Effects of Heavy Metal and Pollutants on the Non-special Immunity of the Shrimp and Crab

This paper attempted to review and evaluate existing information about the effects of heavy metal, ammonia-N, nitrite and the organic pollutants on the non-special immune response of the shrimp and crab, which providing theory for improving the self-immunity of shrimp and crab by meliorating cultural environment. In addition, it could provide information for further study on this field.

Effect of Anthocidaris crassispina Enhancement on the Behavior of Shrimps and Crabs

[Objective] The aim was to study the influence of Anthocidaris crassispina enhancement on the behaviors of wild shrimps and crabs. [Method] Simulation ex- periments were carried out in the laboratory to study the effects of A. crassispina enhancement on the behaviors of wild shrimps and crabs. [Result] Penaeus japoni- cus, Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus affinis could coexist with A. crassispina, and A. crassispina had a certain attraction to Penaeus japonicus, but no harm oc- curred. There were neither behavioral effects nor hazards between Portunus san- guinolentus and A. crassispina. Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis feriatus might cause some harm to A. crassispina when their quantity was large, but it was not a common phenomenon. [Conclusion[ This research provided references for the bio- logical behavioristics and the further development of ecological risk assessment of A. crassispina enhancement.

The Use of Exoskeletons of Shrimp(Litopenaeus vanammei)and Crab(Ucides cordatus)for the Extraction of Chitosan and Production of Nanomembrane

Chitin is widely distributed in nature, being the main structural component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. These exoskeletons once discarded become an industrial waste creating environmental pollutant. In order to find an alternative use, the present work exploits the extraction of the chitosan from chitin that is present in the exoskeletons of shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei and crabs Ucides cordatus and transforms it into high valued products, which can help solving the environmental problem as well to provide extra income to the fishermen. One example is the manufacture of nanomembranes from chitosan for the application in medical textiles. Nanomembranes using electrospinning of chitosan solutions (7% and 5wt%) with 100:0 v/v (TFA/DCM) and 70:30 v/v (TFA/DCM) were produced. Morphological properties of chitin and chitosan were studied using SEM, DRX, and thermal properties through TG/DTG and molecular structure by FTIR analysis. TG/DTG showed thermal decomposition of chitosan samples. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the semi-crystalline structure of chitosan, and highly crystalline structure for chitin. Morphologies of the nanomembranes were also observed from scanning electron micrographs. Results showed that the nanomembranes with 5% chitosan solutions with 70:30 v/v (TFA/DCM) showed facilitation in the formation of the nanomembranes. The nanomembranes of shrimp and crab with 5% 70:30 v/v (TFA/DCM) had higher breaking tension and breaking extension. With positive results obtained, the present work will help the authorities to organize the fishermen to have consciousness in the collection of exoskeleton waste as well as helping to have a better environment.

Screening of Lectins in Crab and Shrimp from Fujian Coast of China

Twelve species of crustacean from Fujian coast were examined for lectins with different animal erythrocytes. Serum extracts froma ll of 12 species showed agglutinating activity against at least two types of the erythrocytes used, which revealed the existence of lectins in these species. There were five species ( Penaeus japonicus , Lophosquilla costata, Charybdis feriatus, Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata ) whose serums could agglutinate all the erythrocytes tested. The lowest serum protein concentration required to produce erythrocytes agglutination varied remarkably, ranging from 0.7μ g/mL to 8 080μ g/mL. The strongest activity was shown in the agglutination of rabbit erythrocyte by serum of Penaeus vanaminas. Inhibition assays performed with seven mono- and bisaccharides showed that agglutination of quail erythrocytes by serums of three species (Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata and Sesarma sp. ) were not inhibited by any sugars, while others were inhibited by at least three types of sugars. The assay of temperature influence on agglutinating activity showed that only Penaeus japonicus retained activity when the serum was heated to 90 ℃, and other serums lost their activity at 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃ for 10 minutes, respectively.

Integrated Rice-Based Shrimp and Crabs Farming: Adaptation to Climate Change and Potential Mitigation of Global Warming in the Coastal Wetlands of Bangladesh

Coastal agriculture is vulnerable to climate change, thereby may affect food production systems and food security in Bangladesh. Methane (CH4) emission from coastal wetlands rice farming is a major environmental concern due to its global warming potential. Therefore, field experiments were conducted at the southern coastal region of Shyamnagar, Satkhira, to investigate the feasibility of Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs mixed farming for adaptation to the changing climate and sustaining food production system. The experimental treatments were designed on rice-based diversified farming systems such as rice sole cropping with no NPKS + no soil amendments (T1), rice sole cropping following farmers’ practice (FP) without soil amendment (T2), rice sole cropping following FP with phosphogypsum (PG) amendment (T3), Rice-Shrimp mixed culture with PG amendment (T4), Rice-Crabs mixed culture with PG amendment (T5), Rice-Shrimp mixed culture + PG amendment with Spirulina (Cyanobacteria) inoculation (T6), and Rice-Crabs mixed culture + PG amendment with Spirulina inoculation (T7). A closed chamber technique was followed to collect gas samples from the rice paddy field and samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. It was found that Rice-Shrimp (T6) and Rice-Crabs mixed farming (T7) practices significantly decreased GWPs compared to the rice sole cropping system. In the dry boro season, the maximum GWPs 4175 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 was recorded from rice sole cropping (T2), which was decreased by 30% and 36.7% under Rice-Shrimp (T6) and Rice-Crabs (T7) mixed farming practices, respectively. Furthermore, in the wet aman season, maximum GWP 4525 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 was recorded from rice sole cropping (T2), which was decreased by 33.0% and 38.8% under Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs mixed farming, respectively. Rice grain yield was low under rice sole cropping (3500 kg/ha), which was increased by 11.0% and 14.7% under Rice-Shrimp mixed farming amended with PG and Spirulina (T6) during wet aman and dry boro seasons, respectively. The postharvest soil properties, such as soil organic matter content, redox potential value (Eh), and exchangeable K+ and Ca2+, contents in soil increased significantly with Phosphogypsum and Spirulina applications, however, decreased Na+ content and electrical conductivity (EC) eventually improved rice plants’ tolerance to salinity and enhanced overall productivity of Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs mixed farming. Conclusively, the conversion of wetland mono rice cropping into mixed Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs farming would be a feasible strategy to sustain rice aquaculture-based farming, ensure food security and mitigate GWPs in coastal wetlands ecosystem.

A study on the polyculture of the algae, the shrimp and the crab

A study was made on the polyculture of the red algae Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia f. Liui Zhang et Xia, f. nov. , the shrimp Penaeus penicillatus Alcock and the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) . The photosynthesis of the algae produces the oxygen on which the shrimp and the crab breathe. The algae are the reproductive place of the organism for the food of the shrimp and the carb, also is the shelter of the shrimp and the crab. The shrimp and the crab regard the algae as the vegetable

果寡糖的作用机理及其在水产饲料中的应用

果寡糖又称低聚果糖或蔗果三糖,是蔗糖分子以β-1,2糖苷键结合1~3个D果糖所形成的寡糖的总称,它广泛存在于天然食物中,如香蕉、小麦、大麦、洋葱、黑麦、莴苣、菊芋等[1]。果寡糖的制备主要采用酶水解的方法,果寡糖具有耐高温、抑制淀粉老化、热值低、安全、稳定、无毒、高黏度、不被胃肠道消化等理化特性[2]。

江苏某地区稻虾蟹综合种养模式下养殖水和产品中农药残留与风险评价

为掌握江苏省某地区稻田综合种养基地内(“稻-蟹”及“稻-虾”)养殖水环境及水产品中的农药残留特征与生态风险及健康风险,利用三重四极杆气质联用仪(GC-MS/MS),选择6个养殖区,根据生长周期,跟踪监测养殖水环境及同期水产品(虾、蟹)中208种农药残留情况,并根据商值法对养殖水环境进行生态风险评价,利用食用安全风险指数对水产品进行食用安全分析。结果表明:综合种养模式下,水环境中检出农药的主要类型为除草剂、杀菌剂、植物生长调节剂等,平均质量分数为0.33μg·L^(-1),同时有少量杀虫剂、杀螨剂、增效剂有检出;在整个生长周期内,稻虾、稻蟹农药残留的主要类型为除草剂、杀菌剂、杀虫剂和植物生长调节剂,平均质量分数为6.1μg·kg^(-1)(以湿质量计)。养殖水环境中农药主要来源于养殖前期环境中残留或外源性污染,随着养殖时间延长,农药含量整体趋向于减少,通过对养殖水环境生态风险进行分析,发现各抽样点位联合风险商值(RQ)均在0~1之间,属于中风险,对环境仍具有一定的压力,除草剂等类型农药应引起重视;在监测周期内,水产品中大部分农药的残留量逐渐减少直至未检出,仅有部分点位杀菌剂有少量存在,通过对同期虾、蟹的健康风险进行分析发现,平均食品安全指数远小于1,农药残留的食品安全风险可以接受。

基于Ecopath模型的淡水虾蟹池塘多营养层级养殖模式

【目的】研究在淡水虾蟹多营养层级养殖模式内添加罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)对系统的影响,并估算罗氏沼虾最适放养密度,为虾蟹多营养层级养殖模式应用及推广提供依据。【方法】以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinesis)-罗氏沼虾-日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)混养实验组和传统中华绒螯蟹-日本沼虾养殖对照组为研究对象,通过全年实测数据和参考资料,采用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)6.5软件,分别建立Ecopath模型,分析系统内营养结构和能量流动特征。【结果】实验组的生态营养效率(Ecotrophic efficiency,EE)为0.940,显著高于对照组的0.789(P <0.05),表明系统中增加罗氏沼虾,能提高池塘饲料利用率。实验组二级生态营养效率值为0.203,高于对照组的0.187,表明随罗氏沼虾加入,提高了系统内的次级生产利用率。实验组的联结指数、杂食性指数和香农多样性指数分别为0.395、0.227和1.318,均高于对照组的0.390、0.214和1.243,表明在系统中加入罗氏沼虾,丰富了食物网和能量传递路径,提高了系统的稳定性和成熟性,增加了系统多样性。通过调节实验组罗氏沼虾生物量,估算其生态容量,当罗氏沼虾生物量增加至当前的1.35倍时,罗氏沼虾达到生态容量36.32 t/km^(2)。【结论】在虾蟹池塘内添加罗氏沼虾形成的多营养层级养殖系统成熟度和稳定性上优于传统虾蟹混养系统,罗氏沼虾的最适放养密度为303.75 kg/hm^(2)。

无人驾驶虾蟹投饲自主作业船及智能管控平台研发与应用

本文结合多功能无人驾驶投饲船,基于“物联网+大数据”技术,开发一种多水域集群作业自主导航虾蟹养殖船智能管控平台。可在手机或电脑端对多片水域的多条无人船进行远程集群调度,按时按需精准投饵。通过无人船上的水质传感器实时监测水体的各类水质参数,对异常水域在后台直观显示、预警,并调用对应水域的无人船开展有针对性的施药喷洒防治。大幅降低人工成本,提高水产养殖效益。可为拥有较大水域多片水域的大规模虾蟹水产养殖户或众多委托管理的单水域养殖户提供作业和管理服务,使水产养殖装备向着自动化、信息化、规模化、精确化方向发展,大幅降低人工成本,提高水产养殖效益,对虾蟹养殖技术的发展具有十分重要的意义。

虾蟹壳废弃物中几丁质的制备及应用进展

随着虾蟹生产和消费量的逐渐增加,大量虾蟹壳直接当做垃圾处理,造成很大的环境压力。虾蟹壳中含有丰富的几丁质,如能对其进行提取制备,既有助于减轻环境污染又能提高资源利用率。受现有制备技术、生产成本和节能环保的影响,目前利用废弃虾蟹壳制备几丁质仍处于中小型规模。科研人员一直致力于开发新的制备方法及优化工艺,希望能够扩大虾蟹壳几丁质的生产规模,提高废弃资源利用效率。本文主要阐述了利用化学法、生物法、物理法从虾蟹壳废弃物中制备几丁质的研究现状,分析各种制备方法的优缺点、存在的问题和发展前景,以及几丁质在抑菌剂、吸附剂、生物膜等方面的应用情况。目前工业上主要采用传统酸碱法制备几丁质,其优势在于技术成熟,工艺流程简单,操作方便,但该方法使用强酸强碱,存在对环境二次污染的问题。与之相比,低共熔溶法、酶解法及微生物发酵法更具环境效益,因此开发低成本天然低共熔溶剂、构建重组酶、构建功能菌群,是未来虾蟹壳废弃物中制备几丁质的研究重点。

虾蟹蜕皮周期分期鉴定技术研究进展

甲壳动物中的虾蟹类主要营水生生活,其中大部分种类具有较高的经济价值[1]。蜕壳又称蜕皮[2],包括旧表皮的蜕去和新表皮的形成[3]。蜕皮作为甲壳动物生长发育的标志性特征,其在整个生活史中具有周期性的动态变化[4],从上一次蜕皮结束到下一次蜕皮结束的时间为一个蜕皮周期[5]。

RNA-seq技术在虾蟹研究中的应用

基于高通量测序技术的RNA-seq技术已被广泛应用于较高经济价值的虾蟹类动物研究中,从分子水平剖析虾蟹类生命周期中相关基因的调控功能和遗传信息。本文综述了对虾蟹类动物转录组研究现状,包括虾蟹类的生长发育、生殖繁育、环境胁迫、免疫应答、营养代谢和分子标记开发等,分析了RNA-seq技术在虾蟹类研究中面临的局限与挑战,以期为更深入开展虾蟹类分子生物学研究提供参考。

不同生产工艺和赖氨酸、蛋氨酸添加水平对饲料中晶体氨基酸在水中溶失率的影响研究

本试验旨在研究不同生产工艺(饲料料型、饲料粒径)和赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)添加水平对饲料中晶体氨基酸在水中溶失率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)饲料料型对虾料中晶体赖氨酸在水中的溶失率有影响。浸泡30 min后,膨化浮性虾料的晶体赖氨酸溶失率最高(73.85%),显著大于膨化沉性虾料(66.05%)和非膨化颗粒虾料(50.84%)。(2)在浸泡(5、15 min)前期,饲料粒径对膨化沉性蟹料中晶体赖氨酸的溶失率影响不显著;但浸泡30 min后,饲料中晶体赖氨酸的溶失率会随着饲料粒径的减小而显著提高。(3)Lys和Met添加水平对膨化料中晶体赖氨酸、晶体蛋氨酸在水中的溶失率没有影响。(4)饲料经过浸泡后,其晶体赖氨酸的溶失率显著低于晶体蛋氨酸溶失率。因此,在虾蟹饲料的实际生产过程中,配方中晶体氨基酸的添加量需考虑晶体氨基酸的溶失情况;同时,在符合动物摄食习性的条件下,选择生产粒径较大的非膨化颗粒饲料可能会明显降低晶体氨基酸在水中的溶失率,进而提高晶体氨基酸的利用率。

计算机视觉技术在虾蟹类养殖中的应用

计算机视觉技术在虾蟹类养殖中的应用具有巨大潜力和市场需求。通过图像处理和分析,该技术可以实现虾蟹类的自动化监测和管理,提高生产效率、优化养殖环境、降低运营成本和有效管理病害风险,从而提高养殖产品质量和经济效益。文章回顾了计算机视觉在虾蟹类水产养殖中的最新进展,包括养殖虾蟹的识别和计数、行为监控、投喂管理、繁殖监控和疾病诊断等方面的应用。这些方法和技术可以为养殖者提供更精确的信息,有助于提高养殖业的现代化水平和可持续发展。

木兰县稻渔综合种养技术模式推广应用分析

2023年,黑龙江省木兰县水稻种植面积80.93万亩,发展稻渔综合种养的资源潜力巨大。文章介绍了木兰县稻渔综合种养技术模式推广应用现状,分析了存在的问题,提出了今后推广应用对策,供各地参考。

虾类和蟹类的过敏原组分分析

目的:分析虾类和蟹类的过敏原组分。方法:聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和Western blot分析虾类和蟹类的主要过敏原组分。结果:不同种类的虾其主要过敏原组分相对分子质量(Mr)在36000附近,不同种类的蟹主要过敏原组分Mr在29000、36000、66000、89000附近。结论:不同种类的虾蟹存在共同过敏原。

虾类和蟹类过敏原的交叉反应性研究

目的:分析虾类和蟹类过敏原交叉反应性,探讨其在食物过敏症的预防、诊断和治疗中的意义。方法:采用SDS-PAGE分析虾蟹的蛋白组分,Western blot分析其过敏原组分,Western blot和ELISA抑制试验研究虾类和蟹类的过敏原交叉反应性。结果:虾类、蟹类过敏原蛋白组分相似性与其种属关系相关,相对分子量(Mr)在20 000、36 000、38 000、44 000、68 000、75 000、85 000处具有相同条带;Mr为36 000的蛋白是虾的主要过敏原,Mr为36 000、66 000、85 000的蛋白是蟹的主要过敏原;青蟹蛋白和日本沼虾蛋白对其余虾蟹过敏原有抑制作用,并且随着抑制物浓度增加抑制效应增强。结论:虾类和蟹类过敏原有相似性,其中Mr在36 000处相互之间存在较强的交叉反应。

洋山工程海域虾蟹类资源的初步分析

根据2003年-2005年每年5月、8月和11月对洋山深水港一期工程施工海域(30°30′～30°54,N、121°45′～122°30′E)20个站点进行渔业资源监测调查,分析了该海域虾蟹类资源的种类组成、生物量、丰度、生物多样性、个体平均体重及幼体比例等的变化,并与工程前(2001年)相比较。结果显示:虾蟹类的种类基本逐年减少;3年平均的生物量和丰度比工程前低;多样性指数、平均个体体重和幼体比例也是呈逐年降低的趋势。这系列的变化反映出该海域渔业资源结构的改变朝小型化方向发展,群落结构趋于简单化,容易引起生态系统结构与功能的改变。说明洋山工程海域施工期对虾蟹类资源产生了一定程度的影响。

中国人的虾、蟹致敏过敏原组分分析

目的：分析鉴定中国人群的虾、蟹致敏组分,确定主要过敏原及其致敏率,为深入研究食物过敏原检测及脱敏治疗提供依据。方法：通过46份虾蟹过敏症患者血清,对刀额新对虾、罗氏沼虾和锈斑鲟的蛋白粗提液进行Western blot分析,统计数据得出其全部过敏原组分及其致敏率,并确定主要过敏原。结果：Western blot结果显示,虾与过敏患者血清IgE的反应强于蟹,且虾、蟹间存在很多Mr相同的过敏原;32～38 kD原肌球蛋白（TM）、40 kD精氨酸激酶（AK）、60～80 kD血蓝蛋白（Hc）和21 kD肌质钙结合蛋白（SCP）是虾的主要致敏组分,TM、AK和Hc是虾、蟹共同的主要过敏原,其中TM的致敏率最高;与国外研究结果相比,AK、Hc和SCP的致敏率相对较高,且发现虾中48 kD蛋白组分（未知过敏原）也具有较高致敏率。结论：对中国人群而言,虾的致敏性强于蟹,且虾、蟹的主要致敏组分基本相同;中国人的虾蟹主要致敏组分及其致敏率与国外研究大致相同但略有差异;发现一种潜在的新型过敏原。