SBS与室内环境污染的研究

目的:认识SBS的危害和产生的原因,改善人们生活和居住的环境质量,提高健康水平。方法:研究多种建筑材料和装饰、装潢材料所产生的污染物质及其对人体损害的致病机理。结果:室内环境污染能够严重影响人体健康。结论:人们树立健康新理念,能够降低或消除SBS。

住宅室内环境关联SBS对大学生学习效率影响分析

结合知觉现象学原理,提出触觉、嗅觉、听觉、视觉分类下室内环境因素关联病态建筑综合征(SBS)对学习效率的影响路径结构方程模型(SEM)。采用AMOS软件基于问卷调查数据拟合验证并修正模型,同时分析了各SBS发生率和各学习效率自评项的相关性,结果表明:触觉、听觉、嗅觉通过影响SBS间接影响学习效率,影响权重分别为0.427、0.336、0.237;各分类下共保留10项因素,影响权重最大的为温度(0.187),最小的为大自然的噪声(0.057);室外人为噪声对学习效率的影响仅次于温度和湿度;患有“注意力不集中”症状人数占比最大,对学习质量影响最大,且与所有学习效率自评项均相关,学习区域室内环境的营造应该更加注重降低“注意力不集中”症状的发生。

A Comparison of Relative Humidity between Two Swedish Buildings with Different Ventilation Solutions

This project is based on measurements of the parameter relative humidity, RH (%), in two buildings: one with natural ventilation and one with mechanical ventilation. Both buildings are located in central Sweden, which constitutes a representative climate zone with respect to Swedish conditions. An important factor for the indoor environment, which affects human health and well-being, is the level of the relative humidity, RH (%). Research studies show that the healthiest level should be in the range of 40% - 60%. Surveys have revealed that about 70% of the employees at Swedish offices, schools and kindergartens experience that the air is too dry during the winter season. Previous studies show that the level of relative humidity in the indoor environment influences the prevalence of respiratory infections and allergies. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the relative humidity differ between the two buildings, and if this may be a cause of the health problems that users are affected by. During many years, users have complained about the environment in the building with mechanical ventilation and that they suffer from health problems. The method used in the study is air measurements of the two parameters, relative humidity and air temperature in the two buildings using data loggers. The indoor environment is affected by the outdoor climate and therefore instruments are placed outdoors to record seasonal variations. The measurements were carried out during the period October 2014 to September 2015 to include all of Sweden’s four seasons with completely different climatic conditions. The results of this study show that the relative humidity in the mechanically ventilated building is consistently significantly lower than in the building with natural ventilation whatever the time of year and temperature indoors. This study shows that mechanical ventilation in buildings affects the indoor environment negatively with respect to human health during most time of the year and this fact must be taken into consideration for the existing as well as the planning of new ventilation systems.

Ventilation and Relative Humidity in Swedish Buildings

An important factor for comfort ratio in the indoor environment and affecting human health and well-being is the relative humidity. Studies have shown that about 70% of the staff at Swedish offices, schools and kindergartens experiences that the air is too dry during the winter season. Studies show that the relative humidity in indoor environments influences the incidence of respiratory infections and allergies. Important factors for the air environment indoors is to limit the number of airborne particles, since these are conveyors of both bacteria and viruses, and to keep the humidity at a level above 40% and below 70%, making the survival of viruses and bacteria minimized. Measurement results show that there is significant difference in the relative humidity during the winter season between the mechanically ventilated buildings with relative humidity levels below 10% than in buildings with natural ventilation. An important issue is how human health is affected by during longer periods and during much of the day live in environments with low relative humidity. Several researchers have noted that the incidence of respiratory infections increase during the winter when people are exposed to long periods of low humidity indoors. This means that the consequences of low humidity in the indoor environment should be considered and evaluated in a completely different way than is done today.

An Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality in School Buildings in the State of Kuwait

In this study, indoor quality and environmental comfort were investigated in secondaiy school buildings located in the State of Kuwait. Comfort variables such as temperature and relative humidity (thermal comfort), noise (acoustic comfort), illumination (visual comfort), as well as allocated classroom floor area per student (spatial comfort) were measured. Data was collected over a 7-month period on a spot basis during school hours in student-occupied classrooms at 46 selected schools. The measured data was then compared to international guidelines and standards related to indoor environment quality. The data for noise and allocated space were shown to be in the comfort ranges in all the schools. However, 11% of the schools are not adequately illuminated, 33% had temperatures not within the recommended limits, and 22% of the schools had humidity levels either higher or lower than the recommended levels. Also, 9% of the schools had low illummation readings. In addition, during the data monitoring, a survey was conducted by which the student occupants completed a questionnaire so that subjective and objective evaluations could be compared. The findings of the questionnaire displayed significant correlations between the measured data and some ailments and other corr^laints experienced by the students. Ultimately, the results found in this research will provide a baseHne for comparison with future indoor environment quality assessments in buildings. Furthermore, recommendations are suggested in order to improve the environmental quality problems encountered in some of the schools, which may be beneficial for policymakers, facilities managers, and design engineers.

Assessing Occupational Exposure to Surface Contaminants in Kuwaiti Educational Buildings

The prevalence of surface contaminants,such as potentially harmful bacteria,within building environments in the State of Kuwait is not known.To the authors’knowledge,this article is the first of such a report.A total of 342 stool samples were collected from 46 secondary schools to evaluate indoor occurrences of E.coli bacteria within selected lavatory surfaces.After microbiological testing,the results for the spread of the E.coli bacteria were categorized by total count,sampling location dependency,contamination level comparison between genders,and lavatory fixtures(i.e.seat and squat toilets).The results revealed that 7 schools have a bacterial contamination problem,there is cross-contamination between surfaces in the lavatory stalls,the boys’lavatories were less sanitary than the girls’,and that the squat-style toilets are more contaminated than the seat-style.The results suggest that there is significant risk of spread of bacterial infection among students via contaminated hands and surfaces in the lavatory area in some schools.Thus,this study emphasizes the need to improve environmental hygiene and enhanced sanitation in these schools.In addition,conclusions can be drawn as to the effectiveness of the janitorial staff employed by the schools and the efficacy of the cleaning regime used in the lavatories.Furthermore,based on the findings,there are architectural design consequences as squat-style toilets might be excluded in lavatories designed for schools to be constructed in the future.

Sick building syndrome among parents of preschool children in relation to home environment in Chongqing, China

The prevalence and risk factors of sick building syndrome(SBS)symptoms in domestic environments were studied by a questionnaire survey on the home environment.Parents of 5299 3–6 years old children from randomly selected kindergartens in Chongqing,China returned completed questionnaires between December 2010 and April 2011.The prevalence of parents’SBS symptoms(often(every week)compared with never)were:11.4%for general symptoms,7.1%for mucosal symptoms and 4.4%for skin symptoms.Multiple logistic regressions were applied controlling for gender and asthma/allergic rhinitis/eczema.Living near a main road or highway was a strong risk factor for general symptoms(adjusted odds ratio,aOR=2.16,P<0.001),skin symptoms(aOR=2.69,P<0.001),and mucosal symptoms(aOR=1.63,P<0.01).Redecoration was a risk factor for general symptoms(aOR=2.00,P<0.001),skin symptoms(aOR=1.66,P<0.01),and mucosal symptoms(aOR=1.66,P<0.05).New furniture was a risk factor for general symptoms(aOR=2.16,P<0.001)and skin symptoms(aOR=1.67,P<0.01).Dampness related problems(mould spot,damp stain,water damage and condensation)were all risk factors for SBS symptoms,as was the presence of cockroaches,rats,and mosquitoes/flies and use of incense.Protective factors include cleaning the child’s bedroom every day and frequently exposing bedding to sunshine.In conclusion,adults’SBS symptoms were related to factors of the home environment.

室内装修与不良建筑物综合征

目的调查我国北方地区中等生活水平的家庭中 ,室内装修与居民中不良建筑物综合征的关系。方法采用了问卷调查的方法 ,调查了家中装修和不装修的居民共1166名。结果室内装修的居民存在着不同程度的不良建筑物综合征(Sickbuildingsyndrome).主要是 :闻到有异嗅、眼痒、眼干、咽喉干燥、流鼻涕、打喷嚏等。经条件Logistic回归模型进行多因素统计分析 ,表明这些症状与室内装修有关 ,而且主要是甲醛的影响。结论甲醛是室内装修产生的主要空气污染物之一。

办公室装修后的空气污染及其健康危害

目的调查办公室装修后的空气污染及其健康危害。方法于2005年5—9月选择装修竣工时间在<2个月、2个月～、5个月～、9个月～、12～18个月、>5a的办公室共200间(≤18个月为装修组,>5a为对照组),测定室内空气中甲醛、苯、氨、氡浓度,并对符合条件的617名工作人员(装修组478人,对照组139人)进行健康效应问卷调查。结果装修后2个月内甲醛、氨、苯的超标率最高,分别为100%,87.3%,83.9%。随着装修竣工时间的延长,甲醛、氨、苯的浓度随装修后竣工时间的延长而下降,约在竣工1a后达到GB/T18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》的要求。办公室装修后工作人员不良反应发生率(76.4%)明显高于对照组(30.9%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),装修组眼刺激、流泪、咽刺激、鼻刺激、嗅味异常、咳嗽、哮喘、皮肤干燥、头痛、四肢红斑疼痛症状均重于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。工作人员不良反应评分与空气中甲醛、氨、苯的浓度均呈正相关,与装修完工时间呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论办公室装修后对工作人员健康可造成一定损害,且损害程度与办公室内甲醛、氨和苯污染物浓度呈正相关,与装修完工时间呈负相关。

上海市冬季微小气候和照度对办公室人员健康的影响

目的 探讨上海市冬季室内微小气候和照度对封闭式空调办公室人员中不良建筑物综合征(SBS)或办公室综合征发生影响的情况和程度。方法 1 997年和 1 998年冬季 ,在峻工 1 0年以内的 2 7幢办公楼中进行室温、相对湿度和照度的测定 ,并据此分层而成 3组。这些楼内的 84 1名办公室人员亦相应分成 3组 ,分别进行症状出现率、个人症状指数 (PSI)和个人 5项症状指数 (5 PSI)的均值以及眼科、耳鼻喉科和皮肤科检查中体征阳性率的趋势分析 ,研究这些因素的作用。结果 各测定因素与眼和鼻咽喉部刺激体征的阳性率呈显著负相关趋势 ;室温和照度与症状出现率及症状报告指数均呈显著正相关趋势 ,而相对湿度则与之呈显著负相关趋势。结果还表明 ,相对湿度与室温以及相对湿度与照度是两对互为负相关的因素。结论 在人体冬季适宜范围内的室温 (1 3～ 2 0℃ )、相对湿度 (33%～ 82 % )和照度 (95～ 1 80 0lx)条件下 ,测定数值越低 ,眼和鼻咽部刺激体征的标化阳性率越高。相对湿度与另两个测定因素表现的互为负相关。研究提示 ,在流行病学研究中进行症状调查的同时 ,应建立医学检查。

家俱展销厅空气中甲醛和挥发性有机物污染的调查

目的了解家俱展销厅室内空气中甲醛和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染状况、影响因素和对从业人员健康的影响。方法随机选择某市25家家俱展销厅和10家食品超市,分别对其室内空气中甲醛、VOCs和相关影响因素进行监测,并对其从业人员的不良建筑物综合症进行问卷调查。结果家俱销售厅室内空气中甲醛和VOCs的平均浓度分别为0.170mg/m3和1.01mg/m3,为《室内空气质量标准》的1.7倍和1.68倍,达标率分别为20%和24%。甲醛和VOCs的浓度与展销厅中的温度和湿度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关。甲醛和VOCs含量均较食品超市空气中的含量高(P<0.05),家俱销售人员的不良建筑物综合症发生率高于食品超市营业员(P<0.05)。结论家俱销售厅室内空气中甲醛、VOCs等污染严重,并对家俱销售人员的健康造成一定的危害,其污染程度受室内温度、湿度、通风状况和家俱使用材料类型的影响。

室内环境预测不满意度评价方法研究

在各类单项室内环境因素与环境不满意度关系的文献研究基础上,提出通过测试各单项环境因素的客观指标来预测人员对室内综合环境的不满意度。利用文献中的综合环境满意度实验数据验证了该综合评价方法的正确性。

不良建筑物综合征的预防与控制

该文主要阐述了不良建筑物综合征(SBS)的定义及其演变,以及与室内空气污染引发的其他主要2种疾病——建筑物关联症(building-relatedillness,BRI)和复合化学物质过敏症(multiplechemicalsensitivity,MCS)的关系以及诊断基准;同时对SBS的流行水平和特征、造成SBS的危险因素等进行了简述。最后提出,控制分子污染是消除SBS的重要措施之一。

南京地区儿童父母病态建筑综合症与家居环境因素的相关性分析

为探讨家居环境各因素对病态建筑综合症的影响,利用CCHH调查问卷对南京市23家幼儿园的6 461名儿童进行问卷调查,共回收了4 017份有效问卷.问卷涵盖了调查人的基本信息、家居环境及病态建筑综合症等各方面的问题.采用logistic模型分析南京地区儿童父母病态建筑综合症与家居环境各因素的关系.研究发现:住宅周边环境、住宅类型、建筑高度、强化木地板、竹地板、石灰、新家具、新装修、潮湿表征是病态建筑综合症症状的危险性因素(P≤0.05);自主拥有住宅、瓷砖、石头、乳胶漆是病态建筑综合症症状的保护性因素(P≤0.05).因此,家居环境因素与南京地区儿童父母病态建筑综合症间有着密切的联系.

影响生产率的要素——室内环境品质

指出了影响室内人员生产率的各个因素，着重从室内空气品质、通风率、相对湿度、温度的角度分析了其中环境因素的作用，解释了室内环境因素的概念。认为改善室内环境品质可以提高生产率和健康水平，但亦可能有消极的作用。

室内空气污染与人体健康的关系

阐述了室内空气污染的定义、种类、来源及国内外相关研究现状。分析了燃烧产物、被动吸烟、总挥发性有机物(VOC)、甲醛、氡及其子体、室内微生物对人体健康的危害。探讨了白血病、致病建筑物综合征与室内空气污染的关系。指出由于我国建筑装修(饰)行业管理不到位,法律、法规不健全,建材质量在整体上落后,未能与经济的高速发展同步,且存在地方保护和有法不依、执法不严的现象,使得室内空气污染问题突出,对人体健康造成了很大的危害。提出了规范我国室内空气质量标准的建议。

室内空气品质评价及相关研究

介绍国内外有关室内空气品质的研究成果 ,包括IAQ影响因素 ,卫生标准和评价。

上海地铁站台热舒适状况调查与改善

采用实地测量与主观调查相结合的方法对上海地铁站台的热环境状况进行了调查。利用统计的方法分析了实验数据,得出中性温度为20.02℃,期望温度为20.7℃,80%的人可接受的温度范围上限为23.2℃,均略低于ASHARE舒适区标准。调查显示人们对上海地铁站台热舒适状况基本满意,而适当降低站台环境温度应是下一步的调整方向。另外,还对“病态建筑综合症”(SBS)进行了一定研究,结果发现人们对环境的不舒适感会引发SBS相关症状的发病率上升。

地下空间病态建筑综合症调查及其诊治

介绍了一个芬兰地下空间病态建筑综合症调查实例 ,分析了地下空间的热环境特点和影响其空气品质的主要因素 。

病态建筑综合症影响因素的模糊灰关联分析

病态建筑综合症已成为我们面临的最普遍的室内卫生难题之一.针对室内空气污染物与病态建筑综合症之间的定量研究较少,文中运用模糊灰关联分析法,计算了室内污染水平与病态建筑综合症之间的模糊灰关联度,研究分析了室内空气污染物与病态建筑综合症的定量关系.结果表明:室内空气污染物中,甲醛与吸入尘对病态建筑综合症的影响程度最大,这为建筑室内环境系统的设计和维护提供了关注的重点和依据.