Additively manufactured Ti–Ta–Cu alloys for the next-generation load-bearing implants

Bacterial colonization of orthopedic implants is one of the leading causes of failure and clinical complexities for load-bearing metallic implants. Topical or systemic administration of antibiotics may not offer the most efficient defense against colonization, especially in the case of secondary infection, leading to surgical removal of implants and in some cases even limbs. In this study, laser powder bed fusion was implemented to fabricate Ti3Al2V alloy by a 1:1 weight mixture of CpTi and Ti6Al4V powders. Ti-Tantalum(Ta)–Copper(Cu) alloys were further analyzed by the addition of Ta and Cu into the Ti3Al2V custom alloy. The biological,mechanical, and tribo-biocorrosion properties of Ti3Al2V alloy were evaluated. A 10 wt.% Ta(10Ta) and 3 wt.% Cu(3Cu) were added to the Ti3Al2V alloy to enhance biocompatibility and impart inherent bacterial resistance. Additively manufactured implants were investigated for resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteria for up to 48 h. A 3 wt.% Cu addition to Ti3Al2V displayed improved antibacterial efficacy, i.e.78%–86% with respect to CpTi. Mechanical properties for Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy were evaluated, demonstrating excellent fatigue resistance, exceptional shear strength, and improved tribological and tribo-biocorrosion characteristics when compared to Ti6Al4V. In vivo studies using a rat distal femur model revealed improved early-stage osseointegration for alloys with10 wt.% Ta addition compared to CpTi and Ti6Al4V. The 3 wt.% Cu-added compositions displayed biocompatibility and no adverse infammatory response in vivo. Our results establish the Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy’s synergistic effect on improving both in vivo biocompatibility and microbial resistance for the next generation of load-bearing metallic implants.

Load-bearing characteristics and energy evolution of fractured rock masses after granite and sandstone grouting

Experiments on grouting-reinforced rock mass specimens with different particle sizes and features were carried out in this study to examine the effects of grouting reinforcement on the load-bearing characteristics of fractured rock mass.The strength and deformation features of grouting-reinforced rock mass were analyzed under different loading manners;the energy evolution mechanism of grouting-reinforced rock mass specimens with different particle sizes and features was investigated;the energy dissipation ratio and post-peak stress decreasing rate were employed to evaluate the bearing stability of grouting-reinforced rock mass.The results show that the strength and ductility of granite-reinforced rock mass(GRM)under biaxial loading are higher than that of sandstone-reinforced rock mass(SRM)under uniaxial loading.Besides,the energy evolution characteristics of grouting-reinforced rock mass under uniaxial and biaxial loading mainly could be divided into early,middle,and late stages.In the early stage,total,elastic,and dissipation energies were quite small with flatter curves;in the middle stage,elastic energy increased rapidly,whereas dissipation energy increased slowly;in the late stage,dissipation energy increased sharply.The energy dissipation ratio was used to represent the pre-peak plastic deformation.Under uniaxial loading,this ratio increased as the particle size increased and the pre-peak plastic deformation of grouting-reinforced rock mass became larger;under biaxial loading,it dropped as the particle size increased,and the pre-peak plastic deformation of grouting-reinforced rock mass became smaller.The post-peak stress decline rate A_(v) was used to assess the post-peak bearing performance of grouting-reinforced rock mass.Under uniaxial loading,parameter A_(v) exhibited reduction as the particle size kept increasing,and the ability of post-peak of grouting-reinforced rock mass to allow deformation development was greater,and the bearing capacity was greater;under biaxial loading,A_(v) increased with the particle size,and the ability of post-peak of grouting-reinforced rock mass to allow deformation development was low and the bearing capacity was reduced.The findings are considered instrumental in improving the stability of the roadway-surrounding rock by granite and sandstone grouting.

基于SILL的阿拉伯留学生在华英语学习策略实证研究

我国高校阿拉伯留学生的数量不断增加,英语作为其日常学习交流的主要语言,重要性不言而喻。通过Oxford语言学习策略量表(SILL),对阿拉伯留学生英语学习过程中的元认知、认知、社交、补偿、情感、记忆等六个方面策略的使用频率,了解阿拉伯留学生在我国这样的非英语国家进行专业课程学习时的英语学习策略,结果发现元认知策略是最常用的策略,而记忆策略很少被主动用到。因此,在英语课堂上,教师可以考虑充分调动学生的积极性,使其日常所用和所学相结合,进一步提升学习效果。

ULTIMATE LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF CYLINDER DERIVED FROM AUTOFRETTAGE UNDER IDEAL CONDITION

According to the basic theory on autofrettage and according to the 4th strength theory, several parameters and their relations are studied under ideal condition, including σej/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at inside surface; σej＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at inside surface; and p/σy, load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder. By theoretical study on relations between the parameters, noticeable results and laws are achieved： to satisfy ｜σei＇｜=σy. the relation between kj and k is, k^2lnkj^2-k^2-kj^2＋2=0, when k→∞, kj = √e = 1.648 72, as based on the 3rd strength theory, where k is the outside/inside radius ratio of a cylinder, kj is the ratio of elastoplastic juncture radius to inside radius of a cylinder; If the plastic region covers the whole wall of a cylinder, for compressive yield not to occur after removing autofrettage pressure, the ultimate k is k=-2.218 46 as based on the 3rd strength theory; With k=2.218 46, a cylinder＇s ultimate load-bearing capacity equals its entire yield pressure, or p/σy=21nk/√3; The maximum and optimum load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is just 2 times the loading which an unautofrettaged cylinder can bear elastically, or p/σy=2（k^2-1）/√3 k^2, and the limit of the load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is also just 2 times that of an unautofrettaged cylinder. The conclusions are the same as based on the 3rd strength theory, but some equations are different from each other.

Effect of Optimum Plastic Depth on Stresses and Load-bearing Capacity of Autofrettaged Cylinder

Autofrettage is an effective measure to even distribution of stresses and raise load-bearing capacity for （ultra-）high pressure apparatus. Currently, the research on autofrettage has focused mostly on specific engineering problems, while general theoretical study is rarely done. To discover the general law contained in autofrettage theory, by the aid of the authors’ previous work and according to the third strength theory, theoretical problems about autofrettage are studied including residual stresses and their equivalent stress, total stresses and their equivalent stress, etc. Because of the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone which is presented in the authors’ previous work, the equations for the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress are simplified greatly. Thus the law of distribution of the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress and the varying tendency of these stresses are discovered. The relation among various parameters are revealed. The safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for cylinders are obtained. According to the results obtained by theoretical analysis, it is shown that if the two parameters, namely ratio of outside to inside radius, k, and depth of plastic zone, kj, meet the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone, when the pressure contained in an autofrettaged cylinder is lower than two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent residual stress and the equivalent total stress at the inside surface as well as the elastic-plastic juncture of a cylinder are lower than yield strength. When an autofrettaged cylinder is subjected to just two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent total stress within the whole plastic zone is just identically equal to the yield strength, or it is a constant. The proposed research theoretically depicts the stress state of ultra-）high pressure autofrettaged cylinder more accurately and more reasonably and provides the reference for design of （ultra-）high pressure apparatus.

Experimental Study on Improving Seismic Behavior of Load-Bearing Masonry Wall Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

To investigate the seismic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete load-bearing masonry wall(AACLMW), a piece of control block wall without constructional measures and five pieces of block walls with different constructional measures were tested under low reversed cyclic loading which imitated low to moderate earthquake force. The seismic behavior of AACLMW with different constructional measures in terms of failure mode, hysteretic curve, deformation capacity and displacement ductility was studied and compared with that without constructional measures. The experimental results indicate that the constructional measures comprising constructional columns and horizontal concrete strips are effective for improving the seismic behavior of AACLMW. The study in this paper can provide a reliable experimental basis for further analysis and engineering application of AACLMW in the future.

Developing of Load-bearing Bones Replacement Based on Cerium Compounds/Nano-hydroxyapatite Composites

The importance of implantable biomaterials is growing up in recent days for modern medicine,especially fixation,replacement,and regeneration of load-bearing bones.Through the past several years,metals,ceramics,polymers,and their composites,have been used for the reconstruction of hard tissues.Special standards such as adequate mechanical and biocompatible properties are required to avoid rejection reactions of the tissues.Recently,a number of novel advanced biomaterials are developed as promising candidates.Amongst those,cerium-based biomaterials acquired attention as a substitution material for hard tissues reconstruction because of cerium antioxidative properties,which enabled it to be used to decrease mediators of inflammation.In addition,the eminent mechanical properties,as well as the perfect chemical and biological compatibilities,make cerium-based biomaterials attractive for biomedical application.

Simulation and Experimental Study on Load-bearing Deformation Characteristics of 11R22.5 Vehicle Retreaded Tire

The finite element bearing deformation simulation was implemented on 11.00R22.5 retreaded tires by ANSYS software in the paper in order to further clarify the bearing deformation characteristics of retreaded tires and improve the performance of retreaded tires effectively.The characteristic laws of bearing radial deformation and bearing lateral deformation of retreaded tire and new tires of the same model under different working conditions were obtained through load deformation tests.The radial deformation calculation results,simulation results and measured results of retreaded tires were comparatively analyzed.The calculation formula of bearing radial deformation of retreaded tires was proposed based on the linear regression principle.The difference of bearing deformation characteristics and ground area characteristics of retreaded tires and new tires were comparatively analyzed.The results showed that the radial and lateral deformation of retreaded tires and new tires is increased with the increase of radial load when the tire pressure was constant,and the increase trend is approximately linear.The radial stiffness of retreaded tires is similar to that of new tires under certain tire pressure and low load.The radial stiffness of retreaded tires is larger than that of new tires,and the stiffness difference is increased with the increasing of load under constant tire pressure and high load.Rubber aging phenomenon in retreaded tire carcass have an impact on the bearing deformation characteristics of retreaded tires,thereby producing great impact on the remaining service life of retreaded tires.

从华北燕辽岩床群到哥伦比亚超大陆巨型裂谷系——燕辽大火成岩省近20年研究回顾与展望

近20年的研究工作表明,华北克拉通北部燕辽地区侵入到中元古代沉积地层中的大规模辉绿岩床群构成了一个1.32 Ga的基性大火成岩省。该大火成岩省与华北克拉通西北缘白云鄂博矿区富稀土-铌火成碳酸岩相伴生。大火成岩省、沉积地层对比和古地磁资料研究结果表明,燕辽大火成岩省与北澳大利亚克拉通代理姆-加里温库大火成岩省是被大陆裂解分割开来的同一个基性大火成岩省的组成部分,显示1.8~1.3 Ga期间华北克拉通北-北东缘与北澳大利亚克拉通北缘在哥伦比亚(奴那)超大陆中长期相邻(连)。全球1.4~1.3 Ga大火成岩省及基性岩浆活动的时空分布及其岩石学、地球化学及同位素组成对比研究显示,这些全球广泛分布的大火成岩省或基性岩浆活动主要形成于裂谷环境。结合1.4 Ga左右哥伦比亚超大陆古地理重建结果,发现在哥伦比亚超大陆中存在沿劳伦(北美+格陵兰)克拉通西缘、西伯利亚克拉通西缘及北缘、波罗地克拉通东南缘、西非克拉通西缘及北缘、亚马逊克拉通西南缘、刚果/圣弗朗西斯科克拉通南缘及东缘、卡拉哈里克拉通东缘、华北克拉通北缘及北澳大利亚克拉通北缘分布,长度>15000 km的巨型裂谷系。该巨型裂谷系由一个主裂谷带和三个分支裂谷组成,其中主裂谷带和位于华北与北澳大利亚克拉通之间的分支裂谷发展成了大洋,并导致了大陆分离;而位于西伯利亚东缘、格陵兰北缘和波罗地东缘的1.38 Ga分支裂谷,以及位于北美北缘和西伯利亚西南缘的1.35~1.32 Ga分支裂谷则为夭折裂谷,未导致大陆裂离。这一巨型裂谷系是哥伦比亚超大陆裂解的重要标志,并可能是其最终裂解的最主要原因。另外,研究结果也显示,虽然全球两个最大规模的火成碳酸岩型稀土矿床,即华北克拉通西北缘的白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床和北美克拉通西缘的Mountain Pass超大型稀土矿床在哥伦比亚超大陆中并不相邻(相连),但却可以通过1.4~1.3 Ga巨型裂谷系相联系起来,显示这一巨型裂谷系控制了白云鄂博和Mountain Pass大型稀土矿床的形成,并具有较好的稀土及金属成矿潜力。未来需要进一步加强燕辽辉绿岩床群侵位机制与岩浆补给系统,岩床侵位过程中温室气体排放量定量估算及其环境效应,哥伦比亚超大陆中1.4~1.3 Ga巨型裂谷系的形成机制、深部动力学背景、环境效应及资源能源潜力等方面的研究。

SILLS软件在单个萤石流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析数据处理中的应用

近年来激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)应用于单个流体包裹体成分定量分析已成为研究流体包裹体的最佳手段之一。该实验过程和数据处理比较复杂,目前国内外采用的数据分析软件为一款基于MATLAB的SILLS软件,该软件主要是对矿物(锆石)、流体包裹体以及熔体包裹体LA-ICP-MS分析结果进行处理。本文以萤石流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS分析为例,阐述了样品制备与流体包裹体的优选方法,对流体包裹体片厚度以及单个流体包裹体的选取要求作了详细描述,对仪器参数设置、内外标样选取和剥蚀方法等进行了说明。基于SILLS软件采用尖峰消除的方法对待处理数据进行校正,对不同种类型的波峰进行峰宽的选取。在元素比值校正和等效盐度计算过程中,由于被测样品是萤石,Ca元素具有较高的背景值,选择以Na作为流体包裹体的内标元素,以Ca作为寄主矿物的内标元素对寄主矿物浓度进行计算,同时提出以电价平衡代替质量平衡进行等效盐度计算。以上方案提高了LA-ICP-MS分析单个萤石流体包裹体的准确性,有助于解释成矿流体来源和矿床成因等问题。

基于模型试验的齿坎型重力锚抗滑机制

为了探究齿坎型重力式锚碇的承载特性与抗滑机制,依托贵州省牂牁江特大桥纳雍岸重力式锚碇工程,开展了相同试验条件下平底锚碇1/4埋深、齿坎锚碇1/4埋深、平底锚碇半埋深及齿坎锚碇半埋深四种工况的室内物理模型试验,并对各工况锚碇位移-荷载曲线、锚碇-地基接触应力、地基应变及地基宏观变形破坏特征进行分析。结果表明:四种工况锚碇模型的极限承载力分别为3P(平底1/4埋深)、4P(齿坎1/4埋深)、7P(平底半埋深)和8P(齿坎半埋深);同种型式锚碇模型增大埋深可以显著提升锚碇的承载能力,同等埋深条件下齿坎型重力式锚碇承载性能要优于平底重力式锚碇;齿坎构造能够充分调动地基联合承载;基于地基的宏观变形破坏特征将其变形破坏过程划分为无裂隙、裂隙初现、裂隙发展以及破坏四个阶段;对齿坎型重力式锚碇承力过程进行了力学分析,得出齿坎构造力学特性较好,对限制锚碇变位和提高锚碇承载能力作用明显。

缓坡泄洪放空洞掺气坎水力特性试验分析

高速水流掺气是减免流道空蚀破坏的有效措施,然而在缓底坡、大水位变幅条件下,常规掺气坎难以形成稳定无积水的掺气空腔。本文在缓底坡(3.3%)条件下,采用模型试验方法,对比分析了常规连续坎、异型坎及组合坎的水流特性和掺气效果,认为Fr数、掺气坎坡度与水舌落点处底板坡度是影响水流入射角的主要因素;在此底坡条件下,掺气坎尺寸变化的影响要远大于体型变化的影响,采用异型掺气坎亦难有效解决掺气空腔积水问题;经依托工程模型试验论证,组合坎掺气流态良好,适应大变幅的运行水头,可较好地改善缓底坡空腔回流积水问题。

牂牁江特大桥重力锚承载机制与稳定性研究

依托牂牁江特大桥纳雍侧重力锚工程,采用FLAC3D三维数值模拟与理论分析相结合的研究方法,模拟了超载条件下锚碇-地基系统的力学响应,分析了锚碇变位、齿坎夹持岩体剪切承载特征、塑性区演化规律及系统的稳定性,揭示了重力锚结构-地基联合承载机制。结果表明:纳雍侧重力锚的极限承载力为6P;锚碇在缆力荷载作用下发生变位,进而通过基底摩擦及齿坎夹持效应调动周围地基岩体共同承载,且调动岩体承载的顺序为从基底向上逐级调动各级齿坎,齿坎夹持部分的岩体则是通过抗剪作用提供被动抗力;理论分析和数值模拟结果均表明,同时考虑摩擦和齿坎夹持效应时,工程设计缆力荷载作用下锚碇-地基系统的稳定性系数可达6.0以上,远大于仅考虑摩擦效应时的稳定性系数。

消力坎对跌坎消力池坎控水跃影响的试验研究

跌坎消力池的设计一直是水利工程领域的热点问题,设计合理的消力池可以保证在短距离内有相当大的消能。笔者通过模型试验研究了跌坎消力池中不同高度和不同位置的消力坎对坎控水跃的影响,并与不加消力坎时消力池内相同水跃流态进行对比。结果表明:增设消力坎可有效缩短越长,减小共轭水深比,增大水跃消能率。随着消力坎距跃首距离的减小或者消力坎高度的增加,消力坎在减小水跃长、共轭水深比,增大消能率方面的作用越来越大。同时经过无量纲分析得出了消力坎设置在不同位置和高度条件下,相对水跃长度、共轭水深比和消能率的经验公式。该研究结果可为类似水工建筑物的设计提供参考。

Exploring the relevance between load-bearing capacity and surface friction behavior based on a layered hydrogel cartilage prototype

Cartilage is well lubricated over a lifetime and this phenomenon is attributed to both of the surface hydration lubrication and the matrix load-bearing capacity.Lubricious hydrogels with a layered structure are designed to mimic cartilage as potential replacements.While many studies have concentrated on improving surface hydration to reduce friction,few have experimentally detected the relationship between load-bearing capacity of hydrogels and their interface friction behavior.In this work,a bilayer hydrogel,serving as a cartilage prototype consisted of a top thick hydrated polymer brush layer and a bottom hydrogel matrix with tunable modulus was designed to investigate this relationship.The coefficient of friction(COF,μ)is defined as the sum of interfacial component(μInt)and deformation/hysteresis component(μHyst).The presence of the top hydration layer effectively dissipates contact stress and reduces the interface interaction(μInt),leading to a stable and low COF.The contribution of mechanical deformation(μHyst)during the sliding shearing process to COF can be significantly reduced by increasing the local mechanical modulus,thereby enhancing the load-bearing capacity.These results show that the strategy of coupling surface hydration layer with a high load-bearing matrix can indeed enhance the lubrication performance of hydrogel cartilage prototypes,and implies a promising routine for designing robust soft matter lubrication system and friction-control devices.

A Bio-inspired Mutual-hook Strategy for the Soft Finger to Improve Load-bearing Capacity and Grasping Stability

Soft grippers have great potential applications in daily life,since they can compliantly grasp soft and delicate objects.However,the highly elastic fingers of most soft grippers are prone to separate from each other while grasping objects due to their low stiffness,thus reducing the grasping stability and load-bearing capacity.To tackle this problem,inspired from the venus flytrap plant,this work proposes a mutual-hook mechanism to restrain the separation and improve the grasping performance of soft fingers.The novel soft gripper design consists of three modules,a soft finger-cot,two Soft Hook Actuators(SHAs)and two sliding mechanisms.Here,the soft finger-cot covers on the soft finger,increasing the contact area with the target object,two SHAs are fixed to the left and right sides of the finger-cot,and the sliding mechanisms are designed to make SHAs stretch flexibly.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed design can restrain the separation of soft fingers substantially,and the soft fingers with the finger-cots can grasp objects three times heavier than the soft fingers without the proposed design.The proposed design can provide invaluable insights for soft fingers to restrain the separation while grasping,thus improving the grasping stability and the load-bearing capacity.

岸边取水口导沙坎防沙效果数值模拟研究

为解决岸边取水口前泥沙淤积问题,探究不同导沙坎防沙效果。基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和质量粒子模型,建立了雅砻江锦屏二级水电站取水口区域的水流和泥沙运动三维数学模型,模拟结果与现场实测结果吻合较好。进一步模拟了设置单一导沙坎和组合式导沙坎后取水口区域的水流和泥沙运动过程,结果表明:在取水口前加设单一导沙坎能够改变底层水流流向,但防沙效果有限;加设组合式导沙坎后,河流底部大部分水流流向下游,中层和表层水流竖轴回流消失,进入取水口的水流宽度显著增加。组合式导沙坎能够生成连续较强的螺旋流,可以有效防止河床泥沙颗粒向取水口运动,同时将上层清水引入取水口,达到较为理想的引清、防沙效果。本研究可为岸边取水工程的设计提供参考。

SILL语言学习策略量表的信度研究

SILL语言学习策略量表在语言学习策略研究中被大量的使用。针对其在中国使用的具体情况对该量袁的信度进行了探索性的研究,以期对SILL语言学习策略量表在中国大学生中的使用提供更为可靠的依据。

桐柏南缘镁铁质岩席的年代学及地球化学特征:对扬子北缘早奥陶世拉张事件的启示

南秦岭地区古生代岩浆岩以早志留世基性—碱性岩浆岩为主,而缺乏奥陶纪及以前的古生代岩浆记录(Dong Yunpeng et al.,2021),这严重制约了对南秦岭早古生代早期构造演化的理解,尤其是对勉略洋开启时间的认识。镁铁质岩席通常被认为是大陆岩石圈伸展条件下岩浆作用的产物,是研究区域构造—岩浆事件性质和意义的重要对象(Zhao Junhong et al.,2010)。

SILL在少数民族地区初中英语学生中的应用

本文综述国内外学者对学习策略的理解,以Oxford(1990)语言学习测量表(Strategy Inventory for Language Learning)为测量工具,以民族地区某中学初三年级学生为研究对象,探讨了三个问题,即该校初三年级学生使用英语学习策略特征,分析SILL信度差异及英语学习策略与初三年级英语毕业考试成绩之间的关系。笔者同时提出如何因地制宜地运用学习策略,提高少数民族地区中学英语教学质量的建设性意见。