Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)and Back Propagation(BP)neural network prediction model,the mean square error(MSE)of the proposed RNN-LSTM-LSTM model are reduced by 11.82%and 20.34%on the order storage and data migration,which has greatly improved the efficiency of trend-type capacity index prediction.

Relationship Between Working Memory and English-Chinese Consecutive Interpreting

Working memory is the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated. In interpreting, working memory is in charge of the storage and processing of immediate information, thus making an important factor in influencing interpreting quality. The role played by working memory capacity in interpreting remains to be a hotspot issue in the field of interpreting research.This thesis aims to investigate the relationship between working memory capacity and E-C consecutive interpreting by conducting two tests. The first test is working memory span test and the second one is E-C consecutive interpreting test. By comparing and analyzing the results of two tests, this thesis comes to the conclusion that working memory capacity is positively correlated with E-C consecutive interpreting in terms of fluency and logic.

Short-term Memory Training in Listening Comprehension

Listening comprehension is an important part in most of the English examinations because of the commonly using of listening in communication. It is a common phenomena that most of the students have problems in this part because of the limit?ed capacity of short-term memory. In this essay, we will talk about the relationship between the short-term memory and listen?ing comprehension, and try to find the way to train the short-term memory to improve this part.

Do Interpreters Indeed Have Superior Memory in Interpreting

With the frequent communications between China and western countries in the field of economy, politics and culture, etc, Interpreting becomes more and more important to people in all walks of life.This paper aims to testify the author's hypothesis 'professional interpreters have similar short-term memory with unprofessional interpreters, but they have superior working memory.' After the illustration of literatures concerning with consecutive interpreting, short-term memory and working memory, experiments design and analysis are described. Based on the experiment results, this paper further discussed three influential factors contributing to the test results such as interpreting experience, background knowledge.

“三心二意”胜过“一心一意”:媒体多任务提升低工作记忆容量者创造力

数字时代,媒体多任务已然渗透人类生活方方面面。但以往研究主要探讨其消极影响,忽视媒体多任务暗藏激发创造力的可能。基于创造力的坚持−灵活双通道理论,通过3个仿真行为实验,考察了媒体多任务对创造力的促进作用以及心智游移与工作记忆容量在其中的中介和调节作用。结果发现:相比非媒体多任务,个体进行媒体多任务时表现出更高的创造力(实验1),其心理机制是媒体多任务诱发更高的心智游移频率,进而提升创造力(实验1和实验2),且这一提升效应只存在于低工作记忆容量组,高工作记忆容量组中则表现为消极影响(实验3)。研究结果对揭示媒体多任务的积极功能,拓展坚持−灵活交互视角以弥补双通道理论平行视角缺陷,帮助不同特质个体有效利用媒体多任务提升创造力均有重要的启示价值。

考虑工作记忆容量和时间压力影响的驾驶绩效分析

随着风险驾驶机理研究的不断完善,外部情境因素和驾驶人内部认知差异逐渐成为当前研究的热点和难点。本文为研究时间压力、工作记忆容量与驾驶绩效之间的关系,采用时间约束和动机等主客观相结合的方法实现时间压力的施加,采用复杂跨度范式测量驾驶人工作记忆容量。基于驾驶模拟器系统构建相关驾驶场景,开展心理学与模拟驾驶行为试验,采集驾驶人心理、操作和车辆运行数据,分别就时间压力、工作记忆容量及其组合对驾驶绩效的影响进行分析。结果表明:时间压力对超速比例、碰撞概率、制动反应时间、左转选择间隙皆有显著的影响效应,且时间压力越高,超速比例越大、碰撞概率越高、制动反应时间越快、左转选择间隙越小的频次越多;工作记忆容量仅对制动反应时间有影响,工作记忆容量越高,制动反应时间越快;时间压力与工作记忆容量对制动反应时间无交互影响,但随着时间压力的增大,高工作记忆容量人群与低工作记忆容量人群在制动反应时间上的差异逐渐变小。这些发现为研究时间压力下的驾驶绩效提供了驾驶人认知方面的新见解。

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING MEMORY AND EFL LISTENING COMPREHENSION

The present study intends to investigate the effect of working memory on listening process and its relationship with listening comprehension.The results indicate that working memory is an effective predictor for EFL listening comprehension,i.e.learners with larger working memory capacity are more likely to have better abilities in listening comprehension,and that although L1 working memory span is significantly correlated with L2 working memory span,L2 working memory span plays a more effective role in differentiating learners' EFL listening comprehension.Additionally,this study provides some pedagogical implications on EFL teaching.

听觉-言语认知负荷下工作记忆容量对换道决策的影响

为研究工作记忆容量、认知负荷与新手驾驶人换道决策之间的关系,基于驾驶模拟器对54名新手驾驶人开展了城市道路场景下的换道试验,采集车辆运行状态数据与驾驶人操作数据,分别就工作记忆容量、认知负荷、高认知负荷下不同工作记忆容量驾驶人群体对换道过程的决策阶段进行了影响分析。结果表明:工作记忆容量越高,横向距离偏移标准差越小,驾驶人横向控制能力越好,换道决策时间越短;认知负荷越高,纵向速度越大但保持在限速范围内,同时横向距离偏移标准差与换道决策时间表现出现先降低后在2-back时又升高的趋势。为详细了解这一趋势的原因,在1-back与2-back下进行工作记忆容量对横向控制能力与换道决策时间的影响分析,得出在2-back而不是1-back的影响下,驾驶人处理驾驶主任务和认知次任务已经耗尽了工作记忆容量资源,产生了自适应调整或补偿行为。

Prediction of Health Level of Multiform Lithium Sulfur Batteries Based on Incremental Capacity Analysis and an Improved LSTM

Capacity estimation plays a crucial role in battery management systems,and is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries.This paper proposes a method that uses a long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network to estimate the state of health(SOH)of Li-S batteries.The method uses health features extracted from the charging curve and incre-mental capacity analysis(ICA)as input for the LSTM network.To enhance the robustness and accuracy of the network,the Adam algorithm is employed to optimize specific hyperparameters.Experimental data from three different groups of batteries with varying nominal capac-ities are used to validate the proposed method.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in accurately estimating the capacity degradation of all three batteries.Also,the study examines the impact of different lengths of network training sets on capacity estimation.The results reveal that the ICA-LSTM model achieves a prediction accuracy of mean absolute error 4.6%and mean squared error 0.21%with three different training set lengths of 20%,40%,and 60%.The analysis demonstrates that the lightweight model maintains high SOH estimation accu-racy even with a small training set,and exhibits strong adaptive and generalization capabilities when applied to different Li-S batteries.Overall,the proposed method,supported by experimental validation and analysis,demonstrates its efficacy in ensuring accurate and reliable SOH estimation,thereby enhancing the safety and per-formance of Li-S batteries.Index Terms—Adam algorithm,incremental capacity analysis,Li-S battery,long short-term memory,state of health.

典型事故形态下驾驶人工作记忆与应激反应研究

为探究事故发生时的不同形态和工作记忆与驾驶人应激反应能力及视觉行为的关系,本文对31名驾驶人分别开展城市道路中侧面碰撞、追尾碰撞和刮撞行人这3种典型事故形态下的驾驶模拟器实验。根据摄像机和眼动仪的输出视频,采用动态聚类将驾驶人的注视区域划分成7类,同时,基于单因素方差分析,Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis检验,分析事故形态的类型、不同工作记忆容量的人群避险时的应激反应能力和视觉行为的影响。结果表明:事故形态和驾驶人的应激反应能力显著相关,在前车紧急制动事件中驾驶人的反应时间最短,较侧面碰撞减少了25.46%;在面对危险时的反应时间受到驾驶人工作记忆容量的影响,即相比于低工作记忆容量,高工作记忆容量的驾驶人反应时间短;此外,注视总持续时间、平均扫视时间和瞳孔直径均与工作记忆容量相关。研究结果可为车辆安全针对性预警提供理论支持。

Prefrontal cortex and sensory cortices during working memory: quantity and quality

The activity in sensory cortices and the prefrontal cortex （PFC） throughout the delay interval of working memory （WM） tasks reflect two aspects of WM-quality and quantity, respectively. The delay activity in sensory cortices is fine-tuned to sensory information and forms the neural basis of the precision of WM storage, while the delay activity in the PFC appears to represent behavioral goals and filters out irrelevant distractions, forming the neural basis of the quantity of task-relevant information in WM. The PFC and sensory cortices interact through different frequency bands of neuronal oscillation （theta, alpha, and gamma） to fulfill goal-directed behaviors.

高水平花样跳绳运动员工作记忆加工与存储特点——基于行为与ERP的研究

目的探讨高水平花样跳绳运动员工作记忆加工与存储的行为及神经特点。方法选取14名高水平花样跳绳运动员(专家组)和14名普通体育生(新手组),采用变化觉察任务和事件相关电位技术考察两组在2个目标(2T)、2个目标+2个干扰物(2T2D)和4个目标(4T)任务下的行为和脑电指标。结果1)在2T与2T2D任务中,专家组K差值显著小于新手组;在4T任务中,专家K值显著高于新手;2)在2T2D任务下,专家比新手诱发较小的N2pc和CDA波幅;在4T任务下,专家比新手诱发更大的CDA波幅。结论在工作记忆加工阶段,专家表现出更高的注意控制并把注意资源分配在目标项目,而新手容易将注意关注在干扰物上导致记忆容量的下降。在工作记忆存储阶段,专家较新手能够维持存储更多的项目信息,表现出更高的工作记忆容量。这种优势的可能机制与专家顶内沟所诱发的脑神经活动有关。

加工速度和工作记忆在认知年老化过程中的作用

研究加工速度和工作记忆在认知能力年老化过程中的作用。被试为 2 0～ 90岁的健康成人 135 0名 ,完成加工速度、工作记忆及一组认知能力测验 ,应用分层回归分析方法考查在年老化过程中加工速度和工作记忆对多项认知变量的作用量。结果表明 ,在年老化过程中 ,加工速度和工作记忆对认知变量的作用量分别约为 87%和76 % ;二者的综合作用量约为 94 %。说明加工速度和工作记忆在认知能力年老化过程中起决定作用。

轻度弱智儿童工作记忆特点的初步分析

目的探讨轻度弱智儿童工作记忆能力损害的特点及其心理机制。方法采用仿制Smith的工作记忆软件,对秦巴山区部分已确诊轻度弱智儿童及正常儿童做工作记忆测验。结果两类儿童各种信息加工材料的工作记忆结果差异极显著。提示轻度弱智儿童普遍存在着工作记忆力的损害,在一般工作记忆能量与特殊工作记忆资源方面,可能也存在不同程度的损害。结论工作记忆测验可作为区分轻度弱智儿童有效的智力筛查工具。

客体运动速度的视觉工作记忆容量

自Luck等人的研究以来,诸多研究者对客体信息在视觉工作记忆中的表征与存储问题进行了探讨。现有研究主要采用呈现于静态场景的客体作为刺激材料,而不涉及对客体运动特征信息的短时存储。本研究结合多客体追踪范式和视觉工作记忆的变化觉察范式,通过比较检测项全部呈现方式与单检测项呈现方式条件下,客体运动速度的视觉工作记忆绩效,探讨了多个客体的运动速度信息在工作记忆中的存储方式和容量问题。结果表明,在工作记忆中能够存储约3个独立客体的运动速度信息。

1～6秒时距认知分段性特征

时距认知分段性指不同长度时距的加工机制和表征方式是不同的。以往研究者对1 s以上时距认知的分段性仍存在分歧,为了探讨这一主题,本研究设计了实验1和实验2。实验1采用时间复制任务比较高、低工作记忆容量被试在完成1~6 s视、听时距加工的成绩,结果发现,时距长度与工作记忆容量或通道均存在交互作用,被试在复制1 s、2 s的平均复制时距、复制比率及变异系数没有随工作记忆容量或通道而变化,而复制3 s、4 s、5 s及6 s时,高WMC组较低WMC组或听觉组较视觉组,平均复制时距显著更长、复制比率显著更高、变异系数显著更小。实验2采用时间产生任务比较高、低工作记忆容量被试在完成1~6 s视、听时距加工的成绩,结果也发现,时距长度与工作记忆容量或通道均存在交互作用,被试在产生1 s、2 s的平均产生时距、产生比率及变异系数没有随工作记忆容量或通道而变化,而产生3 s、4 s、5 s及6 s时,高WMC组较低WMC组或听觉组较视觉组,平均产生时距显著更短、产生比率显著更低、变异系数显著更小。这意味着1~6 s的时距认知存在分段性,大约2~3 s可能为分段临界点。时间认知的分段性可以用时间工作记忆说解释,该假说是时间认知分段综合模型解释短时距加工分段性的具体表现形式。