Extensive Air Showers(EAS)induced by cosmic ray particles of very low energies,owing to the significantly steep cosmic ray energy spectrum,dominate the secondary particle flux measured by single detectors and small sh...Extensive Air Showers(EAS)induced by cosmic ray particles of very low energies,owing to the significantly steep cosmic ray energy spectrum,dominate the secondary particle flux measured by single detectors and small shower arrays.Such arrays connected in extended networks can be used to determine potentially interesting spatial correlations between showers,which may shed new light on the nature of ultra high-energy cosmic rays.The quantitative interpretation of showers recorded by small local arrays requires a methodology that differs from that used by ordinary large EAS arrays operating in the"knee"region and above.We present"small EAS generator,"a semi-analytical method for integrating cosmic ray spectra over energies of interest and summing over the mass spectra of primary nuclei in arbitrary detector configurations.Furthermore,we provide results on the EAS electron and muon fluxes and particle density spectra.展开更多
The behavior of relativistic hadron multiplicity for 4He-nucleus interactions is investigated. The experi- ment is carried out at 2.1 A and 3.7 A GeV （Dubna energy） to search for the incident energy effect on the in...The behavior of relativistic hadron multiplicity for 4He-nucleus interactions is investigated. The experi- ment is carried out at 2.1 A and 3.7 A GeV （Dubna energy） to search for the incident energy effect on the interactions inside different emulsion target nuclei. Data are presented in terms of the number of emitted relativistic hadrons in both forward and backward angular zones. The dependence on the target size is presented. For this purpose the statistical events are discriminated into groups according to the interactions with H, CNO, Em, and AgBr target nuclei. The separation of events, into the mentioned groups, is executed based on Glauber＇s multiple scattering theory approach. Features suggestive of a decay mechanism seem to be a characteristic of the backward emission of relativistic hadrons. The results strongly support the assumption that the relativistic hadrons may already be emitted during the de-excitation of the excited target nucleus, in a behavior like that of compound-nucleus disintegration. Regarding the limiting fragmentation hypothesis beyond 1 A GeV, the target size is the main parameter affecting the backward production of the relativistic hadron. The incident energy is a principal factor responsible for the forward relativistic hadron production, implying that this system of particle production is a creation system. However, the target size is an effective parameter as well as the projectile size considering the geometrical concept regarded in the nuclear fireball model. The data are analyzed in the framework of the FRITIOF model.展开更多
文摘Extensive Air Showers(EAS)induced by cosmic ray particles of very low energies,owing to the significantly steep cosmic ray energy spectrum,dominate the secondary particle flux measured by single detectors and small shower arrays.Such arrays connected in extended networks can be used to determine potentially interesting spatial correlations between showers,which may shed new light on the nature of ultra high-energy cosmic rays.The quantitative interpretation of showers recorded by small local arrays requires a methodology that differs from that used by ordinary large EAS arrays operating in the"knee"region and above.We present"small EAS generator,"a semi-analytical method for integrating cosmic ray spectra over energies of interest and summing over the mass spectra of primary nuclei in arbitrary detector configurations.Furthermore,we provide results on the EAS electron and muon fluxes and particle density spectra.
文摘The behavior of relativistic hadron multiplicity for 4He-nucleus interactions is investigated. The experi- ment is carried out at 2.1 A and 3.7 A GeV （Dubna energy） to search for the incident energy effect on the interactions inside different emulsion target nuclei. Data are presented in terms of the number of emitted relativistic hadrons in both forward and backward angular zones. The dependence on the target size is presented. For this purpose the statistical events are discriminated into groups according to the interactions with H, CNO, Em, and AgBr target nuclei. The separation of events, into the mentioned groups, is executed based on Glauber＇s multiple scattering theory approach. Features suggestive of a decay mechanism seem to be a characteristic of the backward emission of relativistic hadrons. The results strongly support the assumption that the relativistic hadrons may already be emitted during the de-excitation of the excited target nucleus, in a behavior like that of compound-nucleus disintegration. Regarding the limiting fragmentation hypothesis beyond 1 A GeV, the target size is the main parameter affecting the backward production of the relativistic hadron. The incident energy is a principal factor responsible for the forward relativistic hadron production, implying that this system of particle production is a creation system. However, the target size is an effective parameter as well as the projectile size considering the geometrical concept regarded in the nuclear fireball model. The data are analyzed in the framework of the FRITIOF model.
