Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample＇s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evalu- ated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.

A Numerical Study Comparing the Effect on Residual Stresses of Two Different Types of Projectiles During Shot Peening

Shot peening is a widely used technique to improve fatigue life in metallic alloys.This processing technique introduces a subsurface compressive residual stress field through a plastic deformation of the surface caused by the impact of a large number of high-speed projectiles.There are a number of parameters that affect the residual stress field depth and magnitude.The effects of the impact angle,shot speed and shot geometry are currently being researched.In particular,substituting spherical cast shots by cylindrical cut wire shots is an attractive option,especially in terms of cost.The effect of shot geometry on residual stresses,however,needs to be further investigated.Because industrial-scale experimentation is costly and cumbersome,mathematical modeling offers a convenient alternative to carry out this type of research.The present work shows a comparison between the residual stresses generated by the impact of spherical and cylindrical projectiles on a steel substrate.This threedimensional model was developed using ABAQUS finite element commercial software(Release 6.12,Dassault Systémes,France).The results show that cylindrical shots generate residual stress fields t hat a re higher in magnitude than t hose generated by a spherical shot.However,the residual stress field of cylindrical shots impacting the surface at an oblique angle shows an important degree of asymmetry.This effect is not found when spherical shots impact the surface at the same oblique angle.

Research on Residual Stress Induced by Laser Shot Peening

Laser shot peening (LSP) is a novel technology to impress a compressive residual stress into the surfaces of metals or alloys. This treatment can reduce the rate of fatigue cracking and stress corrosion cracking in structural metals or alloys. In this paper, some preliminary experiments were carried out with Nd:Glass laser of a pulse of 20 ns duration and 1.064 μm wavelength, an energy per pulse of 10 to 60 joules, and specimen was selected LY12CZ. The residual stress along the thickness effected by number of laser shots was taken into account in experiment. The magnitude of compressive residual stress near the surface increases with number of laser shots increasing, while decreases with the depth increasing. The mathematical modeling of laser shock processing was established, and a finite-element analysis method was based on ABAQUSExplicit software. The results of simulation are in agreement with those of the experiments, which indicate that the numerical simulation can play a direction role in laser shot peening.

High-precision simulation and experimental verification of residual stress and surface topography of cylindrical surface shot peening

Shot peening is commonly employed for surface deformation strengthening of cylindrical surface part.Therefore,it is critical to understand the effects of shot peening on residual stress and surface topography.Compared to flat surface,cylindrical surface shot peening has two significant features:(i)the curvature of the cylindrical surface and the scattering of the shot stream cause dis-tributed impact velocities;(i)the rotation of the part results in a periodic variation of the impact velocity component.Therefore,it is a challenge to quickly and accurately predict the shot peening residual stress and surface topography of cylindrical surface.This paper developed a high-precision model which considers the more realistic shot peening process.Firstly,a kinematic analysis model was developed to simulate the relative movement of numerous shots and cylindrical surface.Then,the spatial distribution and time-varying impact information was calculated.Subsequently,the impact information was used for finite element modeling to predict residual stress and surface topography.The proposed kinematic analysis method was validated by comparison with the dis-crete element method.Meanwhile,9310 high strength steel rollers shot peening test verified the effectiveness of the model in predicting the residual stress and surface topography.In addition,the effects of air pressure and attack angle on the residual stress and surface topography were investigated.This work could provide a functional package for efficient prediction of the surface integrity and guide industrial application in cylindrical surface shot peening.

Analytical Modelling of Shot-peening Residual Stress on Welding Carbon Steel Surface Layer

The residual stress distribution was studied by an analytical model, due to shot peening on the welding carbon steel surface layer. The initial welding residual stresses before shot peening were taken into consideration in this analytical model. The Hertzian elastic contact theory was used to get the elastic compression stress state after impact on the surface layer. The initial welding stress field and the shot peening stress field would superpose and the welding surface layer would yield based on the elastic-plastic evaluation, then the residual stress after shot peening can be achieved. The influence of initial welding residual stress on the stress distribution after shot peening was analyzed and discussed. A series of experiments were carried out and the residual stress on the welding surface was determined by X-ray diffractometer before and after shot peening. The calculation results of the analytical model are consistent with the experimental results. The critical shot velocities when welding surface layer yielded and reverse yielded were calculated. While the welded joint surface material reversely yielded, the maximum compressive residual stress would not obviously increase with the increase of shot velocity, the thickness of the compressive stress layer would be increased. Welding residual tensile stress can enlarge the thickness of the compressive stress layer at the same shot velocity when reverse yield appeared.

A Way to Determine the Maximum Inducible Residual Stresses in Steel by Mechanical Surface Treatment

The issue of determining the maximum compressive residual stress that can be induced through mechanical surface treatment is of great significance.There are two possible approaches,namely stress peening and stress rolling,both to determine the limit.Steel with high hardness may be under the yield strength,while for those with lower tensile strength,the hardness is increased,and the limit is above the tensile strength.

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF 10Ni3MnCuAl STEEL BY SHOT PEENING

The surface of grinding 10Ni3MnCuAl steel is processed by the shot peening with different intensities. After shot peening, the metallographic structure of 10Ni3MnCuAl steel and the micro-structure on the surface layer are analyzed. The micro-hardness in the shot peening affected layer and the residual pressure stress are surveyed. The changes of surface quality, such as micro-hardness, metallographic structure and residual stress caused by shot peening are investigated. The result shows that shot peening can significantly improve surface quality and fatigue life of 10Ni3MnCuAl steel. The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is high, and it leads to the decrease of the fatigue life. When the optimal arc high value of shot peening is 0. 40 mm in experiments, the best surface quality is obtained and the depth of the residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches 450μm.

Correction of buckling distortion by ultrasonic shot peening treatment for 5A06 aluminum alloy welded structure

Ultrasonic shot peening treatment （USPT） was proposed to correct welding buckling distortion. The residual stress distribution along the depth direction of the peened zone was measured by an X-ray diffractometer. The microstructure of the treated specimens was investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The Vickers microhardness was measured in different areas of welded joint before USPT and along the depth direction of the weld after USPT. The experimental results indicated that the welding buckling distortion of 5A06 aluminum alloy butt joint can be essentially corrected by USPT; the average correction rate reached 90.8% in this study. Furthermore, USPT enhanced specimens by work hardening. The microstructure of the peened zone was improved; moreover, the distribution of the precipitates and grains presented an apparent orientation.

Water and Shot Peening of Aluminum 7020

Water jet peening is a young technology compared to the traditional shot peening.It is a suitable method to induce compressive residual stresses in surface layers of materials with low tensile strength.The roughness is relatively low.In this study,water jet peening and shot peening is compared concerning induced compressive residual stresses and roughness at Aluminum 7020.These two parameters influence essentially the durability of a component.

INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF STEEL 60Mn

Influence of residual stress and surface morphology induced by shot-peening on fatigue behav- ior of a medium temperature tempered spring steel 60 Mn has been studied.The compressive residual stress induced in the near-surface region may improve fatigue limit from 930 to 1010 MPa,and the very high tensile residual stress in the interior may reduce it from 1010 to 940 MPa,whereas the severe surface damage may cause a drop-off of it from 1010 down to 800 MPa.Fatigue cracks initiated in such position where the equivalent Mises stress,including residual stress,exceeded the local strength of the material.The compressive residual stress, induced by shot-peening,may intensify the effect of crack closure,so as to decrease the crack growth rate.

A unifying approach in simulating the shot peening process using a 3D random representative volume finite element model

Using a modified 3D random representative volume（RV）finite element model,the effects of model dimensions（impact region and interval between impact and representative regions）,model shapes（rectangular,square,and circular）,and peening-induced thermal softening on resultant critical quantities（residual stress,Almen intensity,coverage,and arc height）after shot peening are systematically examined.A new quantity,i.e.,the interval between impact and representative regions,is introduced and its optimal value is first determined to eliminate any boundary effect on shot peening results.Then,model dimensions are respectively assessed for all model shapes to reflect the actual shot peening process,based on which shape-independent critical shot peening quantities are obtained.Further,it is found that thermal softening of the target material due to shot peening leads to variances of the surface residual stress and arc height,demonstrating the necessity of considering the thermal effect in a constitutive material model of shot peeing.Our study clarifies some of the finite element modeling aspects and lays the ground for accurate modeling of the SP process.

Effect of Shot Peening and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation on the Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 7A85 Aluminum Alloy

The effects of shot peening（SP） and plasma electrolytic oxidation（PEO） on the intergranular corrosion behavior of the novel high strength aluminum alloy 7A85（AA 7A85） were investigated by electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance tests.The intergranular corrosion mechanism of SP,PEO and PEO combined with sealingtreated AA 7A85 was studied by the metallographic analysis,residual stress testing,X-ray diffractometer analysis and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that AA 7A85-T7452 is very sensitive to intergranular corrosion.SP would significantly improve its intergranular corrosion resistance.This is attributed to the combination action of residual compressive stress and grain refinement.PEO would reduce the largest corrosion depth by 41.6%.Moreover,PEO without sealing did not eliminate the intergranular corrosion due to the existence of the micropores and microcracks in the oxide coating.However,PEO combined with the SiO2sol–gel sealing treatment could effectively protect the AA 7A85-T7452 from intergranular corrosion because of the good corrosion resistance and barrier function of the sealed coating.

喷丸处理对6061铝合金抗腐蚀性能影响

将6061铝合金进行超声喷丸处理,喷丸时间分别为0、90、180、270 s。对喷丸面进行表面粗糙度、显微维氏硬度、残余应力测量,采用标准中性盐雾腐蚀试验探究不同喷丸处理试样的抗腐蚀行为,分析粗糙度、硬度、残余应力对其抗腐蚀性能的综合影响。试验结果表明:随着喷丸处理时长由90 s变至270 s,铝合金表面粗糙度逐渐降低,硬度在距喷丸表面0~600μm之间有较为明显的提高,表面残余应力有显著提高,并且粗糙度增加会促进盐雾腐蚀,硬度与残余应力升高会抑制盐雾腐蚀,盐雾腐蚀结果表明,在喷丸处理时长由0s变至270 s的4个试样中喷丸90 s时的盐雾腐蚀速率最快,而喷丸270 s时的试样盐雾腐蚀速率最慢。

喷丸工艺参数对718镍基合金表面性能的影响

为全面理解718镍基合金喷丸强化工艺参数的作用,用精确的三维建模对弹丸和基体进行模拟,并结合仿真分析方法考察喷丸尺寸、速度及入射角度对喷丸强化的影响。重点分析了表面粗糙度和残余应力分布,以全面展现喷丸强化的关键特征。结果表明:随弹丸直径和速度的增加,残余应力呈规律性变化,入射角度为0°~10°时对残余应力影响较小,但可轻微降低表面粗糙度。当入射角度从10°增至30°时,喷丸强化效果减弱,同时表面粗糙度增加。这为工艺参数选择提供了重要参考。通过试验验证仿真结果,进一步证实了本研究的准确性和实用性。

薄橡胶层改善喷丸质量机理研究

目的 为了解决喷丸导致的金属表面粗糙度提升问题,方法 提出在金属表面铺设薄层橡胶层,通过薄橡胶层的变形均匀化丸粒的冲击压力,进而抑制丸粒冲击所造成的粗糙度急剧增加的新工艺。为验证新工艺的可行性并揭示其机理,采用有限元软件Abaqus分别建立传统喷丸、黏结橡胶层喷丸和自由铺设橡胶层喷丸的仿真模型;设定丸粒为半径0.5 mm的球形刚体,丸粒初始速度为50 m/s;工件材料为Q235,采用Johnson-Cook本构模型;薄层橡胶采用双参数Mooney-Rivlin本构模型;仿真模型中不同部件之间的摩擦系数均设定为0.2;所有模型均采用显式求解方法。结果 在传统喷丸、黏结薄橡胶层喷丸和自由铺设橡胶喷丸条件下,工件表面丸粒冲击点的残余压应力分别为96,343,252 MPa,工件表层最大残余压应力分别为391,426,373 MPa,工件表面的残余压应力得到显著提升;3种喷丸工艺下冲击压痕分别为56.2,26.1,35.4μm,表面薄层橡胶有效降低了工件表面粗糙度;工件表层残余应力的分布形式与橡胶层的厚度密切相关,当橡胶厚度分别为0.05,0.20 mm时,所得到的最大残余压应力分别为329,373 MPa,距离工件表面分别为256,141μm。结论 在机理上,橡胶的大变形特征增大了丸粒的冲击作用面积,延长了冲击作用时间,是薄橡胶层能够改善喷丸质量的根本原因。

喷丸残余应力对TC4钛合金疲劳寿命的影响及其松弛行为

喷丸强化残余应力场可以提高钛合金材料的疲劳寿命,但在工作载荷作用下,残余应力场会发生松弛,对于喷丸残余应力对TC4钛合金疲劳寿命影响及残余应力本身的松弛行为研究较少。为研究喷丸残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响以及残余应力变化松弛规律,以TC4钛合金试件为研究对象建立疲劳寿命仿真模型,分析不同喷丸残余应力场下疲劳寿命的变化规律及其影响,开展疲劳寿命试验,对仿真模型结果进行验证。在此基础上以载荷水平和循环次数为因素,对残余应力松弛的影响规律进行试验研究。结果表明:不同喷丸强度的残余压应力大小对TC4钛合金疲劳寿命在一定范围内具有较大影响,残余压应力过小或者过大都会对钛合金疲劳寿命产生负面影响,表面残余压应力为−750 MPa时疲劳寿命大幅度提升;随着循环次数的增加,残余应力会逐渐发生松弛,尤其是当循环次数达到10^(4)次时,残余应力会明显松弛,应力松弛量平均约为23.64%,之后逐渐趋于稳定状态,残余应力也会随着载荷强度的增加逐渐发生松弛,且松弛量不断增大。研究结果可为喷丸残余应力的松弛变化规律研究及工程中提高TC4钛合金使用性能、合理高效的预估疲劳寿命提供借鉴参考。

喷丸残余应力对轨道车辆齿轮齿根裂纹应力强度因子的影响分析

高周循环应力工况下齿根裂纹所引发的疲劳断裂是轨道车辆传动齿轮强度失效的主要原因之一。为了分析喷丸残余应力和齿根弯曲应力耦合下对轨道车辆传动齿轮齿根裂纹应力强度因子影响规律与作用机制,针对实际喷丸过程中弹丸位置的随机特性,基于有限元二次开发了20结点奇异元1/4结点位移法,联合建立了FEM-DEM(有限元-离散元)耦合喷丸模型和三维单齿齿根裂纹模型,制定了一套多步骤联合数值模拟方法,并对齿根裂纹应力强度因子在内部残余应力场和外部载荷共同作用下的变化进行了分析。研究结果表明:喷丸强化引入的残余压应力场使得裂纹尖端应力强度因子减小约12%,有效地抑制了疲劳裂纹扩展;喷丸对裂纹扩展的抑制作用在表面与近表面区域最为明显,随着裂纹深度和外加载荷的增大而减弱;残余应力对应的应力强度因子与外载荷无关,仅与初始应力状态有关。